新高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)練習(xí)考向43 概要寫作之語篇類型特征分析(原卷版)

考向43概要寫作之語篇類型特征分析概要寫作與語篇類型概要寫作實(shí)際上就是對(duì)所讀過的文章簡要而概括地寫出文章的中心大意。寫概要時(shí)，考生要把文章的具體信息用一些具有概括功能的詞和句表述出來，而不是抄襲文章的句子。寫概要也不是把細(xì)節(jié)性的信息作為中心，而是要通過對(duì)文章中的單詞、短語和句子進(jìn)行合理轉(zhuǎn)換，重新組織文章的信息，再用合適的語言進(jìn)行表述。這種寫作形式能考查考生的閱讀理解能力和對(duì)文章的大意進(jìn)行歸納概括、重新構(gòu)造、創(chuàng)新輸出的能力。[寫作技法]一、題型特點(diǎn)要求考生進(jìn)行概要寫作的閱讀材料原文詞數(shù)一般為300詞左右。文章體裁可以是記敘文、說明文或者議論文。寫作要求考生在對(duì)原文閱讀后根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫出一篇約60詞的內(nèi)容概要。概要所用語句既要用詞準(zhǔn)確，結(jié)構(gòu)合理，語義連貫，不得抄寫原文，又要能完全概括出文章的中心大意。二、注意事項(xiàng)1．詞數(shù)要限制在60詞左右，上下限不得超過10個(gè)單詞。2．要根據(jù)文章的體裁特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概要寫作。3．人稱和時(shí)態(tài)要與所給文章中的人稱和時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，但必要時(shí)也可變換成第三人稱。4．寫作時(shí)盡可能地使用復(fù)合句，必要時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)換詞性，不得完全照搬照抄原文。三、寫作步驟第一步：仔細(xì)審題速讀文章，確定文章的體裁和題材、人稱和時(shí)態(tài)以及寫作要求等。第二步：細(xì)讀全文閱讀語篇時(shí)，根據(jù)文章不同的文體可采取以下方法：記敘文圈出記敘文的六要素(who,when,where,what,how,why)，如果是夾敘夾議文，還要寫出故事給讀者帶來的啟示或寓意說明文找出文章要說明的對(duì)象、觀點(diǎn)或建議議論文提取議論文的三要素(論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論)第三步：初寫成文初寫概要時(shí)，根據(jù)文章不同的文體可采取以下方法：記敘文先用一兩句話串聯(lián)人、時(shí)、地、事等要素，再用三到五個(gè)句子簡要描述事情的經(jīng)過和結(jié)果說明文找出要說明對(duì)象的現(xiàn)象、原因等或解決問題的措施、建議等議論文把議論文的三個(gè)要素(論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論)進(jìn)行合理地排序、整合和概括，使之語義上具有邏輯性和連貫性第四步：潤色升級(jí)初寫成文后，要對(duì)概要進(jìn)行潤色升級(jí)，使用高級(jí)詞匯和高級(jí)句式代替平庸詞匯和一般句式，使之錦上添花。第五步：復(fù)查定稿寫好概要后，要從語法和語義角度進(jìn)行通讀。對(duì)語法錯(cuò)誤和語義不連貫處進(jìn)行修改潤色。最后規(guī)范謄寫在答題卷的指定位置。說明文的概要寫作

一、說明文的寫作順序

一是以空間為序?qū)κ挛镞M(jìn)行描寫；二是以時(shí)間為序?qū)κ挛镞M(jìn)行描寫；三是按邏輯順序?qū)κ挛镞M(jìn)行描寫。其中，按“邏輯順序”描寫的說明文又分下面幾種：

一是描寫某事物的性質(zhì)功用；二是針對(duì)某個(gè)問題提出解決方法或措施；三是介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因或本質(zhì)。

