2017中石油職稱英語(yǔ)考試模擬題及答案

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟2017中石油職稱英語(yǔ)考試模擬題及答案模擬題一：?痛感反應(yīng)?1.Ofallthebodysenses,painisperhapsthemostvitalbecauseitwarnsofbodilyinjuryandtriggersprotectivereflexes.Butnotalways.?1.疼痛也許是身體的感覺之中最重要的，因?yàn)樗梢跃旧眢w受到的傷害并且引發(fā)身體的保護(hù)性反射。但情況并非總是如此。?2.Drs.F.R.FordandLawsonWilkinsofJohnsHopkinsHospitalhavereportedcasesofpersonsbeingbornwithoutpainsensibility.Apersonwhodoesnotfeelpainwillnotjerkhishandawayfromaflame.Hewontknowhesbeencutunlessheseeshisblood.Ifhegetsacinderinhiseye,hewontknowitisthere.?2.約翰霍普金斯醫(yī)院(JohnsHopkinsHospital)F•R•福特博士(Drs.F.R.Ford)和勞森•威爾金斯博士(LawsonWilkins)曾經(jīng)報(bào)告過天生就沒有痛感的病例。當(dāng)觸碰到火焰時(shí)，沒有痛感的人不會(huì)把手縮回來，他要看到流血才知道自己受了傷，他甚至感覺不到眼睛里進(jìn)了灰塵。?3.Normally,suchanecessarysensationaspainmightbeexpectedtobeproportionaltotheextentofinjury.Butpainaverypersonalexperienceismodifiedbyapersonsexperience,heredity,mood,andemotionalstate.?3.正常情況下，類似疼痛這樣必需的感覺會(huì)根據(jù)受傷的程度分成不同級(jí)別。但是疼痛是非常個(gè)人的感受它會(huì)根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、遺傳、心情甚至興奮狀態(tài)而改變。?4.Drs.W.P.ChapmanandC.M.JonesofMassachusettsGeneralHospital,Boston,havefoundnotonlythattheintensitylevel,orthreshold,atwhichpainisfeltvariesfrompersontopersonbutalsothattherearealsovariationsinthethresholdofthesamepersonatdifferenttimes.Theydiscoveredthatpersonsdeprivedofsleeptothepointofextremefatiguehavelowerthannormalpainthresholds.?4.位于波士頓的麻省綜合醫(yī)院的W•P•查普曼醫(yī)生和C•M•瓊斯醫(yī)生發(fā)現(xiàn)，不同人的感覺疼痛的強(qiáng)度值/臨界值互不相同，甚至同一個(gè)人的臨界值也由于時(shí)間不同而變化。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，被剝奪睡眠處于極度疲勞的人的臨界值要比正常的疼痛臨界值低。?5.E.Libman,anotherinvestigator,discoveredthatAmericanIndiansdidnotperceivepainatthresholdsaslowasdidCaucasianAmericans.Evenignoringculturalconditioning,thisfactmayhelptosubstantiatethemanystoriesoftheAmericanIndiansremarkableabilitytoenduregreatpain.?5.另一位研究者，E•利布曼發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國(guó)印第安人感覺疼痛的臨界值不像高加索美國(guó)人那么低。拋開文化因素，這一事實(shí)足以證明許多傳說中美國(guó)印第安人那非凡的忍受疼痛的能力。?6.Responsetopainappearstobepartofthelearningprocess.Dr.RonaldMelzackandWilliamR.ThompsonofMcGillUniversity,Montreal,Canada,havingraisedanimalsinisolation,thusdeprivingthemofthenormalbumpsandpainsofgrowingup,notedthattheanimalsdidnotrespondnormallytopainwhenfullygrown.Althoughnothingwaswrongwiththeircentralnervoussystems,theywouldnotwithdrawtheirnosesfromflamingmatchesheldinfrontofthem.Nordidtheyseemtorealizethatpainwarnedofdamagetotheirbodies.?6.對(duì)疼痛的反應(yīng)似乎是學(xué)習(xí)過程的一部分。