新高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)練習(xí)考向28 閱讀理解之議論文類(原卷版)

考向28閱讀理解之議論文類文體分析議論文說理性強(qiáng)，語言莊重，邏輯縝密，常用難詞、長詞和復(fù)雜句，給我們的閱讀理解帶來一定難度。議論文是運(yùn)用邏輯推理和證明來闡述某一觀點、看法和主張的文體。這類文章或從正面提出某種見解，或駁斥別人的錯誤觀點，以說服讀者同意自己的觀點為主要目的。議論文一般有論點、論據(jù)和論證三個要素。論點是議論文的核心，即中心思想，是論據(jù)和論證的服務(wù)對象。論據(jù)是作者所引用的用以支持和證明論點的材料，這些材料可以是名人名言、事實例證或統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)等。論證是作者組織、運(yùn)用論據(jù)的手法。議論文文章類型演繹論證議論文是從已知的一般原理，規(guī)律出發(fā)，推知個別事物本質(zhì)的論證方法。該類文體一般先提出一個總論點，然后分別進(jìn)行論述，分析各個分論點，最后得出結(jié)論。歸納論證議論文是一種由個別到一般的論證方法。它通過許多個別的事例或分論點，然后歸納出它們所共有的特性，從而得出一個一般性的結(jié)論。比較論證議論文是一種由個別到個別的論證方法。通常分為類比法和對比法兩類。類比法是將性質(zhì)或特點在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比較而引出結(jié)論的方法。對比法是通過性質(zhì)或特點在某一方面相反或?qū)α⒌牟煌挛锏谋容^來證明論點的方法。命題要點由于議論的目的是表明自己對事物的看法和態(tài)度，因此，命題時?？疾炱溆^點態(tài)度以及根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容歸納主旨大意等，有時也對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行考察。解題技巧1.演繹論證議論文：注意文章的開篇，因為文章的開篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的觀點，從而把握了文章的中心思想。2.歸納論證議論文：注意文章的尾段，因為尾段是對前面所舉事例和分論點的歸納和概括。3.比較論證議論文：注意事物的相同點以及不同點，并由此來把握文章的主旨。做題時可使用以下三個步驟：重首尾，明方式，細(xì)推測?！咀h論說理類文章】議論說理類文章就是議論文，是高考閱讀理解題中一種較難的題目。議論說理類文章具有以下特點：1．一般按提出問題、分析問題、解決問題的方法寫作。作者一般從日常生活中的熱點問題、社會上的重大問題、與讀者息息相關(guān)的問題入手，即提出問題。然后，分析利弊，舉例說明，推理判斷，即分析問題。最后，闡述觀點，提出辦法，即解決問題。2．以作者的觀點或情感為核心，對細(xì)節(jié)推理等方面進(jìn)行考查。3．文章的主題一般是生活中的熱點問題、重大問題或與生活息息相關(guān)的問題等?！镜淅纠縁orsomereasonwewereremindedthatweprimates(靈長目)needlove.KimBardoftheUniversityofPortsmouthinEnglandandhercolleaguescarriedoutastudyon46babychimpanzeesorphans(黑猩猩孤兒),whichhadlosttheirmothers.Thestudyshowedthatprimatebabiesthathavetightrelationshipswithmotherfiguresdomuchbetteroncognitive(認(rèn)知的)teststhanbabieswhoonlygrewupwithpeers(同伴),butthisisnotbreakingnews.Infact,it'soldnews.Inthe1950s,HarryHarlowdidaseriesofexperimentswithbabymonkeysthatshowed,thatlackofloveandcomfortmakesforacrazymonkey.Harlowmadeacagethatincludedawiremonkey“mother”withaplasticface.Thenheequippedthe“mother”withamilkbottle.Thecagealsohadanotherwire“mother”whowascoveredwithsoftcloth.Thebabymonkeysspentalltheirtimewiththecloth“mother”andonlywenttothewire“mother”tofeed.Harlow'smonkeyexperimentwasimportant,becauseatthetime,childcareexperts,andeverybody'sgrandmotherhada“notouch,nocomfort”policy(方針)towardchildren.Theyadvisedparentsnottorespondtocryingbabies.Theythoughtthatbabiesshouldsleepalonetobecomeindependent,andputthatkiddown.ButHarlow'sworkchangedthatpolicy.Mothersweresoonallowedtohavetheirbabiesnexttotheminthehospital.Thecurrentchimpresearch(研究)basedonHarlow'sworkshowsthatmother'slovedoesn'tjustmakeforapsychologically(精神上地)healthychild,italsomakesforasmartchild.Thehighlyraisedchimpsdobetterthanthosethatarenotloved,andthewell-raisedchimpsdoevenbetterthanhumankidsonIQtests.Weareprimates,socialanimalswhichneedlove.Weneedtobeheldandtalkedtoandmadetofeelthatatleastonepersonwantstobewithusallthetime.1.ThestudyKimBardandhiscolleaguesdid________.A.included46babyandmothermonkeysB.isnothingnewtopeopleaboutthefindingsC.showedthatmanychimpanzeeslackoflovewhentheywereyoungD.showedmanychimpanzeeshadgoodrelationshipwiththeirmothers2.Theunderlinedpart“makesfor”inthethirdparagraphmeans________.A