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文檔簡(jiǎn)介
Handbookonduediligenceforenablinglivingincomesandlivingwagesin
agriculture,garmentandfootwearsupplychains
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
?OECD2024.
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
Acknowledgements
ThisHandbookwasdevelopedwithsubject-matterexpertisefromtwentyfiftyandtheDeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeitGmbH(GIZ)withfinancialsupportfromtheGermanFederalMinistryforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(BMZ).IndraftingtheHandbook,theOECDconvenedamulti-stakeholderinformalexpertgroupofrepresentativesfromcompanies,investors,civilsociety,multi-stakeholderinitiatives,tradeunions,universities,internationalorganisationsandadheringcountriestoprovidesubstantiveinputstotheHandbookandguideitsdevelopment.AtargetedpublicconsultationwasheldfromDecember2023tillJanuary2024,andtheHandbookunderwentconsiderablerevisionbasedonfeedbackaswellastointegratetheoutcomesoftheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)MeetingofExpertsinFebruary2024.
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
Tableofcontents
Acknowledgements3
Introduction6
Livingincomeandlivingwagesinglobalsupplychains8
Understandinglivingincomeandlivingwages9
Duediligenceonlivingincomeandlivingwages14
Livingincomeandlivingwagesincontextofresponsiblebusinessconduct(RBC)15
Relevantcharacteristicsofduediligenceonlivingincomeandlivingwages19
Collaborationonduediligenceforlivingincomeandlivingwages21
Step1:Embeddinglivingincomeandlivingwagesduediligenceintopoliciesand
managementsystems23
Integratinglivingincomeandlivingwagecommitmentsandactionintocompanypolicy24
Strengtheningmanagementsystemsonlivingincomeandlivingwages25
Livingincomeandlivingwageduediligenceexpectationsinsuppliercontractsorwritten
agreements26
Step2:Identifyingandassessinglivingincomeandlivingwagegapsandimpactsin
ownoperationsandsupplychains27
Scopingrisksandmappingthesupplychain28
Assessingthelivingincomeandlivingwagegapandrelatedrisksinownoperationsand
prioritisedsuppliers31
Step3:Preventingormitigatingharmrelatedtolivingincomeandlivingwagegaps40
Developinganactionplan41
Ceasing,preventingandmitigatingharmlinkedtolivingincomeandwagegapsinown
operations42
Preventingandmitigatingharmlinkedtolivingincomeandwagegapsinthesupplychain43
Step4:Trackingimplementationandresults56
Verifying,monitoringandvalidating57
Step5:Communicatingcommitmentsandactionstakentoaddresslivingincome
andlivingwagegaps61
Informationtocommunicatepubliclyaboutduediligenceonlivingincomeandlivingwages62
Communicationwithaffectedstakeholders63
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
Step6:Providingfororco-operatinginremediationwhenappropriate65
Legitimateprocesses66
Whentoprovideremedy?67
Determiningtheappropriateformofremedy68
AnnexA.Usefulresources70
References74
Notes80
FIGURES
Figure1.Simplifieddiagramsforagricultureandgarmentandfootwearsupplychains10
Figure2.ExampleofanincomeladderforruralCentralSulawesi12
Figure3.RightsrelatedtolivingwagesandhowtheylinktoSDGs15
Figure4.Visualisingthelivingincomegap38
Figure5.Strategiesforclosinglivingincomegaps43
TABLES
Table1.Keydifferencesbetweenincomeandwageconcepts11
Table2.Exampleriskfactorsforwageandincome-relatedadverseimpacts30
Table3.Examplesofin-kindbenefitsforwageearners33
Table4.Exampleindicatorstotrackprogress58
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
Introduction
Millionsofworkersgloballyarepaidbelowlivingincomeandwageestimations,exposingworkerstopovertyandleadingtootherhumanrightsrisks.Whiletheminimumwagerepresentsthelowestlegalpaysetbygovernmentstoprotectworkersfromexploitation,itoftenfallsshortofcoveringallessentialexpenses.
