英文【世界銀行】通過社會保護促進性別平等

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WORLDBANKGENDERTHEMATICPOLICYNOTESERIES:

EVIDENCEANDPRACTICENOTE

ACCELERATINGGENDEREQUALITYTHROUGHSOCIALPROTECTION

AfrahAl-Ahmadi,AlessandraHeinemann,LindsayMossmanandLauraRawlings

OVERVIEW

SocialprotectioninterventionsareessentialtorealizingtheobjectivesoftheWorldBankGroup’sGenderStrategy(2024-2030).Alargebodyofempiricalevidencedemonstratesthatsocialprotectioninterventionsadvanceandprotecthumancapital;promotewomen’saccesstojobs,assets,financialinclusionandentrepreneurship;andprovideopportunitiesforenhancingwomen’sleadershipanddecision-making.Morerecentimpactevaluationshavebeguntoexaminetheroleofsocialprotectionintacklingmorecomplexoutcomeareas,includingcurbinggender-basedviolence(GBV),shiftingharmfulsocialnorms,andbuildingwomen’sresiliencetocrisesandshocks,betheyrelatedtoclimate,theeconomy,health,orfragility,conflict,andviolence(FCV).Alongsidetheseevaluations,lessonsfromoperationalexperiencesshowpromisingresults.Beyondboostingoutcomesforindividuals,socialprotectionbenefitscanaccrueatthecommunityandnationallevels,contributingtoeconomicgrowth,crisispreparedness,andreducedpovertyandinequality.

Despitestridesinextendingsocialprotection,nearlyhalfoftheglobalpopulationlacksadequatecoverage.Womenandgirlsaredisproportionatelyaffectedbyinadequateincomesecurityandunemploymentbenefits,duetostructuralgenderinequalitiesresultinginlowerformallaborforceparticipationrates,genderpaygaps,andcaregivingburdens.Policiesandprogramsareneededtotacklethesestructuralgenderinequalities,especiallyinlowandmiddle-incomecountries.Thelackofsex-disaggregateddatainmanyregionsandcountrieshamperseffortstounderstandandaddressgendergapsinsocialprotection,whilepersistentgapsinsocialinsurancereflecthighlevelsofinformalityandlowfemalelaborforceparticipation.Effortstoclosethesegapsincludeexpandingcoverageforinformalsectorworkers,reimaginingsocialinsurancearrangements,scalingup“cash-plus”programsandstrengtheningsocialcareservices,alongsidepromotingthecollectionofsexdisaggregateddata.

Thisnoteexamineswhatitwilltaketomaximizetheuseofsocialprotectiontoaccelerategenderequality:

?Expandcoverageofgender-smartprogramsthataddressstructuraldisparitiesinlaborforceparticipationandincomesecurity

?Leverage“cash-plus”approachestosupportlivelihoodsandhumancapitaldevelopmentaswellasaddressGBVandharmfulsocialnorms

?Enhancewomen’saccesstofinanceandeconomicempowerment

?Investinadaptivesocialprotectiondeliverysystemstailoredtotheneedsofwomenandgirls,includinginFCVsettings

?Harnesssocialprotectionsystemstoexpandthesupplyanduptakeofsocialcareservicesandbuildskillsandsupportforthecareeconomyandsocialserviceworkforce

?Engagewiththeprivatesectorinadoptinggender-responsivepractices

?Enhancetheavailabilityofsex-disaggregateddata.

OCTOBER2024

TABLEOFCONTENTS

INTRODUCTION1

THEROLEOFSOCIALPROTECTIONINACCELERATINGGENDEREQUALITY–EVIDENCEAND

OPERATIONALEXPERIENCE3

Boostingwomenandgirls’humancapitalandaddressingGBVthroughsocialassistance3

Expandingandenablingeconomicopportunitiesforwomen6

BuildingresiliencethroughadaptivesocialprotectioninthefaceofcrisesandtheimpactofFCV9

CHALLENGESTOSCALINGUPSOCIALPROTECTION’SGENDEREQUALITYIMPACTS12

Coverage12

Informalityandgenderdisparitiesinsocialinsurance12

SocialCareandServices14

Socialnorms15

Data16

LOOKINGAHEAD:LEVERAGINGSOCIALPROTECTIONTOACCELERATEGENDEREQUALITY18

REFERENCES21

ThisthematicpolicynoteispartofaseriesthatprovidesananalyticalfoundationforthenewWorldBankGenderStrategy(2024–2030).Thisseriesseekstogiveabroadoverviewofthelatestresearchandfindingsongenderequalityoutcomesandsummarizeskeythematicissues,evidenceonpromisingsolutions,operationalgoodpractices,andkeyareasforfutureengagementinpromotinggenderequalityandempowerment.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkareentirelythoseoftheauthor(s).TheydonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheWorldBankoritsBoardofDirectors.

