語(yǔ)法專題八動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

語(yǔ)法專題八動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)[考點(diǎn)解析]一動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法表示經(jīng)常性,習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作和現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài),特征.句中常用often,usually,everyday等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).例如:Hegoestoschooleveryday.(經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作)他每天去上學(xué).Heisveryhappy.(現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài))他很高興.(2).表示按計(jì)劃,規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,(句中都帶有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))但限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞.如:begin,come,leave,goarrive,start,stop,return,open,close等.例如:Themeetingbeginsatseven.會(huì)議七點(diǎn)鐘開始.Thetrainstartsatnineinthemorning.火車早上九點(diǎn)鐘開.(3).表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動(dòng)詞.如be,like,hate,think,remember,find,sound等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).例如:IlikeEnglishverymuch.我很喜歡英語(yǔ).Thestorysoundsveryinteresting.這個(gè)故事聽起來很有趣.(4).書報(bào)的標(biāo)價(jià),小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).例如:Wenmeetsjournalists.溫(家寶)出席記者招待會(huì).(5).在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來.例如:Ifyoucomethisafternoon,haveameeting.如果今晚你來.我們就開會(huì).一般過去時(shí)的用法(1).表示過去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的事,存在的狀態(tài)或過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.例如:HesawMr.Wangyesterday.昨天他看見王先生了.Heworkedinafactoryin1986.1986年他在一家工廠做工.表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(也可用“usedto”或“would+動(dòng)詞原形”代替).例如:DuringthevacationIoftenswam/wouldswiminthesea.假期期間我常在大海游泳.Iusedtosmoke.我曾經(jīng)吸煙.注意:usedto表示過去常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài).一般將來時(shí)的用法一般將來時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其表達(dá)形式除了“will或shall+動(dòng)詞原形”外,還有以下幾種.(1).“tobegoingto+動(dòng)詞原形”,表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事.例如:Itisgoingtorain.天要下雨了.Wearegoingtohaveameetingtoday.今天我們開個(gè)會(huì).(2).go,come,start,move,sail,leave等可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.例如I’mleavingforBeijing.我要?jiǎng)由砣ケ本?(3).“beto+動(dòng)詞原形”表示按計(jì)劃要發(fā)生的事或征求對(duì)方意見.例如:Arewetogoonwiththiswork?我們要繼續(xù)這項(xiàng)工作嗎?Theboyistogotoschooltomorrow.明天這孩子就要上學(xué)了.(4).“beaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.例如:Weareabouttoleave.我們就要?jiǎng)由砹?(5).某些詞,如come,go,leave,arrive,start等的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可表示將來.例如:Themeetingstartsatfiveo’會(huì)議五點(diǎn)鐘開始.Heisleavingtomorrow他明天就要走了.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法(1).表示此時(shí)此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,由“tobe+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成.例如:Whatareyoudoing?你在干什么?(2).按計(jì)劃,安排近期發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.例如:I’mleavingforBeijingtomorrow.明天我要到北京去.(3).與always,constantly等連用,表示感情色彩.例如:Heisalwayshelpingother.他總是幫助別人.另外“系動(dòng)詞+介詞或副詞”也表示進(jìn)行時(shí)的意義.例如:Thebridgeisunderconstruction.橋梁正在建設(shè)中.(4).用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示漸變過程.例如:Thefoodisgettingcold.食物變涼了.注意:下列動(dòng)詞不宜用進(jìn)行時(shí):①感覺類:look,smell,fell,sound,taste,see,hear.②感情類:like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear③所有類:have,contain,own,hold,belongto過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法(1).表示過去某一時(shí)刻,某一階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,由“was(were)+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成.例如:In1980hewasstudyinginauniversity.1980年,他正在一所大學(xué)里學(xué)習(xí).HewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.當(dāng)我進(jìn)來時(shí),他正在看小說.(2).與always,forever,constantly連用,表示贊成或厭惡的感情色彩.例如:Hewasalwaysthinkingofother,neverthinkingofhimself.他總是考慮別人,從未考慮自己.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have+過去分詞”構(gòu)成.其使用有兩種情況:(1).所表示的動(dòng)作在說話之前已完成,而對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響,句中沒有具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),例如:HehasgonetoFuzhou.他去福州了.(說話人認(rèn)為他不在該地)Hehasbeentofuzhou.他去過福州.(說話人認(rèn)為他在該地)(2).現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開始于過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去.