ThisHandbookdemonstrateshowresponsiblebusinessconductandtheduediligenceframeworkcanbeappliedtoaddresslivingincomeandlivingwagegapsbycontextualisingexistingrecommendations.TheHandbookcoversbothlivingincomeandlivingwagesastheseconceptsareintertwined.TheHandbookcansupportcompaniesinunderstandingwhethertheyareassociatedwithsignificantrisksandimpactsrelatedtolivingincomeandlivingwagesandwhereso,inrespondingtothoseimpacts,regardlessoftheirsize,geographiclocation,andpositioninthesupplychain.Incomeandwagerisksandimpactsareprevalentinthefocussectors.
TheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)estimatesthatoneintwoworkersworldwidedoesnotearnaformalwagebecausetheyworkassmallholdersorhomeworkers.TheFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)highlightshowlowwagesinagriculturalsupplychains,compoundedbyfactorssuchasseasonallabourandlackofprotections,contributestoprecariousworkingconditions.Inthegarmentsector,wagesareoftenbelowthepovertylineduetoanumberoffactorsincludinghighcompetitionandpoorpurchasingpractices,whichincreasethelikelihoodofexcessiveovertimeandinsecurecontracts.Workersareparticularlyatriskincountrieswithinadequatepublicservices,andwherecompliancesystems,suchasthelabourinspectorate,areweak,andfreedomofassociationandcollectivebargainingnotprotected.Women,predominantinbothsectors,faceadditionalgenderpaygapsanddiscrimination.Despiteinitiativestotrytoaddresstheseissues,livingincomesandwagesremainoutofreachformanyworkers.
UndertheOECDGuidelinesforMultinationalEnterprisesonResponsibleBusinessConduct(MNEGuidelines),companiesareexpectedtoconductduediligenceonadversehumanrights,labourandenvironmentalimpactswithintheiroperationsandsupplychains1.Thisincludes,asemployers,providingthebestpossiblewages,benefitsandconditionsofwork,withintheframeworkofgovernmentpoliciesandapplicableinternationalstandards;theseshouldbeatleastadequatetosatisfythebasicneedsofworkersandtheirfamilies(MNEGuidelines,ChapterV,Paragraph4b).Actionstowardsachievinglivingincomeandlivingwagesshouldbeproportionatetothecompany'scontextandcontribution.
ThisHandbookreferencesinternationalgovernment-backedstandardsonresponsiblebusinessconduct(RBC)andcorporateduediligenceincluding:theOECDGuidelinesforMultinationalEnterprisesonResponsibleBusinessConduct(OECD,2023[1]),theOECDDueDiligenceGuidanceforResponsibleBusinessConduct(OECD,2018[2]),theOECDDueDiligenceGuidanceforResponsibleSupplyChainsintheGarmentandFootwearSector(OECD,2018[3])theOECD-FAOGuidanceforResponsibleAgriculturalSupplyChains(OECD/FAO,2016[4])andtheG20/OECDPrinciplesofCorporateGovernance2023(G20/OECD,2023[5])andalsotheUNGuidingPrinciplesforBusinessandHumanRights(UNGPs),theILOConventionsonwages,andtheconclusionsoftheILOMeetingofExpertsonwagepolicies,includinglivingwages(ILO,2024[6]).TheHandbookalsomakesreferencetotheactivitiesofvoluntarylivingincomeandlivingwageinitiatives,multinationalenterprisesandstakeholders,whererelevanttoprovideexamples.
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
Followingintroductorychapterstolivingincomes,wagesandduediligence,theHandbookleadsreadersthroughthesix-steprisk-basedduediligenceframework,answeringspecificquestionsonhowbusinesscanaddresslivingincomeandlivingwagegapsundereachofthesteps.Additionalresourcesandtoolsarelistedin
AnnexA.
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
Livingincomeandlivingwagesinglobalsupplychains
ThischapterintroducesimportantconceptsaddressedinthisHandbook,includingincome,wages,livingincomeandlivingwagesandtheirgaps.
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
Understandinglivingincomeandlivingwages
Incomeandwages
InthisHandbook,incomeandwagesrefertotheremunerationthatworkersandfarmersreceivefortheirwork(whileincomecanalsocomefromothersources)andbotharerelevantconceptsforworkersintheagriculture,garmentandfootwearsectors.