ThisthematicpolicynotewaswrittenbyAfrahAl-Ahmadi,AlessandraHeinemann,LindsayMossmanandLauraRawlings.TheteamthanksAlineCoudouel,SaraTroiano,andWendyCunninghamfortheirhelpfulpeer-reviewcomments,andMiglenaAbels,ColinAndrews,LoliArribas-Banos,GustavoDemarco,HimanshiJain,SundasLiaqat,MatteoMorgandi,YukoOkamura,ClaudiaRodriguezAlas,NianSadiq,MauroTestaverde,EmilTesliucandGiorgiaDemarchifortheirvaluableinput.Lastly,theauthorsthankLeslieAshbyforproviding

excellenteditorialassistance.

INTRODUCTION

Socialprotectionaisanimportanttoolinaddressingpoverty,vulnerability,andinequality,andisincreasinglyrecognizedasplayingauniqueroleinadvancinggenderequalityandtheempowermentofwomenandgirls.Socialprotectionencompassesarangeofpolicies,programs,andinterventions.Theyaredesignedtoprotectindividualsagainstvulnerabilitiesandrisksalongtheirlifecycle,buildhumancapitalofthoselivinginpoverty,enhanceaccesstoeconomicopportunities,andprotectagainstcollectiverisks,suchasclimateshocksandpandemics.AsoutlinedintheWorldBank’sSocialProtectionandJobs(SPJ)SectorStrategy1,thesegoalsareachievedthrougharangeofinstrumentsinthesocialinsurance,laborandeconomicinclusion,socialassistance,andcaredomains.Beyondthereturnstoindividualsandhouseholds,thebenefitsofsocialprotectioncanalsoaccrueatthecommunityandnationallevel,bycontributingtopovertyreduction,economicgrowth,andgreaterequality.Increasingly,socialprotectionisrecognizedasatooltoadvancegenderequalityandempowerwomenandgirlsacrossdomains,includinghealth,nutrition,education,skills,andemployment.

Addressinggenderinequalitiesacrossvariousdevelopmentdimensionsremainsaformidablechallenge,particularlyinlowandmiddle-incomecountriesandfragile,conflict,andviolence(FCV)settings.Whilesomeprogresshasbeenmadeinreducinggenderinequalitiesinincomeandhumancapital,ithasbeenuneven,markedbysignificantregionalvariationsandevenreversals,particularlyinFCVsettings.TheCOVID-19pandemichasfurtherexacerbatedgenderinequality,erodingpastgainsinmanycountries.In2023,itwasestimatedthatglobally,10percentofwomenwerelivinginextremepoverty.Itisprojectedthatby2030,anestimated342millionwomenandgirls,or8percent,willstillbelivingonlessthan$2.15aday,two-thirdsofwhomwillbeinSub-SaharanAfrica.2Two-thirdsofglobalmaternaldeathsoccurinWesternandCentralAfricaandEasternand

SouthernAfrica.Girlsalsotrailbehindboysinsecondaryeducationcompletionintheseregions.AccordingtotheWorldBank’s2023Women,BusinessandtheLawreport,

ArneHoel/WorldBank

aSocialprotectionreferstothepoliciesandprogramsthathelpindividualsandsocietiestomanageriskandvolatility,protectthemfrompovertyandinequality,andhelpthemtoaccesseconomicopportunity.Socialprotectioninstrumentsinclude:(1)non-contributorysocialassistance,suchascashtransfers,schoolfeedingprogramsandsocialpensions;(2)contributorysocialinsurance,suchaspensions,unemploymentinsuranceandparentalleave;(3)activelabormarketprogramsandpolicies,includingwagesubsidies,employer-driventrainingprograms,informaltraining,laborintermediation,behavioralandknowledgeinterventions,andcomplementaryservicestostimulateserviceutilization;and(4)economicinclusionprograms,whichtypicallyintegrateseveralcomplementarycomponents,mostcommonlycashtransferscombinedwithskillstraining,coaching,linkagetomarkets,andaccesstofinancialservices.Awiderangeofcareservicesisofferedwithinsocialprotection,includingchild,disability,andeldercare.