在“讀寫任務(wù)”中，純粹的說明文作為原文的形式出現(xiàn)比較少，不少文章的文體都是介于“說明”和“議論”之間的，單純的說明文作為“讀寫任務(wù)”的原文主要是以“邏輯順序”出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)檫@樣才能更好地為主體部分的議論或敘述服務(wù)。

二、說明文的構(gòu)成

說明文通常由三部分構(gòu)成，第一部分為文章的第一段，呈獻(xiàn)文章所要介紹/說明的對(duì)象或闡述的內(nèi)容；第二部分為文章的主體，或介紹事物的方位，或描述事物的性質(zhì)、功用，或提出解決方法，或說明某種現(xiàn)象等；第三部分為結(jié)尾段，呼應(yīng)首段，歸結(jié)主題。為此，說明文的寫作，當(dāng)以簡潔明了的語言描述事物、現(xiàn)象或過程。通常，說明文中常會(huì)（在每段）有topicsentence出現(xiàn)，這為考生寫作summary提供了幫助，但考生須對(duì)其作變通以免落下照抄原句之嫌。

三、概要寫作模板

1.描寫事物性質(zhì)功用

Inthepassagethewriterintroduces...(對(duì)象)tous,especiallyits...(性質(zhì)或功用),fromwhichweknow...(對(duì)象帶來的利好).

2.問題+解決方法

Thepassagerepresents...(問題)andbringsforthseveralmeasures/methodstosolvetheproblem,whichinclude...(方法1),...(方法2)and...(方法3).

3.現(xiàn)象+原因/本質(zhì)