Incomeisconsideredatthehouseholdlevelandcancomefromorbeimpactedbymultiplesourcesincludingincomefromemployment,incomefromproduction(e.g.crops),produceconsumedathomeandfromtransfers,suchasbenefitsorcashstipends.Understandinghouseholdincomewillbeespeciallyrelevantforworkerswhoarepaidforthedeliveryoftheirgoodsorservices,whoareinseasonalwork,ordividetheirlabourbetweendifferenttypesofwork(whichcanincludewagedwork).Incomesthereforegoupanddownaccordingtoworkoutputandprices,aswellasdependingonwhichotherformsofincometheworkerandtheirhouseholdhasaccessto(ILO,2023[7]).Incomeisrelevantinsupplychainsincludingsmallholderfarmersproducingrawmaterialsoringredientsintheagriculturesector(ILO,2022[8])(GLWC,n.d.[9]).Itisalsorelevantforcompaniesinthegarmentandfootwearsectorsasdownstreamusersofagriculturalproducts,andalsobecauseofthepresenceofinformalwork,suchashomework,ingarmentandfootwearproduction.
Wagereferstothefixedremunerationthatworkersreceiveforworkdone,paidataregularfrequency,forexampleattheendofthemonth.Inthegarmentandfootwearsectoritisthepredominantmethodofpaymentforworkersinformalsettings,suchasinfactoriesorsmallproductionunits,aswellasinallnodesofthesupplychainthathaveemployedlaboursuchasdistribution,logistics,warehousingandretail.Itisalsoarelevantconceptintheagriculturesectorforworkersengagedonfarmsorplantations,seasonalorcontractworkers,aswellasothernodesofthesupplychainthathaveemployedlabourfromprimaryprocessing,packaging,manufacturingtodistributionandretail.Wagescanalsobevariable,suchasisthecaseforemployeeswhoarepaidpiecerates,andpaidininformalsettingstoo.See
Figure1
asanillustrationofwhereincomeandwagesaretypicallyrelevantinthesesectors.
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
Figure1.Simplifieddiagramsforagricultureandgarmentandfootwearsupplychains
Note:Figure1showsprocessesandactorsinthevaluechainforwhomitmaybemorerelevanttoconsiderlivingincomeorlivingwages,butshouldbeunderstoodasanapproximationassupplychainsandemploymentmodelswilldiffer.Incomecanalsocomefromandbeimpactedbyothersourcesthanwork.
Livingwages
ThepreambleoftheILOConstitutioncallsfortheprovisionof“anadequatelivingwage”,andtheDeclarationofPhiladelphia(1944)callsontheILOtopromote“policiesinregardtowagesandearnings,hoursandotherconditionsofworkcalculatedtoensureajustshareofthefruitsofprogresstoall,andaminimumlivingwagetoallemployedandinneedofsuchprotection”.InlinewiththeseinstrumentsandconsistentwiththeUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(UDHR),in2024theILOdenotedthattheconceptofthelivingwageis:
?thewagelevelthatisnecessarytoaffordadecentstandardoflivingforworkersandtheirfamilies,takingintoaccountthecountrycircumstancesandcalculatedfortheworkperformedduringthenormalhoursofwork
?calculatedinaccordancewiththeILO’sprinciplesofestimatingthelivingwage(see
Box3)
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
?tobeachievedthroughthewage-settingprocessinlinewithILOprinciplesonwagesetting(see
Box6)
.(ILO,2024[6]).
TheILOsaysthatmethodologiestoestimatelivingwagesshouldbebasedonanidentificationandassessmentofabasketofgoods,usinglocalpricesofthecostsofatleastthefollowingcomponents:food,housing,healthandeducation,andothernecessarygoodsandservices,inaccordancewithnationalcircumstances,whichshouldprovideforadecentlivingstandardoftheworkerandhis/herfamily.TheGlobalLivingWageCoalition(GLWC),apartnershipworkingtoenablecollaborativeactiontoachieveadecentstandardoflivingforworkingpeopleandtheirfamiliesworldwide,definesthelivingwageastheremunerationreceivedforastandardworkweekbyaworkerinaparticularplacesufficienttoaffordadecentstandardoflivingfortheworkerandherorhisfamily.Itspecifiesthatelementsofadecentstandardoflivingincludefood,water,housing,education,healthcare,transportation,clothing,andotheressentialneedsincludingprovisionforunexpectedevents(GLWC,n.d.[10]).