常與for…和since…等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)或sofar,now,today,thisweek(month,year)等表示包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的狀語(yǔ)連用.例如:HehasstudiedEnglishfor5years.他學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)有五年了.HehasstudiedEnglishsince1985.自從1985年他就學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ).注意”表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞,如come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成時(shí)不能與for,since等表示一段時(shí)間的詞連用.(3).還可用在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示將來某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作.例如:I’llgotoyourhomewhenIhavefinishedmyhomework.我做完了作業(yè)就去你家.Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorning,we’llgotothepark.如果早上不下雪了，我們就去公園.過去完成時(shí)的用法(1).表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),句中常用by,before,until,when等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).例如:Bytheendoflastyearwehadbuiltfivenewhouses.到去年年底,我們已經(jīng)建起五所新房子.Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredtheuniversity.我上大學(xué)之前就已經(jīng)學(xué)了5000個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞了。(2).表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去.例如:Beforeheslept,hehadworkedfor12hours.睡覺之前,他工作了12小時(shí).8.過去將來時(shí)的用法表示從過去某一時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài).由“should或would+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成.第一人稱用should,其他人稱用would.例如:Theyweresurethattheywouldsucceed.他們確信他們會(huì)成功.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“have(has)+been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,表示現(xiàn)在以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.有些詞,如work,study,live,teach等用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)意思差不多.例如:Ihaveworkedhereforthreeyears.我在這里工作三年了.Ihavebeenworkinghereforthreeyears.我在這里工作三年了但多數(shù)動(dòng)詞在這兩種時(shí)態(tài)中表示不同意思.例如:Ihavewrittenaletter.(已寫完)Ihavebeenwritingaletter.(還在寫)注意:表示短暫動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞,如finish,marry,getup,come,go等不能用這種時(shí)態(tài).二被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式：be+過去分詞，口語(yǔ)只也有用get/become+過去分詞表示。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本用法：不知道或沒必要提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（by短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以省略）。（1）使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題。①主動(dòng)變化被動(dòng)時(shí)雙賓語(yǔ)的變化?？聪铝欣?。Myfriendgavemeaninterestingbookonmybirthday.Aninterestingbookwasgiventome(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.Iwasgivenaninterestingbook(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.②主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí)，賓補(bǔ)成主補(bǔ)（位置不變）；（作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的）不定式前需加to。Thebossmadehimworkalldaylong.Hewasmadetoworkalldaylong(bytheboss)③短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，勿要掉“尾巴”。Thechildrenweretakengoodcareof(byher).Yourpronunciationandspellingshouldbepaidattentionto.④情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和begoingto、beto、besureto、usedto、haveto、hadbetter等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，只需將它們后面的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閎e+過去分詞。⑤當(dāng)句子的謂語(yǔ)為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時(shí)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式：（A）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，動(dòng)詞不定式作主補(bǔ)。（B）用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)從句來表示。如：Peoplesayheisasmartboy.Itissaidthatheisasmartboy.Heissaidtobeasmartboy.PeopleknowpaperwasmadeinChinafirst.ItisknownthatpaperwasmadeinChinafirst.PaperwasknowntobemadeinChinafirst.類似句型有：Itissaid/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thoughtthat…（2）不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況。①所有的不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之中。②表示狀態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、looklike、consistto等。③表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞，如have、own、belongto等。④表示“希望、意圖”的動(dòng)詞，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。⑤賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。⑥賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ)，不定式、動(dòng)名詞等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。