位于加拿大蒙特利爾的麥吉爾大學(xué)的羅納德•梅爾扎克博士和威廉姆•R•湯普森博士將動(dòng)物隔離圈養(yǎng)，不讓它們互相磕碰，避免它們?cè)诔砷L(zhǎng)過程中感覺到疼痛。他們注意到，這些動(dòng)物長(zhǎng)大后對(duì)疼痛不能做出正常的反應(yīng)。盡管它們的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)沒有問題，但當(dāng)燃燒的火柴放到它們面前時(shí)，它們不會(huì)把頭縮回去，也意識(shí)不到疼痛所帶來的身體受到傷害的警告。?7.Andofcourse,thereisthewell-knownexperimentcarriedoutbyPavlov.Hefoundthatwhenhefeddogsimmediatelyaftergivingthempainfulstimulitheysoonrespondedtothepainwithsignsofpleasure.Itseemswehavetolearntorespondtopain'swarningwithproperprotectivereflexes.?7.當(dāng)然，還有巴普洛夫那個(gè)著名的試驗(yàn)。他發(fā)現(xiàn)給狗一個(gè)疼痛的刺激之后馬上給它喂食，狗隨后會(huì)對(duì)疼痛產(chǎn)生快樂的反應(yīng)?？雌饋?我們需要學(xué)習(xí)用正確的保護(hù)性反射對(duì)疼痛的警告做出反應(yīng)。?8.Visceralpainoffersanotherexampleofthepartexperienceplaysintherecognitionofandresponsetopain.Ofthethreemajortypesofpainsuperficialpainfromtheskin,deeppainfromthemusclesandjoints,andvisceralpainonlyvisceralpainisnotrathercarefullylocalized.?8.內(nèi)臟疼痛為個(gè)別經(jīng)驗(yàn)在疼痛的識(shí)別和反應(yīng)上又給出一個(gè)例子。疼痛有三種類型來自皮膚的表面疼痛，來自肌肉和關(guān)節(jié)的深度疼痛，還有內(nèi)臟疼痛。只有內(nèi)臟疼痛不能被精確定位。?9.Often,visceralpainmayfeelasifithascomefromanotherpartofthebody.Itmayseemtocomefromtheskinordeepmusclesoftheplacetowhichitisreferred.Forexample，painintheheartmaybefeltontheinnersurfaceoftheleftarm.?9.內(nèi)臟疼痛往往會(huì)讓人產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)覺，讓人覺得痛感是來自身體的其它部分，似乎來自于它對(duì)應(yīng)的皮膚或深層的肌肉。例如，心臟疼痛會(huì)反映在左臂內(nèi)表皮上。?10.Thisoccursbecauselocalizationofpainisalsopartlylearned.Wefeelpainwhereexperiencehastaughtweusuallycanexpecttofeelpain.Thenervefibersmakechainsofconnectionsallthewayupthespinalcordtothebrain.?10.這是因?yàn)樘弁吹亩ㄎ辉谝欢ǔ潭壬弦彩切枰?xí)得的。我們感覺到的疼痛往往是經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們?cè)谶@種情況下應(yīng)該感覺到疼痛，因?yàn)樯窠?jīng)纖維形成了許多的連接鏈，通過脊髓連接到大腦。?11.Thenervefiberofthevisceramakesaconnectionwithanervecellinthechainwhichisalsoendedonbyanervefiberfromasuperficialbodilystructure.Thenervecellonwhichboththesefibersendtransmitspainimpulsesfromboththesuperficialanddeepstructures.Butsincewenormallyexpecttofeelpainfromtheoutside,thebraininterpretsallimpulsestravelingoverthesecondarynervefiberasiftheycamefromtheoutside.?11.內(nèi)臟的神經(jīng)纖維與一個(gè)神經(jīng)鏈上的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞相連接，這條神經(jīng)鏈的末端又與身體表面結(jié)構(gòu)的神經(jīng)纖維相連。連接兩個(gè)纖維的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞可以從表層和深層結(jié)構(gòu)兩方面?zhèn)鬏斕弁疵}沖。