Livingincome
ThereisnoILOdefinitionoftheconceptoflivingincome.TheLivingIncomeCommunityofPractice(LICoP),anallianceforimprovingsmallholderincomes,developedaworkingdefinitioninconsultationwithcivilsocietyorganisations(CSOs),governmentandbusinesspractitioners.TheLICoPdefinesalivingincomeasthenetannualincomerequiredforahouseholdinaparticularplacetoaffordadecentstandardoflivingforallmembersofthathousehold.TheLICoPagreesonthesameelementstodefineadecentstandardoflivingasGLWC,seeabove.
Livingincomeandlivingwageconceptscomparedwithotherincomeandwageconcepts
Povertylinesandminimumwagesareotherimportantincomeandwageconceptsthatareoftenincorrectlyusedinterchangeablywithlivingincomeandwageconcepts.Whileeachcountryorcontextisunique,therearesomekeydifferencesbetweenthesetermsandhowtheyareapplied(see
Table1)
.
Table1.Keydifferencesbetweenincomeandwageconcepts
National
Povertylines
InternationalPovertyLines
Minimumwage
Collectively
bargainedwages
Livingincomeandlivingwage
Origin
Determinedbygovernmentstomonitorpovertyandidentify
affected
population
groupson
nationallevel.
DeterminedbytheWorldBanktomonitorpovertyglobally.
Usuallydeterminedbyindividualgovernments,butsometimesbysocialpartners,ideallyinlinewiththeILOConvention131.193countries
worldwidehavealegallydeterminedminimum
wage.
Wageratesfixed
throughnegotiations
betweenoneormoreemployers(ortheir
organisations)andoneormoreworkers’
organisations(thatis,tradeunions).
Calculatedbasedonthecostofabasketof
goodsthatshould
provideforadecent
livingstandardofthe
workerandhis/her
family.Themethodologyusedshouldbeclearonthefamilysizeand
numberofwage
earners.(ILOonlivingwages).
Calculation
UsestheCost-
of-Needs
approachor
LivingStandardsMeasurement
Studyandbasedonhousehold
data
Defineslivingstandardatsubsistencelevelper
personperdayandis
calculatedinpurchasingpowerparity(PPP)to
convertdifferent
currenciesintoacommonandcomparableunit
acrosscountries.
Calculatedatanhourly,weeklyormonthlyrateforoneperson
none
Livingwageis
calculatedperpaid
employeewhereas
livingincomeappliestoindependentworkers
andiscalculatedfortheentirehousehold
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
National
Povertylines
InternationalPovertyLines
Minimumwage
Collectively
bargainedwages
Livingincomeandlivingwage
Degreeofbindingnature
Povertylinesarevoluntary
referencevalues.
Povertylinesare
voluntaryreferencevalues.
Minimumwageisbindingandhastheforceoflaw.
Collectiveagreementsbindthesignatoriesandthoseonwhosebehalftheagreementis
concluded.Measures
canbetakentoextendtheapplicationof
collectiveagreementstoallemployersand
workersinparticularsectors.
Voluntaryreference
values.TheILOnoteslivingwageestimatescancontributetoandinformanevidence-basedsocialdialogueforwagesetting.
Frequencyof
adjustment
Regularityofadjustment
varies
dependingoncountry
Updatedregularly.
Regularityofadjustmentvariesdependingon
country
Variable
Regularityofadjustmentvariesaccordingtothemethodologyused.
Scope
Nationallevel,
oftensegregatedintourbanand
rural.
Globallyavailable;nationallevel.