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VincentTremeau/WorldBank

womenworldwidehavejustthree-quartersofthelegalrightsofmen,over1billionwomenlackaccesstofinance,andwomenare21percentlesslikelythanmentousetheinternet.

Crises,climatechange,andFCVsituationsexacerbateexistinggenderinequalities.TheCOVID-19pandemichasdisproportionatelyimpactedwomenandmarginalizedgroupseconomicallyandincreasedratesofgender-basedviolence(GBV).FCVsettingsperpetuateharmfulgendernormsduetoinstitutionalfailures,amplifyinggenderinequalitiesandGBV,especiallyinsituationsofforceddisplacement.Womenandgirlsincrisissettingsfaceheightenedchallengesintermsofhealth,education,andemployment.Theyexperienceincreasedcaregivingresponsibilities,joblossesprimarilyininformalandprecarioussectors,andheightenedratesofviolence.InresponsetotheCOVID-19crisis,countrieshavetakenstepstoenhancesocialprotectionsystems,utilizingtechnologytoswiftlyexpandcoverageandprioritizingsocialprotectionatthepoliticallevel.Thepandemichasspurredacriticalre-examinationofthesesystems,witharenewedemphasisonaddressinggenderinequalitiesandadvancingwomen’sempowerment.

Socialprotectionprogramshavebecomemoregender-responsive,byconsideringandaddressingthedifferentneedsandconstraintsfacedbymenandwomen.

Traditionally,cashtransferprogramshavetargetedwomenprimarilytoachieveobjectivesrelatedtochildren’shumancapitalandinconsiderationofwomen’sroleintheeffectiveallocationoffinancialresourceswithinthehousehold.Morerecently,approacheshaveshiftedfromsimplyaddressinggenderdisparitiesinaccesstoservices

toseekingtoinfluencerestrictiveand/orharmfulsocial

norms,behaviors,andpowerimbalancesthatcontributetogenderinequality.Thisevolutionreflectstheimportanceofgenderdynamicsinsocialprotectionandacommitmenttopromotinggenderequalityandempoweringwomenandgirlswithintheseprograms.TheWorldBank’soperationalexperiencedemonstratesagrowingroleofsocialprotectioninterventions,especiallysocialassistanceandcash-plusprograms,contributingtomorecomplexoutcomeareas,suchasshiftingsocialnormstowardgreaterequality,empoweringwomen,buildingtheirresiliencetoFCVsituationsandclimatechange,andcurbingGBV.4

TheWorldBank’sGenderStrategy(2024-2030)5aimstotacklebothformalandinformalbarrierstogenderinequality,includingpowerimbalancesthatoftenaffectwomenandgirlsdisproportionally.Toachieveenduringgenderequality,theremustbecollectiveactiontoinfluencetransformativechangesinlaws,policies,andprogramminggroundedinadeeperunderstandingoftheinteractionbetweendifferentactorsandstakeholdersattheindividual,household,community,andinstitutionallevels.

ThisnoteoutlineshowsocialprotectioncontributestotheobjectivesoftheWorldBank’sGenderStrategy,whicharetoendGBVandelevatehumancapital,expandandenableeconomicopportunities,andengagewomenasleaders.Thisnotepresentsevidenceandoperationalexperienceonhowsocialprotectioncanboostgenderequalityandwomenandgirls’empowermentoutcomesanddiscusseschallengesthatneedtobeaddressedtomaximizetheimpactofsocialprotectioninterventionsatscale.Recommendationsareofferedonwaystofurtheramplifygenderequalityoutcomes.b

bThisthematicnotedoesdetailinterventionstoimprovewomen’slaborforceparticipation.Thesearecoveredinaseparatenote.

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THEROLEOFSOCIALPROTECTIONINACCELERATINGGENDEREQUALITY–EVIDENCEANDOPERATIONAL

EXPERIENCE

SimoneD.McCourtie/WorldBank

Boostingwomenandgirls’humancapitalandaddressingGBVthroughsocial

assistance

Avastbodyofevidencefromimpactevaluationsdemonstratesthatsocialassistanceisaneffectivetooltoreducegenderinequalitiesinhumancapital,boostwomen’seconomicempowermentandaccesstofinancialandotherservices,andreduceGBV.6Today,mostWorldBank-financedsocialassistancebenefitsarepaiddirectlytowomenonbehalfoftheirhouseholds.Evidencesuggeststhatpayingcashtransferstowomenleadstogreaterempowerment.7Socialassistanceenhancesfoodconsumptionandpromotesaccesstohealth,nutrition,andeducationservices,and/orimprovesserviceuptake.Increasingly,socialassistanceisdeliveredas”cash-plus,”meaningpaymentsarebundled