但通常我們會(huì)認(rèn)為疼感來自于外部，因此大腦會(huì)把所有通過次級(jí)神經(jīng)纖維傳遞的脈沖都解釋為來自于外部。?12.Ifapersonsconcentrationisfocusedonsomethingstronglyenough,hemaynotevenfeelpain.Thisisthebasisforhypnosis.Thepatientistaughttoconcentratesodeeplythathismindscreensoutallsensationhecanevenundergominorsurgerywithoutpain.Theathletewhoplaysoutagameunawarethatheisinjuredisamorefamiliarexampleofthewayintenseconcentrationcanminimizepainperception.?12.個(gè)精神高度集中的人可能感覺不到疼痛，這就是催眠的基礎(chǔ)。當(dāng)一個(gè)病人高度集中注意力，他的大腦就會(huì)屏蔽掉所有的感覺甚至可以毫無痛感地進(jìn)行小手術(shù)。運(yùn)動(dòng)員在比賽時(shí)對(duì)自己受傷毫無察覺，這也是高度集中注意力可以減輕疼痛的例子。?13.AfterWorldWarII,HenryK.BeecherofHarvardMedicalSchoolreportedevidencethatmeninbattlemaysufferterriblewounds,notbeinshock,andyetshowfewsignsofpain.Ontheotherhand,civilianswithsimilarinjurieswillcomplainbitterlyandbegformorphine.Thedifferenceseemstobeoneofattitudeinthiscase.Forthesoldier,thewoundisareward,becauseitremovedhimfromdeath.Forthecivilian,thewoundisacalamity.?13.二戰(zhàn)以后，哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院的亨利•比徹提出了一些證據(jù)，證明一些人在戰(zhàn)斗中多處受重傷甚至休克，但他們很少感覺到疼痛。而另一方面，受了類似傷的平民們卻不停地喊疼，向醫(yī)生要嗎啡止疼。這種差異似乎源自于他們對(duì)此的態(tài)度。對(duì)于戰(zhàn)士來說，受傷是一種獎(jiǎng)賞，使他們免受一死;而對(duì)平民來說受傷則是一件不幸之事。?14.Thenerveendingswhichcarrypainimpulsesarefoundthroughoutthebody.Thenervesenterthespinalcordandtraveluptothebrain,wheretheimpulsestheycarryareinterpreted.?14.能夠傳輸疼痛脈沖的神經(jīng)末梢遍布全身，神經(jīng)進(jìn)入脊髓并聯(lián)通到大腦，然后大腦對(duì)這些刺激進(jìn)行解釋。?15.Othernervefibersrundownfromthememory-storingareasofthebrainandmakeconnectionswiththepainfibersinthecord.Thesefibersserveeithertoinhibitoramplifytheoriginalmessage.Thustheyarethemeansbywhichmemoriesofpastexperiencescanintensifypain.?15.另一些神經(jīng)纖維從大腦的記憶存儲(chǔ)區(qū)下行，與脊髓內(nèi)的痛覺纖維連接，他們既能夠抑制也能增強(qiáng)原始信息，在它們的作用下，過去經(jīng)驗(yàn)的記憶就能夠使疼痛感增強(qiáng)。?16.Inthecaseofhypnosis,theinhibitingfiberswouldscreenoutmanyofthepainimpulsestoprotectthestateofconcentration.?16.就催眠的例子而言，起抑制作用的神經(jīng)纖維可以屏蔽掉大量的疼痛刺激，從而保護(hù)意識(shí)專注的狀態(tài)不被破壞。?17.Painresponsescanbestimulatedwithseveraltypesofenergyelectrical,mechanical,extremesofheatorcold,andchemical.Earlier,scientiststhoughttherewasaspecialnerveendingwhichtransmittedonlyonetypeofenergymessageoneforheat,oneforcold,etc.Mostrecentresearchsuggeststhesamenerveendingsreacttoseveralkindsofstimulation.?17.有幾種能量可以刺激對(duì)疼痛的反應(yīng)電擊、機(jī)械力、極冷或極熱以及化學(xué)藥品。過去的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為?；窠?jīng)末梢只能傳輸一種能量信息，例如:一種傳播熱，一種傳播冷，等等。但最近的研究卻表明，相同的神經(jīng)末梢能夠?qū)Σ煌拇碳ぷ龀龇磻?yīng)。?18.AccordingtoDr.DonaldFord,DownstateMedicalCenter,Brooklyn,NewYork,thesamenerveendingthatcarrieswarmthmessageswhicharepleasant,mayalsocarrypainmessagesiftheheatisincreased.Inactualtissuedamage,Dr.Fordholds,achemicalsubstanceisreleasedwhichstimulatesthenerveendingstotransmitpainimpulses.?18.