.dosomethingforB.headforC.bringaboutD.connectto3.Harlowbuilttwo“mothers”forbabymonkeysto________.A.makethemlivecomfortablyB.letthemhavemorechoicesC.givethemmoreloveD.makecomparisonwell4.Whichofthefollowingcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Well-raisedchimpsarebetterthanpeopleinIQ.B.Sometimesit'snotwrongtohavenotouchandnocomforttobabies.C.Chimpsgrowingupincagesarelesssmarterthanchimpsgrowingupinwild.D.Babieswhosleepwithmotherstendtobeclevererthanbabiessleepalone.語篇解讀：這是一篇議論文。文章主要是通過對靈長目動物的兩個實驗說明，母愛對于小孩的成長有著非常重要的作用。因此父母親應(yīng)該多給孩子們一些愛，以讓小孩們健康地成長。解析：1.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第二段第一句提到是46只小猴，因此A項錯誤；根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句可知B項正確；C項沒有事實依據(jù)；文章第二段第二句提到和母親關(guān)系好的小猴認(rèn)知水平比其他小猴要好些，但是這不能說明D項。2.C猜測詞義題。缺少母愛的小猴和成為瘋狂的猴子是一種因果關(guān)系，因此答案選C。3.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段可知制造兩個假母猴的目的是更好地比較缺乏母愛與否與小猴后來發(fā)展的關(guān)系。因此D是正確答案。4.D推理判斷題。文章第四、五段提到自從Harlow做了那個實驗后，人們就認(rèn)為母親和嬰兒睡在一起對嬰兒的成長好一些，因此可知D項正確。應(yīng)對策略解答議論類閱讀理解試題，可以從以下幾個方面著手考慮：作者在開始敘述一個現(xiàn)象，然后對現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋或作者所強(qiáng)調(diào)的解釋，閱讀時要注意作者給出的原因，所以又被稱為原因—結(jié)果(Cause&Effect)型。還有一種比較常見的是問題—答案型，作者在一開始或一段末以問句提出一個問題(相當(dāng)于一個現(xiàn)象)，然后給出該問題的答案(相當(dāng)于解釋)。針對文中問題給出的主要答案就是這種文章的中心。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)一點，答題時優(yōu)先考慮正面答題(直接從文章內(nèi)容得出答案)，然后從中心、態(tài)度或利用解答特征等其他角度對選項進(jìn)行檢驗；如果從文章內(nèi)容中直接無法解決，則從中心和態(tài)度方面考慮；次之，從解答特征方面考慮?？忌钆麓祟愺w裁。山窮水盡時，記?。菏紫葟恼w上把握文章中心和作者所持的態(tài)度，靠近中心的就是答案。解題方法：1.把握文章的論點、論據(jù)和論證。此外，還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語言。2.互推法：在議論之后，總會再列舉一些具體的例子來支持觀點或在一些例子之后，總要抒發(fā)一些議論?？忌诶斫庾h論時，可以借助文中所給的實例，從而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。3.推理法：推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒有明確表達(dá)的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過語篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，各個信息所暗示和隱含的意義，作者的隱含意等對文章進(jìn)行推理判斷?？忌晌淖值谋韺有畔⑼诰虺鑫恼碌纳顚雍x，要能透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)。解題技巧歷年全國高考英語閱讀理解的題型無非基本都是考查主旨大意、詞義猜測、推理判斷和細(xì)節(jié)理解四大題型。其中，命題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，推理判斷題為輔，又兼顧詞義猜測題和主旨大意題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題主要考查的是對原文具體細(xì)節(jié)的理解和把控能力，難度相對較小，廣大考生除了平時必要的閱讀量和詞匯量的積累以外，掌握一定的解題技巧對解答閱讀理解題來說也是至關(guān)重要的。具體說來：1.主旨大意型干擾項可能是文中某個具體事實或細(xì)節(jié)。干擾項可能是從文中某些(不完全的)事實或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯誤結(jié)論。干擾項可能是非文章事實的主觀臆斷。正確答案根據(jù)文章全面理解而歸納概括出來；不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過其實或以偏概全。主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考實踐，這類題目考查的范圍是：基本論點、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。選擇＂主題＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要內(nèi)容或主旨，通常用詞、短語或句子來概括。常見的提問方式有：1.Whatisthemain/generalideaofthistext?2.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispassage?3.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?4.Thistextmainlytellsus_________.5.Thispassagemainlydealswith_________.6.Themainideaofthispassagemaybebestexpressedas_________.7.Thetopicofthispassageis_________.標(biāo)題選擇題則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個合適的標(biāo)題。