withinformationorcomplementarymeasuresthatseektopromotecertainbehaviors,buildskills,facilitatejobplacement,supportincome-generatingactivities,and,sometimes,shiftsocialnormstowardgreaterequality.Forexample,complementarymeasuresroutinelybringwomentogethertounderscorethevalueofsexualandreproductivehealthandinvestmentsinchilddevelopmentandgirls’education.Researchershavecautionedagainsttheunintendedconsequencesofcomplementarymeasuresthatlackanunderstandingofthelocalcontextandsocialdynamics.Suchmeasurescanexacerbatewomen’stimepovertyandreinforcetraditionalgenderroles.8However,recentevidenceandoperationalexperience(Box1)findthatwhenwelldesigned,complementarymeasurescanhavepositiveimpactsongenderinequalities,includingbuildingwomen’ssocialcapitalandreducingGBV.9

BOX1.EMPOWERINGWOMENANDGIRLSINZAMBIATHROUGHAMULTI-LAYERED

CASH-PLUSANDECONOMICINCLUSIONINTERVENTION

Zambia’sGirlsEducationandWomen’sEmpowermentProject(P169975)illustrateshowsocialassistanceprogramscanempowerwomenandgirlsbycomplementingcashpaymentswith“plus”componentsthataretailoredtotheirspecificneeds.Theproject’scoreelementisaregularandpredictablecashtransfertoextremelypoorandvulnerablehouseholds.Thisincludeshouseholdswithadolescentgirls,whoreceiveastipendtocoverthecostofsecondaryschoolandcomplementarymeasures,includinglifeskillstrainingandschoolclubs.Adultwomenreceiveanintegratedeconomicinclusionpackage,includinganassettransfer,lifeandbusinessskillstraining,coaching,andsupporttoformsavingsgroups.Mobilephonesaremadeavailabletothepoorestwomen,andpaymentsaretransferredintowomen’smobilewalletstoimprovefinancialinclusion.Theprojectalsoseekstoshiftunequalsocialnormsbyengaginghusbandsandnormholdersinthecommunitytosupportwomen’seconomicactivitiesandempowerment.MeasuresarealsoinplacetocurbGBVforwomenandgirlsandimproveaccesstoGBVsurvivorservicesthroughreferralpathways.

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Socialprotectionhasastrongtrackrecordofboostinghouseholdnutritionandeducationoutcomes,includingforadolescentgirls.Socialassistanceimprovesnutritionoutcomesbyincreasingbudgetsforfood,withrelatedimpactsondietcomposition,quality,andintake.10Schoolfeedinginterventionshavebeenshowntoimprovenutritionandeducationoutcomes,particularlyprimaryschoolenrollmentforgirlsandinternallydisplacedpopulations,andschoolcompletion.11Socialassistancecanoffsetcostsassociatedwithschoolattendance,suchastuitionfees,transport,andschoolsupplies.Thispromotesserviceuptake,especiallyforgirls.Conditionalandunconditionalcashtransfershavebeenshowntoboostenrollmentfor

bothgirlsandboys,increasingschoolattendanceandretention.12

Agrowingbodyofevidencefindsthatsocialassistancereducesviolenceagainstwomenandchildren,evenwhenthecashtransferwasnotdesignedwithviolencepreventioninmind.Researchtodatehasmostlyfocusedontheimpactsofcashtransfersonintimatepartnerviolence(IPV).cAfewstudieshaveexaminedtheimpactsonviolenceagainstchildrenandadolescentgirls.Overall,theevidence

findsthattheeffectsofcashtransfersinreducingviolenceagainstwomenandchildrenareoverwhelminglypositive.13

Therearethreeimpactpathwaysthroughwhichsocialprotectioncanaffecttheprevalenceofviolenceagainstwomenandchildren.Thefirstpathwayisthoughttocurbviolencebyreducingpovertyandfoodinsecurityinhouseholds.Byprovidingaregularsourceofincome,socialprotectionreducespoverty-relatedstressorsandimprovesemotionalwell-being,therebyreducingviolencewithinthehousehold.Thesecondandthirdpathwaysoperatethroughwomen’sempowermentandincreasedsocialcapitalresultingfromthereceiptofthecashtransfersandparticipationinaccompanyingmeasures,whichseemtocurbGBVandamplifywomen’sempowermentoverthelongterm.Forexample,animpactevaluationinBangladeshfindssustaineddecreasesinIPVfouryearsaftertheendofacashtransferinterventionthatincludedaccompanyingmeasuresrelatedtonutrition.14SomepromisinginterventionstoaddressGBVincludeeducationalandawarenesscampaignstochallengetraditionalgenderroles,strengthencommunityengagement,andpromotewomen’sagencyanddecisionmakingwithinhouseholdsandbeyond(Box2).