⑦有些動(dòng)詞以其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，特別是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)，常見的動(dòng)詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。（3）主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。①當(dāng)feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時(shí)；當(dāng)cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)；當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示“開始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動(dòng)”等意義時(shí)。Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.這種布易洗。Thesenovelswon’tsellwell.這些小說不暢銷。Mypenwritessmoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來很流暢。Thedoorwon’tlock.門鎖不上。Thefishsmellsgood.魚聞起來香。②當(dāng)breakout、takeplace、shutoff、turnoff、workout等動(dòng)詞表示“發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定”等意思時(shí)。Theplanworkedoutsuccessfully.Thelampsonthewallturnoff.③want,require,need后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義。④beworthdoing用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。⑤在“be+形容詞+todo”中，不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，用主動(dòng)代被動(dòng)。Thiskindofwaterisn’tfittodrink.Thegirlisn’teasytogetalongwith.另外：betoblame(受譴責(zé))，betorent（出租）也用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。（4）被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義的幾種情況。①beseated坐著Heisseatedonabench.（Heseatshimselfonabench.）坐在凳子上。②behidden躲藏Hewashiddenbehindthedoor.(Hehidhimselfbehindthedoor.)他藏在門后。③belost迷路④bedrunk喝醉⑤bedressed穿著Thegirlwasdressedinaredshortskirt.（5）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)。如：Thebookwassoldbyacertainbookstore.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))Thebookiswellsold.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))[高考示例]【例一】2004重慶高考Thecrazyfans______patientlyfortwohours,andtheywouldwaittillthemoviestararrived.A.werewaitingB.hadbeenwaitingC.hadwaitingD.wouldwait提示:句意為“這些瘋狂的影迷已經(jīng)耐心地等了兩個(gè)多小時(shí),并且還要再等下去,直到電影明星到來”.顯然wait表示的動(dòng)作在過去發(fā)生,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并仍在進(jìn)行,故用過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí).答案：B【例二】2004北京高考Nowthatsheisoutofajob,Lucy______goingbacktoschool,butshehasn’tdecidedyet.A.hadconsideredB.hasbeenconsideringC.consideredD.isgoingtoconsider提示:句意為“因?yàn)長(zhǎng)ucy失業(yè)了,她一直在考慮返回學(xué)校,但到目前為止她還是沒有決定”答案:B【例三】2004浙江高考Becausetheshop______,alltheT-shirtsaresoldathalfprice.A.hascloseddownB.closeddownC.isclosingdownD.hadcloseddown提示:從后半句看來,所有T恤衫要半價(jià)出售,應(yīng)該是還沒關(guān)門,而是將要關(guān)門.close用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示將來.答案:C【例四】Everypossiblemeans______topreventtheairpollution,buttheskyisstillnotclear.A.isusedB.areusedC.hasbeenusedD.havebeenused提示:本題考查時(shí)態(tài)的用法及主謂一致.句意為“阻止空氣污染的每一種可能的辦法都已采用了,但空氣仍不清潔”.means單復(fù)數(shù)同形,但句中means前有every修飾,故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù),由句意可知應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故選C.【例五】Allmorningasshewaitedforthemedicalreportfromthedoctor,hernervousness______.A.hasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrown提示：句意為“整個(gè)上午，她在等著醫(yī)生的醫(yī)療報(bào)告時(shí)越來越緊張”。答案：C【例六】JohnandI______friendsforeightyears.WefirstgottoknoweachotherataChristmasparty.Butwe______eachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat.A.hadbeen;haveseenB.havebeen;haveseenC.hadbeen;hadseenD.havebeen;hadseen提示：此題考察現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。第一句中含有foreightyears，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)；第二句表示發(fā)生在第一句之前的動(dòng)作，用過去完成時(shí)。答案：D【例七】Thenewscameasnosurprisetome.I______forsometimethatthefactorywasgoingtoshutdown.A.hadknownB.knewC.haveknownD.know提示：句意為“這條消息對(duì)我來說來得并不驚奇，因?yàn)槲以缰肋@家工廠要倒閉”?！爸馈睉?yīng)在“關(guān)閉”之前發(fā)生。答案：A答案:C【例八】Mymindwasn’tonwhathewassayingsoI’mafraidIhalfofit.A.wasmissingB.hadmissedC.willmissD.missed解析：答案為D。本句考時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)境。全句意思是；我的心沒在他說的話上，所以恐怕他說的話我有一半沒聽到。整個(gè)事情是過去的事，且是做過的事，所以選一般過去時(shí)D。[觸類旁通]動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)專練1.Themathsproblemcanbe______.A.easyworkedoutB.easytobeworkedoutC.easilyworkedoutD.easilytoworkout2.Everypossiblemeans______,butnoneprovessuccessful.A.hasbeentriedB.triedC.isbeingtriedD.hastried3.Thegirlisto______arichman.A.marrywithB.bemarriedC.marrytoD.bemarriedto4.Hereceivedatelegramthat______“Mothersick”.A.wroteB.saysC.readsD.read5.Whocanyouimagine______tohisweddingparty?A.invitingB.beinginvitedC.wasinvitedD.tobeinvited6.I______tenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.