Nationallevelandmore
localisedlevels,
includingsomesector
specificminimumwages
Theenterprise,theindustry,the
occupational,orthenationallevel
Focusondeveloping
andtransitioncountries;Regionalspecificlevel;sometimessegregatedinnational,urbanandrural.
Note:Furtherresourcesondifferentwageconceptsrefertopp.41in(Balestra,HirschandVaughan-Whitehead,2023[11]).
Someorganisationshaveusedincomeorwageladderdiagramstodemonstratedifferentreferencevaluesforeachconceptandtheextenttowhichorganisationsmeeteachconcept.
Figure2
illustratestheexampleofanincomeladdercomparinglivingincomeandpovertylinevaluestoactualincomesinruralCentralSulawesi,Indonesia(focusingoncocoaproducingareas).
Figure2.ExampleofanincomeladderforruralCentralSulawesi
Source:BasedonGlobalLivingWageCoalition(2022[12]),LivingIncomeReport,RuralCentralSulawesi,Indonesia,
/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/LI-Central-Sulawesi-final-report-Feb.14.2023.pdf
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
Livingincomeandlivingwagegaps
Alivingincomeorlivingwagegapisthedifferencebetweenaworkerorfarmerhousehold’sactualincomeorwageandthelivingincomeorlivingwagerate.Forcalculatinglivingincomeorlivingwagegaps,actualincomesandwagesaswellasanappropriatelivingincomeorlivingwagebenchmarkareneeded.Livingincomeandlivingwagegapsareusedwidelyasanindicatoroftheextentoftheriskforworkersthattheirremunerationfallsbelowtheamountthatisneededbythemandtheirfamiliesforadecentstandardofliving,pertheILOlivingwageconcept.TheconceptisusedthroughoutthisHandbooktodenotethelevelofriskforworkers-theexistenceofagapindicatesahigherriskforwageandincome-relatedharms,povertyanddeprivingworkersoftheireconomicandsocialrights,aswellasotherinterlinkedrisks.Italsopresentsforcompaniesacrucialmetrictomeasureandmonitorprogressaspartoftheirlivingincomeandlivingwagestrategies.SeeStep2forfurtherinformationonmeasuringlivingincomeandlivingwagegaps.
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
Duediligenceonlivingincomeandlivingwages
Thischaptersituatesexpectationsoncompanyduediligencetoenablelivingincomeandlivingwageswithinabroadercontextofgrowing
governmentpolicy,collaborativeinitiativesandinvestorandconsumer
interests.Itintroducesduediligenceandservesasanintroductiontothestep-by-stepsectionswhichfollow.
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HANDBOOKONDUEDILIGENCEFORENABLINGLIVINGINCOMESANDLIVINGWAGESINAGRICULTURE,GARMENT…?OECD2024
Livingincomeandlivingwagesincontextofresponsiblebusinessconduct(RBC)
TheMNEGuidelineslayouttheexpectationthatcompaniesshouldconductduediligenceonactualandpotentialadverseimpactsintheirownoperations,theirsupplychainandotherbusinessrelationships.Thismeanscompaniesshouldtakeactiontoidentify,prevent,mitigateandaccountforhowtheyaddressthoseimpactswhichconcernlabour,humanrights,environmentalandintegrityandothermatterscoveredbytheMNEGuidelines.OECDrecommendationsonduediligencearealignedwithexpectationsonresponsiblebusinessconductfromtheUnitedNationsanditsagenciessuchastheILOandFAO.
Livingincomeandlivingwagesarerelatedtokeyfoundationalprinciplesofhumanrightsaslaidoutininternationalhumanrightsinstruments2.AddressinglivingincomeandlivingwagegapsisanimportantwaythatcompaniescancontributetotheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),see
Figure3.
PovertyandwagesarehighlightedasprevalentrisksfortheagriculturesectorintheOECD-FAOGuidanceforResponsibleAgriculturalSupplyChains(theAgricultureGuidance)(OECD/FAO,2016[4]).TheOECDDueDiligenceGuidanceforResponsibleSupplyChainsintheGarmentandFootwearSector(theGarmentGuidance)(OECD,2018[3])includesamoduleonwageswhichisrecognisedasaprevalentriskforthesecto
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