BOX2.ADDRESSINGGBVINSOCIALPROTECTIONOPERATIONSINSOUTHSUDAN,

ZAMBIAANDCAMEROON

CommunitydiscussiongroupsinSouthSudanwerenotedtobeeffectiveinaddressingsocialnormsthatperpetuateGBV.Theapproachincludedcommunityoutreachandmeetings,useofinformation,education,andcommunication(IEC)materialsincommunitydialogues,engagingbothmenandwomen,andcreatingwomenandgirls’friendlyspacesforweeklysessions.ThetopicscoveredduringgroupdiscussionsincludedGBVconceptsanddefinitions;formsofGBV,causes,andconsequences;reportingGBV;powerandsocialnorms;andchildrights.TheimplementingstaffwasalsotrainedonGBVprevention,response,andreporting.Assessmentswereundertakentoevaluatechangesinbeliefs.

InZambia,community-levelchampionsweremobilizedtopromotesocialnormschange.SocialandbehaviorchangecommunicationonGBVweredisseminatedinschools,includingsensitizationofteachersandschoolstaff.Engagementwithmenwasstrengthenedbyinvitinghusbandstoparticipateinorientationandfamilyvisionsessionsonchangingnorms,carework,positiverelationships,conflictmanagement,andGBVprevention.

ExamplesfromCameroonincluderadiointerventionforcommunityawarenessandsensitization,aswellasmappingandtrainingoflocalinfluencers.Itwasalsonotedthateducatingschoolchildrenandadolescentsaboutgenderissuesandsocialnormsthatperpetuategenderinequalityiskeytotransformingentrenchedgendernorms.

cIntimatepartnerviolencereferstoviolencecommittedbyacurrentorformerspouseorpartnerinanintimaterelationshipagainsttheotherspouseorpartner.WhileIPVcanbeexperiencedbymen,themajorityofIPViscommittedagainstwomen,particularlythemostextremeformsthatleadtoseriousinjuryanddeath.IPVisthemostcommonformofdomesticviolence,althoughthelatteralsoincludesviolenceagainstotherhouseholdmembers,suchaschildren,theelderly,andpersonswithdisabilities.

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DominicChavez/WorldBank

Cash-plusapproachesinsocialsafetynetsareincreasinglyexploredtoenhancethelong-termeffectivenessofcashassistance.Cash-plusapproachesgobeyondtheprovisionoffinancialassistance,combiningcashtransferswithcomplementaryservicesaimedatenhancingbeneficiaries’overallwell-beingandpromotinglong-termdevelopment.Theseprogramsintegratecomponentssuchashealthcare,education,nutrition,andeconomicinclusion,empoweringvulnerablepopulationstobreakthecycleofpoverty.

Cash-plusinitiativesmayincludeconditionalcashtransfersthatrequirerecipientstoparticipateinactivitieslikeattendingschoolorhealthcheck-ups,alongwithadditionalsupportlikevocationaltraining,financialliteracyprograms,andaccesstosocialservices(Box3).Byaddressingbothimmediatefinancialneedsandtheunderlyingbarrierstoeconomicandsocialadvancement,Cash-plusapproacheshelpindividualsbuildresilience,improvehumancapital,boosteconomicinclusionandachievesustainableprogress.

BOX3.CASHPLUSINTERVENTIONSTOPROMOTEHUMANCAPITALACCUMULATION,

ECONOMICINCLUSIONANDADDRESSINGHARMFULSOCIALNORMS–EGYPTTAKAFULANDKARAMAPROGRAM

Egypt’sTakafulandKaramaProgram(TKP)isaCashTransferProgramthatprovidesunconditionalandconditionalcashtransfers,targeting27.7%ofthepooresthouseholdsinthecountry.ByDecember2023,itreached4.67millionhouseholds,benefitingaround17millionpeople,withwomencomprising74%ofdirectrecipientsofthesocialassistance.Theprogramdelivers“CashPlus”interventionsaimingatpromotinghumancapitalaccumulationandeconomicinclusionofbeneficiaryhouseholds.Italsoraisesawarenessonsocialissuessuchasgender-basedviolence(GBV),childmarriage,andharmfulsocialnorms.

AkeyinterventionofthisProgramisWaai(“awareness”inArabic),abehavioralchangeplatformlaunchedin2020aspartoftheTKP,Waaifocuseson12interlinkedsocialmessages,includingcombatingGBV,childmarriage,femalegenitalmutilation,andadvancingwomen’seconomicempowerment.ThroughcommunityinteractionandfocusgroupdiscussionswithTKPbeneficiaries,Waaiidentifiedsocialnormsandbarriersthathinderwomen’seconomicparticipationandgenderequality,leadingtothecreationofits“plus”approach.Thisstrategyisdeliveredthrough15,000socialworkers,volunteers,andmediaoutlets,withthesupportofcommunityandreligiousleaderstoreinforcepositivemessaging.Additionally,Waaiconnectsbeneficiariestoothernationalsocialprotectionprograms,includingsubsidizedhealthinsurance,foodsubsidies,the1000-daynutritionprogram,andFORSA,TKP’seconomicinclusionprogram,therebypromotingsocialandeconomicempowermentwhileaddressingkeygenderandsocialissues.

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Expandingandenablingeconomicopportunitiesforwomen

Economicinclusionprogramsboosttheincomeandassetsoftheworld’spoorestindividualsandhouseholdsthroughcoordinatedinterventions,likecashorin-kindtransfers,skillstrainingandcoaching,accesstofinance,andlinkstomarketsupport.TheStateofEconomicInclusion2021Reporthighlightstheriseoftheseprograms,includinginFCVsituations.Women’seconomicempowermentisakeydriverofeconomicinclusionprograms,withnearly90percentofprogramssurveyedinthereporthavingagenderfocus.

Buildingpathwaysforwomen’seconomicinclusionhasbecomeacentraltenetofsocialprotectionprograms.

Whilesocialassistanceboostsincome,15cashtransferprogramsincreasinglypromoteeconomicinclusionthroughacoordinatedsetofcomplementaryinterventions,includingassettransfers,skillstraining,coaching,marketlinkages,andfinancialservices.Productiveeconomicinclusionprogramshavebeenrigorouslyevaluatedandfoundtobeeffectiveacrosscontexts.16Mosteconomicinclusionprogramstargetwomenandincludeastrongfocusonwomen’sempowerment.17Impactevaluationsthatexamineeffectsondifferentdimensionsofempowermentfindpromisingresults,evenincontextsofconflictand

fragility(Box4).18

Forexample,anevaluationofaneconomicinclusionprogramintheSahelregionfindsthattheprogramwascost-effectiveandimprovedseveraldimensionsofwomen’sempowerment,aswellaswomen’sresiliencetoclimateshocks.Theprogramsignificantlyimprovedeconomicindicators,suchasconsumption,foodsecurity,savings,andincomefromwomen’sactivities.Italsoenhancedmentalhealth,socialcohesion,andwomen’sempowerment,withparticipantsreportingincreaseddecision-makingpower,astrongersenseofsocialworth,andgreatertrustwithintheircommunities.Atthecommunitylevel,theprogramenhancedgenderattitudesandperceptionsregardingwomen’seconomicparticipation.

Giventheirmulti-facetednature,economicinclusionprogramsofferauniqueplatformtotacklevariousdimensionsofempowermentsimultaneously(Box4).Thisincludespersonalinitiativetraining,whichworkswithwomenindividuallyontheirsocio-emotionalskillsandaspirations,andcouples’training,whichworkswithhouseholdstobuildmoresupportiverelationshipswithspouses.Largercommunityinitiativesworkwithleaderstoshiftsocialnormstowardgreaterequalityandpreventbacklash.Recognizingthepotentialofeconomicinclusionprogramsforwomen’seconomicempowerment,theWorldBank’sInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA)GenderandDevelopmentSpecialThemeincludedarelatedpolicycommitmentforthefirsttimein202219aimedatscalingproductiveeconomicinclusionofwomen.d

BOX4.BUILDINGWOMEN’SCLIMATERESILIENCETHROUGH

ECONOMICINCLUSIONINNIGER

TheNigerAdaptiveSafetyNetProject(P173013)provideshouseholdswithcashtransfersandaccompanyingmeasurestoboostparentalinvestmentsingirls’humancapitalandearlychildhooddevelopment,aswellastrainingonmaternalandreproductivehealthandbirthspacin