新高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)練習(xí)考向43 概要寫作之語篇類型特征分析(原卷版)

考向43概要寫作之語篇類型特征分析概要寫作與語篇類型概要寫作實際上就是對所讀過的文章簡要而概括地寫出文章的中心大意。寫概要時，考生要把文章的具體信息用一些具有概括功能的詞和句表述出來，而不是抄襲文章的句子。寫概要也不是把細節(jié)性的信息作為中心，而是要通過對文章中的單詞、短語和句子進行合理轉(zhuǎn)換，重新組織文章的信息，再用合適的語言進行表述。這種寫作形式能考查考生的閱讀理解能力和對文章的大意進行歸納概括、重新構(gòu)造、創(chuàng)新輸出的能力。[寫作技法]一、題型特點要求考生進行概要寫作的閱讀材料原文詞數(shù)一般為300詞左右。文章體裁可以是記敘文、說明文或者議論文。寫作要求考生在對原文閱讀后根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫出一篇約60詞的內(nèi)容概要。概要所用語句既要用詞準確，結(jié)構(gòu)合理，語義連貫，不得抄寫原文，又要能完全概括出文章的中心大意。二、注意事項1．詞數(shù)要限制在60詞左右，上下限不得超過10個單詞。2．要根據(jù)文章的體裁特點進行概要寫作。3．人稱和時態(tài)要與所給文章中的人稱和時態(tài)保持一致，但必要時也可變換成第三人稱。4．寫作時盡可能地使用復(fù)合句，必要時可轉(zhuǎn)換詞性，不得完全照搬照抄原文。三、寫作步驟第一步：仔細審題速讀文章，確定文章的體裁和題材、人稱和時態(tài)以及寫作要求等。第二步：細讀全文閱讀語篇時，根據(jù)文章不同的文體可采取以下方法：記敘文圈出記敘文的六要素(who,when,where,what,how,why)，如果是夾敘夾議文，還要寫出故事給讀者帶來的啟示或寓意說明文找出文章要說明的對象、觀點或建議議論文提取議論文的三要素(論點、論據(jù)、結(jié)論)第三步：初寫成文初寫概要時，根據(jù)文章不同的文體可采取以下方法：記敘文先用一兩句話串聯(lián)人、時、地、事等要素，再用三到五個句子簡要描述事情的經(jīng)過和結(jié)果說明文找出要說明對象的現(xiàn)象、原因等或解決問題的措施、建議等議論文把議論文的三個要素(論點、論據(jù)、結(jié)論)進行合理地排序、整合和概括，使之語義上具有邏輯性和連貫性第四步：潤色升級初寫成文后，要對概要進行潤色升級，使用高級詞匯和高級句式代替平庸詞匯和一般句式，使之錦上添花。第五步：復(fù)查定稿寫好概要后，要從語法和語義角度進行通讀。對語法錯誤和語義不連貫處進行修改潤色。最后規(guī)范謄寫在答題卷的指定位置。說明文的概要寫作

一、說明文的寫作順序

一是以空間為序?qū)κ挛镞M行描寫；二是以時間為序?qū)κ挛镞M行描寫；三是按邏輯順序?qū)κ挛镞M行描寫。其中，按“邏輯順序”描寫的說明文又分下面幾種：

一是描寫某事物的性質(zhì)功用；二是針對某個問題提出解決方法或措施；三是介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因或本質(zhì)。

在“讀寫任務(wù)”中，純粹的說明文作為原文的形式出現(xiàn)比較少，不少文章的文體都是介于“說明”和“議論”之間的，單純的說明文作為“讀寫任務(wù)”的原文主要是以“邏輯順序”出現(xiàn)，因為這樣才能更好地為主體部分的議論或敘述服務(wù)。

二、說明文的構(gòu)成

說明文通常由三部分構(gòu)成，第一部分為文章的第一段，呈獻文章所要介紹/說明的對象或闡述的內(nèi)容；第二部分為文章的主體，或介紹事物的方位，或描述事物的性質(zhì)、功用，或提出解決方法，或說明某種現(xiàn)象等；第三部分為結(jié)尾段，呼應(yīng)首段，歸結(jié)主題。為此，說明文的寫作，當(dāng)以簡潔明了的語言描述事物、現(xiàn)象或過程。通常，說明文中常會（在每段）有topicsentence出現(xiàn)，這為考生寫作summary提供了幫助，但考生須對其作變通以免落下照抄原句之嫌。

三、概要寫作模板

1.描寫事物性質(zhì)功用

Inthepassagethewriterintroduces...(對象)tous,especiallyits...(性質(zhì)或功用),fromwhichweknow...(對象帶來的利好).

2.問題+解決方法

Thepassagerepresents...(問題)andbringsforthseveralmeasures/methodstosolvetheproblem,whichinclude...(方法1),...(方法2)and...(方法3).