(Theauthor/writerrepresents/introduces)...(現(xiàn)象)of...,because/but...(原因/本質(zhì)1),and...(原因/本質(zhì)2).四、概要寫作句式（一）提出問題:(現(xiàn)象，變化，影響，作用,例舉)1.Moreandmore(anincreasingnumberof)expertsargue(believe)thatcolorsinfluence(affect)ourmood,careerandhealth.2.Whatattractscustomers?Obviouslythelogocontributesagreatdeal.(Thelogoplaysanimportantrolein/hasapositiveeffectonattractingcustomers.)3.Thefirstmetaldetectorsweremeanttohelpminers.Theycostalotofmoney.Andworstofall,theydidn’tfunctionproperly.(Metaldetectorswerefirstusedtohelpminers,buttheycostmuch,anddidn’tworkwell.)4.Theyareinairports.Theyareincourthouses.Someschoolsusethem.(Manydetectorsarebeingusedinmanyplacessuchasschools,courthouses,andairports.)5.ThedistanceatwhichpeoplestandwhentheyspeaktendstobesmallerinChina,whileinNordicculturespeopleusuallystandfurtherapart.(Forexample,notallpeoplestandatthesamedistancewhenspeakingtoothers.)（二）分析問題（原因，結(jié)果）1.Theircallshavebecometentimeslouder,astheseashavebecomenoisierthanbefore.(Whaleslearntoshoutasaresultofincreasednoisesintheocean.)2.Asrobotsstartdoingmoreandmoreworkweusedtodo,anddoingitmuchmoreefficiently,whatiftheneedforjobsdisappearsaltogether?Whatiftherobotsendup...(Peopleworryabouttheproblemscausedbyrobots’highefficiencyandsoon.)3.Psychologistssuggestthereareseveralreasonsforashoppingaddiction.Forsomepeople,...Forothers,...(Therearedifferentreasonswhypeoplebecomeshopaholics,suchasreducingstress,fightinglonelinessandsoon.)4.Somestudiesshowthatpatientssufferingfromdepressionwerehelpedbysimplytakingashower.(Takingcoldshowersleadtolessstress.)5.Smokingissaidtoleadtomoreheartdisease-relateddeaths.(Besides,smokingismorelikelytocauseheartdisease-relateddeaths.)（三）解決問題(目的，提倡，避免，想法）1.Whatyoushouldbelookingforisflatground.+Ifit’spossible,youaresupposedtopitchcampinashadyplace.(Itisimportant/necessarytofindflatgroundwithshade.)2.Donotpitchyourtenttooclosetodeadtrees,becauseofthedangeroffallenbranches.(However,itisnotagoodidea(notadvisable)toplaceyourtentnexttodeadtrees,asyoumaybeindangeroffallenbranches.)3.Itisvitaltohaveastrongimage,whichisimmediatelyrecognisable.Weshouldrenewlogosconstantly.(Tobebetterrecognized,logosshouldberenewedtimely.不定式和被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)！)4.Bygettingridoftheneedforpeopletowork,robotswouldfreeusuptothinkmoreaboutwhatreallymakesushuman.(Furthermore,asrobotssaveusalotoflabor,wehumansshouldfocusonthinkingaboutthevalueofhumans.增加因果關(guān)系)5.Infact,it’sarelationshipwithoutanyresponsibility.Weschbelievesthatit’svitalforpeopletousedigitalmediainpositivenewways.(AlthoughWeschpointsoutthatthisrelationshipinvolvesnorealresponsibility,hestillinsiststhatitisimportantforpeopletoapplythedigitalmediapositively.增加轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系)（五）研究報(bào)告(1)表示文章的內(nèi)容以及研究目的①Thispaperisaimedat/covers/mainlydealswith...②Thearticlefocusesonthetopicof...(2)表示研究的結(jié)論①Theresultshowedthat...②Theauthorfoundthat...③Itwasconcludedthat...(3)表示推薦、觀點(diǎn)或建議Theauthorsuggests/considersthat...Suggestionsaremadefor...【檢測訓(xùn)練】1.閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Itisnoone’sjobtobelieveinyou,andnoonewill,unlessyoubelieveinyourself.Beliefthatyoucanachievewhateveryousetyourmindtowillkeepyouworkingwhenothersgiveup,anditwillgiveyouthetoolsyouneedtocraftyourownsuccessfromanysituation.Anynaturaltalentyouhaveisnotenough.Talentisonlythebeginning.Successisonlyachievedthroughhoursandhoursofhardwork,ofbeingknockeddownbutrefusingtoquit,andifyouareunwillingtoputintheeffort,youwillbeovertakenbythosewhosimplywantitmore.Partofsuccessisbeingabletocopewithfailure.Whatifyougiveyourbest,andyoustillfail?Myanswertothat,isthis:IwouldsoonerlookmyselfintheeyeandknowIdidmybest,thanknowIfailedbecauseIwasheldbackbyfear.Thereisnohonourinbeingabletosaythatyoucouldhavedonebetterifyouhadtriedharder.TherowingracethatIammostproudofwasactuallyonethatIlost,asitistheoneIknowIgavemyallto.Noonecanaskformorethanyourbest,andifyougiveyourbestthenyouhavenotfailed.Sohowdoyoustopthetaskathandfromfeelingtoooverwhelming?Howdoyoupaceyourselfforagoalyouknowwilltaketwoyearstoachieve?Howdoyoucopewiththepressure?Thereisaskilltonotthinkingtoofarahead.Youmustdisciplineyourselftofocusonwhatyouneedtodoonaday-by-daybasis.Bigdreamsaremadeoflittlegoals.Completeonetaskatatime,brilliantly,andthenthenext,andthenext.Dothisforlongenough,andyouwillgetthere.Whenyoudo,youcanfinallystepbackandappreciatethatyouhaveachievedsomethingincredible.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Asisknown,ifweareunitednoonecandefeatus.Butifweconstantlyhaveconflictsormisunderstandings,wemayattractoutsiderstotakeadvantageofourselves,whichmayultimatelyresultinourfailure.Unityisthesourceofstrengthandpeoplewhoareunitedhavethecapabilitytotackleanykindofsituationastheyshareeachother’sburdensandhardships.Inoldendays,manlivedalone.Hetravelledandhuntedallbyhimself,whichsometimesgaveopportunitiestofierceanimaltoattackandkillhim.Thenherealizedthatifhejoinedhandswithotherhunters,hewouldbeabletofaceseveralcommondangersandchallenges.Thisishow,villagesgotformed,whichlatergotdevelopedintothetownsandcities.Inthesportsground,beitcricket,football,baseball,basketballoranykindofsport,aunitedteamandanappropriatestrategymaycontributetothesuccessoftheteam,butifthereisaconflictorunhealthycompetitionorunnecessarymisunderstandingamongtheteammembers,theymayinvitetheopponentstotakeadvantageoftheirshortcomingsandwinthegame.Likewise,ifthemembersofafamilystaytogetherandsupporteachotherineveryphaseoflife,nooutsiderscanharmthefamily.Therewasonceanoldmanwholivedinavillagewithhisthreesons.Thesonsalwaysfoughtwitheachotherandwouldnotpayanyattentiontotheirfather.Themanfellsickandassumedthathewoulddiesoon;hewasveryworriedaboutthefactthatoncehedied,peoplewouldtakeadvantageofhissons’conflicts.Hecalledallhissonsandaskedthemtobreakabundleofsticks,onebyone.Noneofthemcoulddoit.Hethenuntiedthebundleandgaveeachsticktoeachoneofthemaskingthemtobreak,whichtheycouldveryconvenientlyaccomplish.Hethentoldhissonsthattheyshouldstaylikethebundleofstickssothatnoonecanbreakthem;butiftheykeeponfighting,theywillbebrokenbytheoutsiderseasily.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Ifyou’reanythinglikeus,itseemsthatyourstomachstartstogrumble(隆隆響)assoonasMcDonald’sgoldenarchescomeintoview.Thereasonbehindthatisn’tthemouthwateringtasteoftheirdeliciousfries—thisishowtheygetthemtotastesogoodbytheway—it’sactuallypsychological,andithastodowiththecolorsoftheirlogo.Thecolorsredandyellowwerechosenforaspecificreason,anditwasn’tbecausetheylookednicewithRonaldMcDonald’sclown-likeface.Itactuallyhastodowithscience.Thecolorredisstimulatingandisassociatedwithbeingactive.Italsoincreasesheartrate,whichhelpstojumpstartyourappetite.Thecoloryellowisassociatedwithhappinessandisthemostvisiblecolorindaylight,sothat’swhyaMcDonald’ssignissoeasytospotonacrowdedroad.Thebrainprocessescolorbeforeitprocesseswordsorshapes,sothat’swhythefast-foodchainchosethesetwocolorsfortheirlogoandbrand.Redandyellowmakesyouhungry,encouragingyoutowanttobuytheproducttheysell,whilealsomakingyoufeelhappy.McDonald’shasstartedtousethiscolorphilosophytoinfluenceandchangethewaypeoplecurrentlythinkabouttheirbrandaswell.Manyfranchises(授權(quán)經(jīng)銷商)inEuropehavestartedtoincorporatemoreofthecolorgreenintotheirstorefrontsandinteriordesignbecauseit’sassociatedwithnatureandbeingenvironmentallyfriendly,somethingMcDonald’shasbeencriticizedfornotbeinginthepast.Thecompanyhasbeenworkingtobecomegreenerbyusingenvironmentallyfriendlyrefrigerationandconvertingusedoilintobiodiesel(生物柴油)fuel.