(NMET)A.gaveB.wasgivenC.wasgivingD.hadgiven7.——WillsomebodygoandgetDr.White?——He′salreadybeen______.(NMET)A.askedforB.sentforC.calledforD.lookedfor8.Aconductor______tokeepusintimeinthesingingyesterday.A.needsB.isneedingC.wasneededD.hasbeenneeded9.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory______yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided10.Ways______tostoppollutionbynow.A.mustfindB.willbefoundC.arefoundD.havebeenfound11.Idon′twantanything______aboutit.A.tosayB.saidC.sayingD.havingsaid12.——______thatthesportsmeetmightbeputoff.——Yes,italldependsontheweather.A.I’vebeentoldB.I’vetoldC.I’mtoldD.Itold13.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooks______tothenationasagift.(NMET)A.isofferedB.hasofferedC.areofferedD.haveoffered14.Bettyhasneverbeenheard_______illofothers.A.speakB.spokenC.tospeakD.wassaid15.Tom______tohavedeliveredthespeechintheirtheatreroom.A.saidB.saysC.issaidD.wassaid16.——Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?——Oh,excellent.It′sworth______asecondtime.(NMET)A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.beingread17.LittleJimshouldlove______tothetheatrethisevening.(NMET)A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking.18.______moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.(NMET)A.GivenB.togiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven19.——where______thebook?Ican’tseeitanywhere.——I______itrightherebutnowit’sgone.A.didyouput;haveputB.haveyouput;putC.hadyouput;wasputtingD.wereyouputting;haveput20.Hewouldnotfailsolongashe______hardthenextterm.A.studiedB.wouldstudyC.hadstudiedD.studies21.Howlong______theEnglishparty______?A.has;beenlastedB.did;lastC.was;lastedD.will;belasted22.What______you______thistimenextFriday?A.will;doB.have;beendoingC.are;doingD.will;bedoing23.Hardly______thebell______whentheteachercamein.A.did;ringB.would;ringC.has;rungD.had;rung24.It______andthestreetswerestillwet.A.hadbeenrainingB.rainedC.hadbeenrainedD.wouldrain25.Thebook______onthegroundfortenminutesbutnonoehaspickeditup.A.islyingB.haslainC.layD.hasbeenlying26.We______therewhenit______torain.A.weregetting;wouldbeginB.wereabouttoget;beganC.hadgot;hadbegunD.wouldget;began27.Theteachersaidwe______tenlessonsbytheendofthisterm.A.shouldhavestudiedB.weregoingtostudyC.havestudiedD.shouldstudy28.——shetoldmeshehadmetyouinLondonlastyear.——______you______hersince?A.Had;metB.Did;seeC.Would;meetD.Have;seen29.——When______again?——Whenhe______,I’llletyouknow.A.willhecome;willcomeB.willhecome;comeC.hecomes;comesD.willhecome;comes30.Tom______formorethanaweek.A.hasleftB.hadgoneawayC.wentawayD.hasbeenaway31.——Whathappenedtoherteeth?——She______theapplemorethanshecouldchew.A.hasbittenB.bitC.hadbeenbitingD.bites32.Shakespearewassaid______37famousplaysinhislifetime.A.finishingwritingB.tofinishwritingC.havingwrittenD.tohavewritten33.——You’veagreedtogo.Sowhyaren’tyougettingready?——ButI______thatyou______metostartatonce.A.don’trealize;wantB.don’trealize;wantedC.haven’trealized;wantD.didn’trealize;wanted34.——Imissedthelecturelastnight.——Oh,whatapity!Iwish______.A.youhearditB.youhadhearditC.youneverhearditD.youhadn’theardit35.I’llreturnthebooktothelibraryassoonasI______it.A.finishedB.amgoingtofinishC.willfinishD.havefinished36.——Yourphonenumberagain?I______quitecatchit.——It’s9586442.(NMET)A.didn’tB.couldn’tC.don’tD.can’t37.——I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.——Oh,notatall.I______hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe38.WhenIwasatcollege.I______threeforeignlanguages,butI______allexceptafewwordsofeach.A.spoke;hadforgottenB.spoke;haveforgottenC.hadspoken;hadforgottenD.hadspoken;haveforgotten39.Thenewsecretaryissupposedtoreporttothemanagerassoonasshe______.A.willarriveB.arrivesC.isgoingtoarriveD.isarriving(NMET)40.——WhoisJerryCooper?——______?Isawyoushakinghandswithhimatthemeeting.(NMET)A.Don’tyoumeethimyetB.Hadn’tyoumethimyetC.Didn’tyoumeethimyetD.Haven’tyoumethimyet41.——Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation.Itwassonear.——Yes,ataxi______atallnecessary.(NMET)A.wasn’