3.現(xiàn)象+原因/本質(zhì)

(Theauthor/writerrepresents/introduces)...(現(xiàn)象)of...,because/but...(原因/本質(zhì)1),and...(原因/本質(zhì)2).四、概要寫作句式（一）提出問題:(現(xiàn)象，變化，影響，作用,例舉)1.Moreandmore(anincreasingnumberof)expertsargue(believe)thatcolorsinfluence(affect)ourmood,careerandhealth.2.Whatattractscustomers?Obviouslythelogocontributesagreatdeal.(Thelogoplaysanimportantrolein/hasapositiveeffectonattractingcustomers.)3.Thefirstmetaldetectorsweremeanttohelpminers.Theycostalotofmoney.Andworstofall,theydidn’tfunctionproperly.(Metaldetectorswerefirstusedtohelpminers,buttheycostmuch,anddidn’tworkwell.)4.Theyareinairports.Theyareincourthouses.Someschoolsusethem.(Manydetectorsarebeingusedinmanyplacessuchasschools,courthouses,andairports.)5.ThedistanceatwhichpeoplestandwhentheyspeaktendstobesmallerinChina,whileinNordicculturespeopleusuallystandfurtherapart.(Forexample,notallpeoplestandatthesamedistancewhenspeakingtoothers.)（二）分析問題（原因，結(jié)果）1.Theircallshavebecometentimeslouder,astheseashavebecomenoisierthanbefore.(Whaleslearntoshoutasaresultofincreasednoisesintheocean.)2.Asrobotsstartdoingmoreandmoreworkweusedtodo,anddoingitmuchmoreefficiently,whatiftheneedforjobsdisappearsaltogether?Whatiftherobotsendup...(Peopleworryabouttheproblemscausedbyrobots’highefficiencyandsoon.)3.Psychologistssuggestthereareseveralreasonsforashoppingaddiction.Forsomepeople,...Forothers,...(Therearedifferentreasonswhypeoplebecomeshopaholics,suchasreducingstress,fightinglonelinessandsoon.)4.Somestudiesshowthatpatientssufferingfromdepressionwerehelpedbysimplytakingashower.(Takingcoldshowersleadtolessstress.)5.Smokingissaidtoleadtomoreheartdisease-relateddeaths.(Besides,smokingismorelikelytocauseheartdisease-relateddeaths.)（三）解決問題(目的，提倡，避免，想法）1.Whatyoushouldbelookingforisflatground.+Ifit’spossible,youaresupposedtopitchcampinashadyplace.(Itisimportant/necessarytofindflatgroundwithshade.)2.Donotpitchyourtenttooclosetodeadtrees,becauseofthedangeroffallenbranches.(However,itisnotagoodidea(notadvisable)toplaceyourtentnexttodeadtrees,asyoumaybeindangeroffallenbranches.)3.Itisvitaltohaveastrongimage,whichisimmediatelyrecognisable.Weshouldrenewlogosconstantly.(Tobebetterrecognized,logosshouldberenewedtimely.不定式和被動結(jié)構(gòu)！)4.Bygettingridoftheneedforpeopletowork,robotswouldfreeusuptothinkmoreaboutwhatreallymakesushuman.(Furthermore,asrobotssaveusalotoflabor,wehumansshouldfocusonthinkingaboutthevalueofhumans.增加因果關(guān)系)5.Infact,it’sarelationshipwithoutanyresponsibility.Weschbelievesthatit’svitalforpeopletousedigitalmediainpositivenewways.(AlthoughWeschpointsoutthatthisrelationshipinvolvesnorealresponsibility,hestillinsiststhatitisimportantforpeopletoapplythedigitalmediapositively.增加轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系)（五）研究報告(1)表示文章的內(nèi)容以及研究目的①Thispaperisaimedat/covers/mainlydealswith...②Thearticlefocusesonthetopicof...(2)表示研究的結(jié)論①Theresultshowedthat...②Theauthorfoundthat...③Itwasconcludedthat...(3)表示推薦、觀點或建議Theauthorsuggests/considersthat...Suggestionsaremadefor...【檢測訓(xùn)練】1.閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Itisnoone’sjobtobelieveinyou,andnoonewill,unlessyoubelieveinyourself.Beliefthatyoucanachievewhateveryousetyourmindtowillkeepyouworkingwhenothersgiveup,anditwillgiveyouthetoolsyouneedtocraftyourownsuccessfromanysituation.Anynaturaltalentyouhaveisnotenough.Talentisonlythebeginning.Successisonlyachievedthroughhoursandhoursofhardwork,ofbeingknockeddownbutrefusingtoquit,andifyouareunwillingtoputintheeffort,youwillbeovertakenbythosewhosimplywantitmore.Partofsuccessisbeingabletocopewithfailure.Whatifyougiveyourbest,andyoustillfail?Myanswertothat,isthis:IwouldsoonerlookmyselfintheeyeandknowIdidmybest,thanknowIfailedbecauseIwasheldbackbyfear.Thereisnohonourinbeingabletosaythatyoucouldhavedonebetterifyouhadtriedharder.TherowingracethatIammostproudofwasactuallyonethatIlost,asitistheoneIknowIgavemyallto.Noonecanaskformorethanyourbest,andifyougiveyourbestthenyouhavenotfailed.Sohowdoyoustopthetaskathandfromfeelingtoooverwhelming?Howdoyoupaceyourselfforagoalyouknowwilltaketwoyearstoachieve?Howdoyoucopewiththepressure?Thereisaskilltonotthinkingtoofarahead.Youmustdisciplineyourselftofocusonwhatyouneedtodoonaday-by-daybasis.Bigdreamsaremadeoflittlegoals.Completeonetaskatatime,brilliantly,andthenthenext,andthenext.Dothisforlongenough,andyouwillgetthere.Whenyoudo,youcanfinallystepbackandappreciatethatyouhaveachievedsomethingincredible.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Asisknown,ifweareunitednoonecandefeatus.Butifweconstantlyhaveconflictsormisunderstandings,wemayattractoutsiderstotakeadvantageofourselves,whichmayultimatelyresultinourfailure.Unityisthesourceofstrengthandpeoplewhoareunitedhavethecapabilitytotackleanykindofsituationastheyshareeachother’sburdensandhardships.Inoldendays,manlivedalone.Hetravelledandhuntedallbyhimself,whichsometimesgaveopportunitiestofierceanimaltoattackandkillhim.Thenherealizedthatifhejoinedhandswithotherhunters,hewouldbeabletofaceseveralcommondangersandchallenges.Thisishow,villagesgotformed,whichlatergotdevelopedintothetownsandcities.Inthesportsground,beitcricket,football,baseball,basketballoranykindofsport,aunitedteamandanappropriatestrategymaycontributetothesuccessoftheteam,butifthereisaconflictorunhealthycompetitionorunnecessarymisunderstandingamongtheteammembers,theymayinvitetheopponentstotakeadvantageoftheirshortcomingsandwinthegame.Likewise,ifthemembersofafamilystaytogetherandsupporteachotherineveryphaseoflife,nooutsiderscanharmthefamily.Therewasonceanoldmanwholivedinavillagewithhisthreesons.Thesonsalwaysfoughtwitheachotherandwouldnotpayanyattentiontotheirfather.Themanfellsickandassumedthathewoulddiesoon;hewasveryworriedaboutthefactthatoncehedied,peoplewouldtakeadvantageofhissons’conflicts.Hecalledallhissonsandaskedthemtobreakabundleofsticks,onebyone.Noneofthemcoulddoit.Hethenuntiedthebundleandgaveeachsticktoeachoneofthemaskingthemtobreak,whichtheycouldveryconvenientlyaccomplish.Hethentoldhissonsthattheyshouldstaylikethebundleofstickssothatnoonecanbreakthem;butiftheykeeponfighting,theywillbebrokenbytheoutsiderseasily.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Ifyou’reanythinglikeus,itseemsthatyourstomachstartstogrumble(隆隆響)assoonasMcDonald’sgoldenarchescomeintoview.Thereasonbehindthatisn’tthemouthwateringtasteoftheirdeliciousfries—thisishowtheygetthemtotastesogoodbytheway—it’sactuallypsychological,andithastodowiththecolorsoftheirlogo.Thecolorsredandyellowwerechosenforaspecificreason,anditwasn’tbecausetheylookednicewithRonaldMcDonald’sclown-likeface.Itactuallyhastodowithscience.Thecolorredisstimulatingandisassociatedwithbeingactive.Italsoincreasesheartrate,whichhelpstojumpstartyourappetite.Thecoloryellowisassociatedwithhappinessandisthemostvisiblecolorindaylight,sothat’swhyaMcDonald’ssignissoeasytospotonacrowdedroad.Thebrainprocessescolorbeforeitprocesseswordsorshapes,sothat’swhythefast-foodchainchosethesetwocolorsfortheirlogoandbrand.Redandyellowmakesyouhungry,encouragingyoutowanttobuytheproducttheysell,whilealsomakingyoufeelhappy.McDonald’shasstartedtousethiscolorphilosophytoinfluenceandchangethewaypeoplecurrentlythinkabouttheirbrandaswell.Manyfranchises(授權(quán)經(jīng)銷商)inEuropehavestartedtoincorporatemoreofthecolorgreenintotheirstorefrontsandinteriordesignbecauseit’sassociatedwithnatureandbeingenvironmentallyfriendly,somethingMcDonald’shasbeencriticizedfornotbeinginthepast.Thecompanyhasbeenworkingtobecomegreenerbyusingenvironmentallyfriendlyrefrigerationandconvertingusedoilintobiodiesel(生物柴油)fuel.