位于紐約布魯克林的唐斯泰特醫(yī)學(xué)中心的唐納德•福特(DonaldFord)博士認(rèn)為，當(dāng)熱量增加時(shí)，一些傳輸令人愉悅的溫暖信息的神經(jīng)末梢也可以傳輸疼痛信息。他解釋說，當(dāng)有組織受到損傷時(shí)，一種能夠刺激神經(jīng)末梢傳輸疼痛脈沖的化學(xué)物質(zhì)就會(huì)釋放出來。?19.ThelateSirThomasLewis,Englishneurologist,reportedmanyexperimentsdesignedtoimplicateachemicalmediatorofpainimpulses.?19.后來的英國(guó)祌經(jīng)學(xué)家托馬斯•萊維斯爵士也報(bào)告了多項(xiàng)測(cè)試疼痛脈沖的化學(xué)介質(zhì)的試驗(yàn)。?20.Inonesuchexperiment,abloodpressurecuffwasinflatedaroundavolunteersupperarmsothatnobloodcouldflowbelowthecuff.Painfulstimuliweregiventothehand.Thesestimuliarousedfeelingswhich,normally,lastedonlyoneortwoseconds.?20.其中一個(gè)試驗(yàn)是這樣的。用血壓計(jì)的袖帶套住志愿者的上臂，使得血液無法流到小臂。此時(shí)對(duì)手給予疼痛刺激。正常情況下這類刺激引起的痛感只能持續(xù)一到兩秒鐘。?21.Aslongasthepressurecuffwasinflated,however,thepaincontinuedtobefelt.Whenthecuffwasdeflatedandbloodrushedintothelowerarm,thepaindisappearedwithinoneortwoseconds.?21.然而，只要袖帶的壓力持續(xù)膨脹，疼痛就會(huì)持續(xù);一旦袖帶的壓力被放掉，血液流入小臂，疼痛就會(huì)在一兩秒中后消失。?22.Thissuggeststhataslongasbloodwaswithheldfromthestimulatedarea,thechemicalmediatorofpaincontinuedtoarousethenerveendings,givingrisetopain.Whenbloodwasreadmittedtothestimulatedarea,thisallowedthemetabolicbreakdownofthemediatortoproceedandstimulationofnerveendingsceased.?22.這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)說明，只要血液不能流到受刺激的部位，疼痛的化學(xué)介質(zhì)就會(huì)持續(xù)激發(fā)神經(jīng)末梢，引起痛感。當(dāng)血液流到被刺激部位時(shí)，介質(zhì)的代謝分解就開始從而使得神經(jīng)末梢的刺激停止。?23.Thisfindingisinaccordwithoneofthebasiclawsgoverningthedelicatebalanceofthebody.Assoonasahormoneorotherchemicalmadewithinthebodyhasserveditspurpose,itisimmediatelybrokendown.?23.這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與守護(hù)身體微妙平衡的一個(gè)基本規(guī)律相吻合，那就是當(dāng)荷爾蒙或身體的其他化學(xué)物質(zhì)開始起作用時(shí)，它就會(huì)立即分解。?24.Painismansusefulandincreasinglylessmysteriousguardian.?24.疼痛是人類最有用的守衛(wèi)，它的神秘面紗正一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)地被揭開。?WordsandExpressionstrigger['trigə]vt.引發(fā)，引起，觸發(fā)n.板機(jī)?jerk[dʒə:k]n.性情古怪的人，急推，猛拉，肌肉抽搐vt.猛拉cinder['sində]n.煤渣，灰燼proportional[prə'pɔ:ʃənl]adj.比例的，成比例的，相稱的，均衡的heredity[hi'rediti]n.遺傳?threshold['θreʃhəuld]n.開始，開端，極限，門檻，閥值?depriveofv.剝奪?fatigue[fə'ti:g]n.疲乏，疲勞，累活vt.使疲勞vi.疲勞?investigator[in'vestɪgeɪtə(r)]n.調(diào)查人?caucasian[kɔ:'keiziən]n.高加索人，白種人adj.高加索的，白種人的?substantiate[sʌbs'tænʃieit]vt.使實(shí)體化，證實(shí)?isolation[,aisəu'leiʃən]n.隔絕，孤立，隔離，絕緣，離析?bump[bʌmp]n.撞擊，腫塊v.碰(傷)，撞(破)，顛簸?carryou