通常標(biāo)題由一個名詞或名詞短語充當(dāng)，用詞簡短、精練。常見的提問方式有：1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?2.Whichofthefollowingisthebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistext?3.Thebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe__________.不管是選擇＂主題＂還是選擇＂標(biāo)題＂，實質(zhì)上都是要求考生從整體上理解語篇內(nèi)容，找出貫穿語篇的主線；不管是何種體裁的文章，都是圍繞一個主題來展開的。在試題設(shè)計上，3個干擾項的內(nèi)容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要內(nèi)容，需要注意甄別?！镜淅纠縏oerrishuman.Toblametheotherguyisevenmorehuman.…Thesethreepopularmisquotes（戲謔的引語）aremeanttobejokes,andyettheytellusalotabouthumannature.Toerr,ortomakemistakes,isindeedapartofbeinghuman,butitseemsthatmostpeopledon’twanttoaccepttheresponsibilityforhavingmadeamistake.Theynaturallylookforsomeoneelsewhocouldberesponsiblefortheproblem.Perhapsitisthenaturalthingtodo.Theoriginalquoteabouthumannaturewentlikethis:“Toerrishuman,toforgive,divine（神圣的）.”Thissayingmirrorsanideal:peopleshouldbeforgivingofothers’mistakes.Instead,wetendtodotheopposite—findsomeoneelsetopasstheblameonto.However,takingresponsibilityforsomethingthatwentwrongisamarkofgreatmaturity.1.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusmost?（原創(chuàng)題）A.tomakeasfewmistakesaspossible. B.tothinkseriouslyaboutourwrongdoings.C.tobearresponsibilityforourmistakes. D.topasstheblameontosomeoneelse.解析：這是一篇典型的駁論文。作者先列出一個錯誤觀點，即Toblametheotherguyisevenmorehuman，然后進(jìn)行反駁。最后，通過關(guān)鍵詞however一轉(zhuǎn)折，說出了作者的觀點，即為自己的錯誤承擔(dān)責(zé)任是成熟的標(biāo)志。因此，選擇C項。2.事實細(xì)節(jié)型細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對文章中某些細(xì)節(jié)或重要事實的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解題和語意理解題兩種。直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤，從閱讀材料中可以找到。這種題難度低，只要考生讀懂文章，就能得分，屬于低層次題。做此類題時可以使用定位法與跳讀法。定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項所提供的信息直接從原文中找到相應(yīng)的句子(即定位)，然后進(jìn)行比較和分析(尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換)，從而選出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項所提供的信息跳讀原文，并找到相關(guān)的句子(有時可能是幾個句子)或段落，然后進(jìn)行簡單分析、推理等，從而找出正確答案。(1)解題原則：忠實于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。文章中心是論點，事實細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由；有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)問題常對文中某個詞語、某句子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及事實進(jìn)行提問，所提問題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。提問的特殊疑問詞常有：what,who,which,where,how,why等。在閱讀理解中，要求查找主要事實和特定細(xì)節(jié)的問題常有以下幾種命題方式：①Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?②Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?③Theauthor(orthepassage)statesthat__________.④Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)__________?(2)干擾項：范圍過大、過小；偷換概念；正誤并存，某個分句是正確的。閱讀理解中細(xì)節(jié)理解題的干擾項的設(shè)置有以下幾個原則：①包含項原則在答案選項分析中，假如對A選項的理解概括了對其他三項(或其中某一項)的理解，那么我們就說選項A與其他三項是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項A往往就是正確答案。如在＂花＂與＂玫瑰＂兩選項中，正確答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。②正反項原則所謂正反項，是指兩選項陳述的命題完全相矛盾。兩個相互矛盾的陳述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四選項中A、B互為正反項，那我們通常先排除C、D項，正確答案一般在A、B項當(dāng)中。③委婉項原則所謂委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項中語氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達(dá)，如：probably,possibly,