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Anallergy,alsoknownasanallergicdisease,isanimmunesystemreactiontonormallyharmlessthings,suchasdust，plants,animalsorcertainfoods.Symptomsvarydependingontheallergy.Commoncoldsymptomssuchaslowfever,sneezing,andasorethroatmayallindicateallergies.Whatcausesanallergicreactionisaquestionstillpuzzlingscientists.Typesofallergieshavegreatlyincreasesincethemid-20thcentury，leadingsomeexpertstosuggesttheincreasedenvironmentalpollutionisheldresponsible.Someexpertssuggestthatallergiesarerelatedwithgeneswithtwinsbeingparticularlylikelytosharethesameproblems.Often，anallergicreactionwilldevelopinchildhoodsbutsincemanyreactionsarelikelytoworsenwithrepeatedexposure,symptomscanstarttoappearatanyage.However，somepeoplemayovercomechildhoodallergieswithagegrowing.Testingforanallergycanbeatrickyprocess，particularlyifanallergicreactioncouldthreatenthevictim'slife.Doctorsoftenuseaskintestmethodforavarietyofpossibleallergicreactions.Inskintesting,atinyamountofanallergen(過敏原)isshotintoamarkedplaceofskintoseeiftheskinreactsnegatively.Ifseriousreactionsareaconcern,doctorscanalsouseabloodtest，althoughthistakesmoretimeandmaybelessaccuratethanskintesting.Treatmentmaydependonthetypeandseveredegreeofthepatientallergicresponse.Insomemildcases，suchassneezingcausedbyanimalexposure，patientsaretoldtoavoidexposurewhenpossible.Avoidingthefoodisalsokeywithmanyfoodallergies,particularlythosethatcancausesevereresponses.Whenavoidingisimpossible,somedoctorsmayrecommendshots.Thisintendstobuilduptoleranceintheimmunesystembyexposingthepatienttoincreasingsmallamountsoftheallergenovertime.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Collegestudentsneedtextbookstohelpthemlearnandearnanacademicdegree.However,ontopoftuition,roomandboardandmeals,whyaretextbookssoexpensive?Textbookscovermanyareasofknowledge.Theyarepreparedspecificallywithalotofinformationthatincludemanyoriginalpictures,specialcharts,andspecificdata.Textbooksareextremelyusefultostudentsforlearningandprofitableforthecompaniesthatpublishthem.Whiletextbookscanbeafinancialburdenonthestudent,theycanbeprofitableforabookscouter(偵察員).Abookscouterisanopportunistwhobuyscheapusedbooksatthriftstores(二手店)orbooksales,andsellsthemformoremoney.Brandnewtextbooksarethemostdesiredofbooksforscouterssincetheytypicallycostover$100.Ofcourse,usedtextbooksdon’tcostasmuch.Butwhenthescoutergoestoathriftstoreandbooksalesatlibraries,textbookscancostaslittleasseveraldollars.So,buyingusedtextbooksthatarenewisoneofthemostprofitablebooksthatsellerscanbuy.Unfortunately,manycollegetextbookeditionschangeeveryyear,whicheliminates(消除)thestudent’schancetouselastyear’sedition.So,theywillhavetopaymoremoneyforbrandnewtextbooks.Thesadrealityisthatveryfewchangesaregenerallymadebetweeneditions.Bookscouterssearchfortextbooksaswellasothercategoriesofbooksavailableatlocalthriftstoresorbooksales.Textbooksthatareneworrelativelynewaremarkeddowntojustafewdollars.ThentheycanbesoldonAmazonforpotentiallyhighprofits.Amazonbuysnewtextbooksforalotmoremoneythanmostothertypesofbooks.Ifyouwanttotryscoutingtextbookstomakeaprofit,buytheirnewesteditionsortheonesaheadofthem.Buyitinthebestconditionpossible.Ifyouliveinatownorcitywherethereisauniversity,youhaveabetterchanceoffindinggoodtextbooks.Althoughtextbookscanbeexpensivefortheaveragestudent,heorshecouldpotentiallysellthemonAmazonforthesamepricethattheywerepurchased.Justremember,knowledgeispowerandcanbeprofitabletoo.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Beesareverystrangecreatures.Theyhavetheirownwayoftellingeachotherthattheyhavefoundanewflower.Theybringsomeofitsnectar(花蜜)backhomeandthendoalittledancethatshowswheretheflowerisandhowfarawayitis.Inautumntheworkerbeesgooutandcollectasmuchnectara