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Anallergy,alsoknownasanallergicdisease,isanimmunesystemreactiontonormallyharmlessthings,suchasdust，plants,animalsorcertainfoods.Symptomsvarydependingontheallergy.Commoncoldsymptomssuchaslowfever,sneezing,andasorethroatmayallindicateallergies.Whatcausesanallergicreactionisaquestionstillpuzzlingscientists.Typesofallergieshavegreatlyincreasesincethemid-20thcentury，leadingsomeexpertstosuggesttheincreasedenvironmentalpollutionisheldresponsible.Someexpertssuggestthatallergiesarerelatedwithgeneswithtwinsbeingparticularlylikelytosharethesameproblems.Often，anallergicreactionwilldevelopinchildhoodsbutsincemanyreactionsarelikelytoworsenwithrepeatedexposure,symptomscanstarttoappearatanyage.However，somepeoplemayovercomechildhoodallergieswithagegrowing.Testingforanallergycanbeatrickyprocess，particularlyifanallergicreactioncouldthreatenthevictim'slife.Doctorsoftenuseaskintestmethodforavarietyofpossibleallergicreactions.Inskintesting,atinyamountofanallergen(過敏原)isshotintoamarkedplaceofskintoseeiftheskinreactsnegatively.Ifseriousreactionsareaconcern,doctorscanalsouseabloodtest，althoughthistakesmoretimeandmaybelessaccuratethanskintesting.Treatmentmaydependonthetypeandseveredegreeofthepatientallergicresponse.Insomemildcases，suchassneezingcausedbyanimalexposure，patientsaretoldtoavoidexposurewhenpossible.Avoidingthefoodisalsokeywithmanyfoodallergies,particularlythosethatcancausesevereresponses.Whenavoidingisimpossible,somedoctorsmayrecommendshots.Thisintendstobuilduptoleranceintheimmunesystembyexposingthepatienttoincreasingsmallamountsoftheallergenovertime.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Collegestudentsneedtextbookstohelpthemlearnandearnanacademicdegree.However,ontopoftuition,roomandboardandmeals,whyaretextbookssoexpensive?Textbookscovermanyareasofknowledge.Theyarepreparedspecificallywithalotofinformationthatincludemanyoriginalpictures,specialcharts,andspecificdata.Textbooksareextremelyusefultostudentsforlearningandprofitableforthecompaniesthatpublishthem.Whiletextbookscanbeafinancialburdenonthestudent,theycanbeprofitableforabookscouter(偵察員).Abookscouterisanopportunistwhobuyscheapusedbooksatthriftstores(二手店)orbooksales,andsellsthemformoremoney.Brandnewtextbooksarethemostdesiredofbooksforscouterssincetheytypicallycostover$100.Ofcourse,usedtextbooksdon’tcostasmuch.Butwhenthescoutergoestoathriftstoreandbooksalesatlibraries,textbookscancostaslittleasseveraldollars.So,buyingusedtextbooksthatarenewisoneofthemostprofitablebooksthatsellerscanbuy.Unfortunately,manycollegetextbookeditionschangeeveryyear,whicheliminates(消除)thestudent’schancetouselastyear’sedition.So,theywillhavetopaymoremoneyforbrandnewtextbooks.Thesadrealityisthatveryfewchangesaregenerallymadebetweeneditions.Bookscouterssearchfortextbooksaswellasothercategoriesofbooksavailableatlocalthriftstoresorbooksales.Textbooksthatareneworrelativelynewaremarkeddowntojustafewdollars.ThentheycanbesoldonAmazonforpotentiallyhighprofits.Amazonbuysnewtextbooksforalotmoremoneythanmostothertypesofbooks.Ifyouwanttotryscoutingtextbookstomakeaprofit,buytheirnewesteditionsortheonesaheadofthem.Buyitinthebestconditionpossible.Ifyouliveinatownorcitywherethereisauniversity,youhaveabetterchanceoffindinggoodtextbooks.Althoughtextbookscanbeexpensivefortheaveragestudent,heorshecouldpotentiallysellthemonAmazonforthesamepricethattheywerepurchased.Justremember,knowledgeispowerandcanbeprofitabletoo.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Beesareverystrangecreatures.Theyhavetheirownwayoftellingeachotherthattheyhavefoundanewflower.Theybringsomeofitsnectar(花蜜)backhomeandthendoalittledancethatshowswheretheflowerisandhowfarawayitis.Inautumntheworkerbeesgooutandcollectasmuchnectara