may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition,tendto等等，而含有絕對語氣的表達(dá)往往不是正確答案，如：must,always,never,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。④同形項原則命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個大命題范圍，然后通過語言形式的細(xì)微變化來考查考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項中有正確答案的存在。⑤常識項原則議論文中，那些符合一般常識、意義深刻富有哲理、符合一般規(guī)律、屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的往往是正確答案。⑥因果項原則閱讀理解的邏輯推理基本都是通過因果鏈進(jìn)行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進(jìn)。然而，在推理題的選項中，有的選項會推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理過頭(止于后果)，這就是所謂的干擾項。因果項原則啟示我們：假如四個選項中有兩項互為同一事物推理過程中的因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是兩個因果項中的其中之一。如果因項可產(chǎn)生幾個結(jié)果，那么答案就是因；如果果項可以對應(yīng)幾個原因，那么答案就是果。解題方法：原文定位法。查讀法：(1)帶著問題找答案，把注意力集中在與who,what,when,where問題有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)上。(2)細(xì)心!3.詞義猜測型閱讀理解的測試中經(jīng)常有猜測詞、短語、習(xí)語、句子意義的題目，近幾年高考閱讀中詞義猜測題的考查方法呈多樣化，其中根據(jù)上下文語境推測詞義將會越來越多。有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需猜測其意義的詞或短語，后文接著會出現(xiàn)其定義、解釋或例子，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。除此之外，我們還可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(；)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。還可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。當(dāng)然了，這些詞、短語、習(xí)語要么是生詞，要么是熟詞新義，單靠平時積累是不夠的，還要掌握以下做題技巧。(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進(jìn)行判斷。(2)根據(jù)文中的定義、事例、解釋猜生詞。用事例或解釋猜生詞；用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞。(3)根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇。文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。(4)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。(5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。(6)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。閱讀中有時出現(xiàn)新詞、難詞，后面跟著一個同位語，對前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋。(7)利用標(biāo)點符號和提示詞猜測詞義。分號還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義；破折號表示解釋說明。常見的問題形式有：(1)The

word

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in

Line

…

means/can

be

best

replaced

by

…(2)As

used

in

the

passage,

the

phrase

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suggests…(3)From

the

passage,

we

can

infer

that

the

word/phrase

/the

sentence

＂…＂

is/refers

to

/means…(4)The

word

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is

closest

in

meaning

to

…常用應(yīng)對方法：同義法：常在詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或or，它們連接的兩項內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此可以推測詞義。反義法：如hotandcold,giveandreceive等，或前句為肯定，后句為否定?？傊?，互為反義的詞與詞間都起著互為線索的作用。釋義法：對文章中的生詞用定語(從句)、表語，甚至用逗號、破折號等標(biāo)點符號引出并加以解釋說明。此外，還有情景推斷法、代詞替代法等。做題要領(lǐng)(1)從文中找線索或信息詞；(2)根據(jù)熟悉的詞及詞義判斷新詞的意思；(3)根據(jù)上下文判斷新詞在特定句中的確切意思。(4)要特別注意熟詞新意！【典例示例】Formanyparents,raisingateenagerislikefightingalongwar,butyearsgobywithoutanyclearwinner.Likeaborderconflictbetweenneighboringcountries,theparent-teenwarisaboutboundaries:WhereisthelinebetweenwhatIcontrolandwhatyoudo?Bothsideswantpeace,butneitherfeelsithasanypowertostoptheconflict.Inpart,thisisbecauseneitheriswillingtoadmitanyresponsibilityforstartingit.Fromtheparents’pointofview,theonlycauseoftheirfightistheiradolescents’completeunreasonableness.Andofcourse,theteensseeitinexactlythesameway,exceptoppositely.Bothfeeltrapped.56.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph2mean?A.Theteensblametheirparentsforstartingtheconflict.B.Theteensagreewiththeirparentsonthecauseoftheconflict.C.Theteensaccusetheirparentsofmisleadingthem.D.Theteenstendtohaveafullunderstandingoftheirparents.解析：本文首先提出論點：對很多家長來說，撫養(yǎng)孩子就像打一場長期戰(zhàn)爭一樣，沒有贏家。第二段提到“戰(zhàn)爭”之長的原因：互不服氣。抓住關(guān)鍵詞：fromtheparent’spointofview;andofcourse,theteens,thesameway。再結(jié)合題支的表述，答案為A。4.推理判斷型做題要領(lǐng)：既要求學(xué)生透過文章表面文字信息推測文章的隱含意思，又要求學(xué)生對作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度考慮而不是固守自己的看法。常見的命題方式有：(1)Thepassageimplies(暗示)that_________.(2)Wecanconclude(得出結(jié)論)fromthepassagethat_________.(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred(推論)?(4)Whatisthetone(語氣)oftheauthor?(5)Whatisthepurpose(目的)ofthispassage?(6)Thepassageisintendedto_________.(7)Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?【典例示例】Asksomeonewhattheyhavedonetohelptheenvironmentrecentlyandtheywillalmostcertainlymentionrecycling.Recyclinginthehomeisveryimportantofcourse.However,beingforcedtorecycleoftenmeanswealreadyhavemorematerialthanweneed.Wearedealingwiththeresultsofthatover-consumptioninthegreenestwaypossible,butitwouldbefarbetterifwedidnotneedtobringsomuchmaterialhomeinthefirstplace.Thetotalamountofpackagingincreasedby12%between1999and2020.Itnowmakesupathirdofatypicalhousehold’swasteintheUK.Inmanysupermarketsnowadaysfooditemsarepackagedtwicewithplasticandcardboard.62.TheauthorusesfiguresinParagraph2toshow___________.A.thetendencyofcuttinghouseholdwaste B.theincreaseofpackagingrecyclingC.therapidgrowthofsupermarkets D.thefactofpackagingoveruse解析：作者在第一段分析論證之后用了一個關(guān)鍵句式“…,butitwouldbefarbetterifwe…”引出了論點：我們與其回收利用廢品，倒不如先不要過度包裝。第二段用統(tǒng)計數(shù)字作為論據(jù)來證明上述論點。因此選擇D項?！镜淅纠縒hytellthetruthwhenyoucancomeupwithagoodexcuse?Andwhatiswrongwithasocietythatthinksthatmakingupagoodexcuseislikecreatingaworkofart?Oneofcommonproblemswithmakingexcusesisthatpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,gettheideathatit’sokaynottobetotallyhonestallthetime.Thereisacorollary(直接推論)tothat:ifagoodexcuseis“good”evenifitisn’thonest,thenwhereistheplaceofthetruth?54.Whatistheauthor’sopinionaboutagoodexcuse?A.Makingagoodexcuseissometimesabetterpolicy.B.Inventingagoodexcuseneedscreativeideas.C.Agoodexcuseisasrewardingashonesty.D.Bittertruthisbetterthanagoodexcuse.解析：這是一篇駁論文。在第二段中作者用了兩個疑問句和一個否定句，對“agoodexcuse”的懷疑態(tài)度體現(xiàn)地淋漓盡致。因此選擇D項?！緳z測訓(xùn)練】1Whenitcomestothejobsrobotscouldneverdo,youwouldprobablyputdoctorsandteachersatthetopofthelist.It'seasytoimaginerobotcleanersandfactoryworkers,butsomejobsneedhumanconnectionandcreativity.Butareweunderestimating(低估)whatrobotscando?Insomecases,theyalreadyperformbetterthandoctorsatdiagnosing(診斷)illness.Also,somepatientsmightfeelmorecomfortablesharingpersonalinformationwithamachinethanaperson.Couldtherebeaplaceforrobotsineducationafterall?BritisheducationexpertAnthonySeldonthinksso.Andheevenhasadatefortherobottakeoveroftheclassroom:2027.Hepredictsrobotswilldothemainjoboftransferringinformationandteacherswillbelikeassistants.Intelligentrobotswillreadstudents'faces,movementsandmaybeevenbrainsignals.Thentheywilladapttheinformationtoeachstudent.However,it'snotapopularopinionandit'sunlikelythatrobotswilleverhaveempathy(同理心)andtheabilitytoreallyconnectwithhumans.Onethingiscertain,though.Arobotteacherisbetterthannoteacheratall.Insomepartsoftheworld,therearen'tenoughteachers.Thatproblemcouldbepartlysolvedbyrobotsbecausetheycanteachanywhereandwon'tgetstressed,ortired,ormovesomewhereforaneasier,higher-paidjob.Teachersallovertheworldareleavingbecausetheyfeeloverworked.Perhapsthequestionisnot“Willrobotsreplaceteachers?”but“Howcanrobotshelpteachers?”Teacherswastealotoftimedoingnon-teachingwork,includingmorethan11hoursaweekmarkinghomework.Ifrobotscouldcutthetimeteachersspendonmarkinghomeworkandwritingreports,teacherswouldhavemoretimeandenergyforthepartsofthejobhumansdobest.1.Intheopinionofmostpeople,whatkindofjobsarerobotsmostlikelytodo?A.Culture-relatedjobs.B.Mentaljobs. C.Physicaljobs. D.Tiresomejobs.2.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAnthonySeldon'spredictioninParagraph2?A.Itsoundsdisappointing. B.Itseemstobepuzzling.C.Itisn'twidelyaccepted. D.Ithasbecomeareality.3.What'sthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Whyteachersarebadlyneeded. B.Teachers'workingconditions.C.Disadvantagesofrobotteachers. D.Howrobotshelpteachers.4.What'stheauthor'sattitudetowardsrobotteachers?A.Opposed. B.Favorable. C.Suspicious. D.Sympathetic.2Theideaoflowmaterialdesire,lowconsumptionandrefusingtowork,marryandhavechildren,concludedasa“l(fā)yingdown”lifestyle,recentlystruckachordwithmanyyoungChinesewhoareeagertotakepausetobreatheinthisfast-pacedandhighly-competitivesociety.Manymillennials(千禧一代)andgenerationZscomplainedtotheGlobalTimesthatburdens,includingworkstress,familydisputes(紛爭)andfinancialstrains,havepushedthem“againstthewall”.Theysaidtheyhatethe“involution(內(nèi)卷),”jokingthattheywouldrathergiveupsomeofwhattheyhavethangettrappedinanendlesscompetitionagainstpeers.“Insteadofalwaysfollowingthe‘virtues’ofstruggle,endureandsacrificetobearthestresses,theypreferatemporarylyingdownascatharsis(宣泄)andadjustment,”saidascholar.“Itisnowonderthatsomeyoungpeople,underthegrowingpressuresfromchild-raisingtopayingthemortgage(按揭)today,wouldtrytoliveinasimplewayandleavetheworriesbehind.”Interestingly,themajorityofmillennialsandGenZsreachedbytheGlobalTimes,whoclaimtobebigfansofthelyingdownphilosophy,acknowledgedthattheyonlyacceptatemporarylyingdownasashortrest.Itistruethatwiththegreatimprovementoflivingconditions,someChineseyouthhavepartiallylostthespiritofhardshipandarenotwillingtobeartoomuchhardwork.Butinfact,lyingdownisnotentirelycomfortable.Youngpeoplewholiedownalwaysfeelguiltyabouttheirconstantlossofmorale(士氣)farbeyondtheirreach.“Youngpeopleoncampushavebothaspirationsandconfusionabouttheirfuture,butmostofushaverejectedsettingourselvesupinchainstowasteopportunitiesandchallenges,”apostgraduatestudenttoldtheGlobalTimes.“It’snouserunningaway.Ihaveto‘standup’andfacetherealitysoonerorlater.”5.Whatdoestheunderlinedphraseinparagraph1mean?A.Warned. B.Criticized.C.Touched. D.Amused.6.Whatmighthavecausedthe“l(fā)yingdown”lifestyleamongtheyoung?A.Improvementsinlivingconditions.B.Growingpressurefromfamilyandsociallife.C.Increasingmaterialpossessionsfromfamilies.D.Temporaryadjustmenttofailureincompetitions.7.What’sthescholar’sattitudetowardthe“l(fā)yingdown”group?A.Understanding. B.Intolerant.C.Supportive. D.Unclear.8.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheyounggenerationfromthetext?A.Theyneverreallydroptheirresponsibilities.B.Theyreallyenjoythe“l(fā)yingdown”lifestyle.C.Theyfindtheirdreamsfarbeyondtheirreach.D.Theywouldratherescapethantakechallenges.3Afewyearsago,Iboughtaflat.Itwasatriumphofhopeanddeterminationoverpropertyprices,andthepeakofa20-yeardream.ThedayIgotthekeysshouldhavebeenthemostexcitingdayofmylifeandyet,thesecondIopenedthedoor,panicsetin.Ispentmyfirstnightasahomeownerinahotelresearchinghowtosellaflatandwonderingifitwastoolatetochangemymind.Ididn'tsellmyflatbecauseIrememberedwhyIhadwanteditinthefirstplace—buttherearetimeswhenwegetwhatwewantanditsimplyisn'tright.I'vealwaysfoundastrangedisconnectbetweenwantingsomethingandgettingit.Wantingisaplaceofpossibilityand,inastateoflack,thedesireisstrong.Weimaginehowthisthing—anewjoborrelationship—canchangeourlivesandatthesametimeforgetthataddingsomethingtoourlifedoesn'tmeanallourproblemsdisappear.Wecreateanarrativearoundthedesireand,whenwegetit,anditisdifferenttohowwepicturedit,wefeelfrustrated.Forme,thismostoftenoccursinrelationships.Ihaveahabitoffillinginthegapswithpeople,ratherthangettingtoknowthem.Igoonadatewithsomeoneand,insteadofpiecingthemtogetherbrickbybrick,Istarttoimaginewhatmylifewouldbelikewiththeminit.Itshouldn'thavebeenashockthattherealityinnowaymatchedmyfantasy—butitwas.IknewIwantedout,yetpartofmefeltcommitted:thiswassomeoneIthoughtIhadwantedforsolong,Icouldn'twalkaway,couldI?Wetendtoshameothersforchangingtheirminds.Ithink,however,it'sfarbravertomovetowardssomethingthatwillbringhappinessthantostayinamiserablesituationtoprotectyourpride.So,whensomeonetellsyouthey'vechangedtheirminds,congratulatethemonknowingthemselveswellenough,andbeingstrongenough,toadmitit.Ittakesalottocomecleanaboutgettingitwrong,butthereliefofdoingso—ofsettingourselvesfreefromapersonal-shapedhole,isworthiteverytime.9.Whydidtheauthorspendherfirstnightasahomeownerinahotel?A.Theflatwasunderdecoration.B.Shewantedtosellthisterribleflat.C.Theflatwasdifferentfromherdesire.D.Shewastooexcitedtosleepintheflat.10.Whichofthefollowingismostadvisableinrelationshipsaccordingtotheauthor?A.Fillinginthegapswithpeoplearoundyou.B.Gettingtoknowotherslittlebylittlenaturally.C.Imaginingwhatthelifewouldbelikewithothers.D.Spendingplentyoftimetopromotetherelationship.11.Whatmessagedoestheauthortrytotellus?A.Neverchangeyourmind.B.Nevergiveupyourfirst-timedream.C.Itisworthwhiletoprotectone'sownpride.D.Itisbravetostepoutofamiserablesituation.12.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Anewflat B.Apersonal-shapedholeC.Aproudsoul D.Anunexceptedaccident4Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.Together,thesedeephumanurges(驅(qū)策力)countformuchmorethatambition.GalileowasnotmerelyambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltotheground.LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?Why?Why?”Fortunately,curiosityanddiscontentdon’thavetobelearned.Wearebornwiththemandneedonlyrecapturethem.“Thegreatman,”saidMencius(孟子),“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart.”Yetmostofusdoloseit.Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresrestfulaverage.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecorner,toavoidfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.Mostofusmeetnewpeople,andnewideas,withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethinkhowterribleitwouldhavebeen,hadwemissedthechance.Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.Howshouldyoustart?Modestly,soasnottobecomediscouraged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn’tarrangeflowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit.Howsheisoneoftheexperts,writingbooksonflowerarrangement.Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownexcuses.Youhaven’tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon’t;thereareonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven’tanytime?That’sgood,becauseit’salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhogetthingsdone.HarrietStowe,motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTom’sCabinwhilecooking.You’retooold?RememberthatThomasCostainwas57whenhepublishedhisfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedherfirstpictureswhenshewas78.Howeveryoustart,rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow,foryou’llneverbemorealivethanyouareatthismoment.13.InwritingParagraph1,theauthoraimsto________.A.proposeadefinition B.makeacomparisonC.reachaconclusion D.presentanargument14.WhatdoestheexampleofGalileotellus?A.Trialanderrorleadstothefindingoftruth. B.Scientiststendtobecuriousandambitious.C.Creativityresultsfromchallengingauthority. D.Greatnesscomesfromalastingdesiretoexplore.15.Whatcanyoudotorecapturecuriosityanddiscontent?A.Observetheunknownaroundyou. B.Developaquestioningmind.C.Leadalifeofadventure. D.Followthefashion.16.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7?A.Gainingsuccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.B.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.D.Youshouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection.5Vaccination(接種疫苗)isamongthemosteffectivewaystohelpuspreventdiseases.Forvirusesthatdon'tchangetoomuch—themeaslesvirus(麻疹病毒),forexample—gettingvaccinatedisaonce-and-for-allmethodtopreventyoufrombecominginfectedwiththevirus.Ifyouhadtwomeaslesvaccineswhenyouwereachild,youwouldbeprotectedforlife.However,it'sadifferentstorywhenitcomestoinfluenza(流行性感冒),commonlyknownas“theflu”,whichgenerallypeaksbetweenDecemberandFebruary.Fluvaccinescannotprotectusinthelongterm.Thereisnolong-termimmunity(免疫),accordingtoTheodoreStrange,associatemedicaldirectoratStatenIslandUniversityHospitalinNewYork.“Thevirusessentially‘changesitscoat’—H1N1,H2N3,andsoon,”hetoldthewebsiteHealthline.Apartfromaperson'simmuneprotectionfromfluvaccinationdecliningovertime,fluvirusesarealsoconstantlychanging.Sothevaccinesarelikelytobeupdatedfromoneseasontothenexttoprotectagainstthevirusesthatresearchsuggestsmaybethemostcommonduringtheupcomingfluseason.Thus,todevelopeffectivefluvaccines,over100nationalinfluenzacentersaroundtheworldconductyear-roundsurveillance(監(jiān)測)forinfluenza.Researcherswilltestthousandsofinfluenzavirussamplesfrompatients,accordingtotheofficialwebsiteoftheUSCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC).TheWorldHealthOrganizationalsosuggeststherearethreeorfourinfluenzavirusesthataremostlikelytospreadamongpeopleduringtheupcomingfluseason.Butevenwhenavaccineisdeveloped,gettingitcanprovetobedifficult,asitisinhighdemandandshortsupply.Thetimingofinfluenzavaccineproductionanddistributionisunpredictable,thustheavailabilityofthefluvaccinesupplydoesnotalwaysmeetpeakdemand.Soscientistsprioritizeaccesstothevaccination.TheCDCrecommendskeypopulations,suchasmedicalstaff,teachers,students,childrenandthoseaged60andabove,receivefluvaccines.Thisyearthesituationseemsmorecomplicated,astheupcomingfluseasoncoincideswiththeCOVID-19pandemic.Thiscouldoverwhelmhospitals,straining(過度使用)resourcesandhealthcareworkers,time.17.Whatdoweknowaboutinfluenza?A.Influenzavirusesarecontinuouslychanging.B.ItcommonlypeaksbetweenNovemberandDecember.C.Gettingtwofluvaccinescanprotectpeopleagainsttheviruses.D.H1N1andH2N3arethemosteasilyinfectiousfluviruses.18.Howdoresearchersimprovefluvaccines?A.Theyupdatevaccinesonceayear.B.Theymonitorthefluthroughouttheyear.C.Theyfocusononeortwovirusesduringaperiod.D.Influenzacentersworldwidesharevirussamplesfrompatients.19.Whydoscientistsprioritizeaccesstothevaccination?A.Becausenotallpeoplecanaffordit.B.Because