2025屆上海市名校高三英語零考模擬卷（含答案解析）

2025屆上海市名校高三英語零考模擬卷（考試時間：120分鐘試卷滿分：115分）I.GrammarandVocabulary（每題1分；共20分）SectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.(A)Areyouafraidofgettingold?1wegetpasttheageof25,manyofusimmediatelyfeeltheurgetostopthesignsofageing—especiallythevisibleones.Menandwomenarenowusingtopical“anti-ageing”creams,spatreatmentsandmedicalprocedures2(oppose)manyofthem.3thesemethodscansomewhataffectthewayyoulook,ageingisaninternalprocess.Anewstudyhasfoundexactlywhenduringyourlifetimethisprocesspeaks.AgroupscientistsbasedoutoftheStanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicinehavediscoveredthat4beingasmooth,continuousprocess,ageingsurgesforwardatthreedistinctstagesoflife:first,attheageof34,thenatage60,andfinallyat78.Thestudy,publishedinNatureMedicine,5(reveal)thatscientistscannotonlypredictyouragebystudyingtheproteome(proteinlevelsintheblood)butalsodeterminewhichorgansareageingfasterthantheothers,andwhichage-relateddiseasesyourbodyis6(likely)todevelop.Thestudymeasuredplasmaproteins(血漿蛋白)collectedfrom4,263adultsbetweentheagesof18-95yearsandstudiedthechangesintheproteomethatoccurredwithage.Theirultimategoalwastounderstandhowtoidentifythechangesassociatedwithcardiovascularissuesandage-relateddiscaseslikeAlzheimer’s7therapeutictreatmentscanbedevisedtoopposetheirattackwhilethere’sstilltime.DrTonyWyss-Coray,oneoftheleadingmembersofthestudy,toldStanfordMedicineNewsCenter,“We’veknownforalongtimethat8(measure)certainproteinscangiveyouinformationaboutaperson’shealthstatus—lipoproteins(脂蛋白)forcardiovascular(心血管的)health,forexample.Butithasn’tbeenappreciatedthatsomanydifferentproteins’levels—roughlyathirdofalltheoneswelookedat—changemarkedlywithadvancingage.”Thisdifferencebetweenthechronological(按時間計(jì)算的)andphysiological(生理的)age,accordingtothescientists’“plasma-proteinclock”,showedthatalotofpeopleinthestudyseemedyoungerthantheyactuallyare.What’smore,thestudyalsoconfirmedthatmenandwomen,thoughequally9(represent)inthestudy,agedifferently.Doesthismeanmedicafionsandlifestylemethods,withfurtherresearch,canalsobedevisedtohelp10agestoorapidlyandisatriskofcontractingage-relateddiseaseslikehypertensionandAlzheimer’s?Youneverknow.【答案】1．Assoonas2．tooppose3．Though/Although4．insteadof5．hasrevealed6．morelikely7．sothat8．measuring9．represented10．whoever【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了人一生中衰老過程達(dá)到頂峰的確切時間以及如何測量衰老情況。1．考查狀語從句。句意：一旦過了25歲，我們中的許多人就會立即感到想要阻止衰老的跡象——尤其是那些看得見的跡象。引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，表示“一旦”應(yīng)用assoonas，首字母大寫。故填A(yù)ssoonas。2．考查非謂語動詞。句意：男性和女性現(xiàn)在都在使用局部“抗衰老”面霜、水療和醫(yī)療程序來對抗其中的許多衰老。短語usesth.todosth.表示“用某物做某事”。故填tooppose。3．考查狀語從句。句意：雖然這些方法會在一定程度上影響你的外表，但衰老是一個內(nèi)在的過程。引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“雖然”應(yīng)用though或although，首字母大寫。故填Though/Although。4．考查固定短語。句意：斯坦福大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的一組科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，衰老不是一個平穩(wěn)、連續(xù)的過程，而是在生命的三個不同階段加速：首先是34歲，然后是60歲，最后是78歲。后跟動名詞作賓語，此處表示“而不是”應(yīng)用insteadof。故填insteadof。5．考查時態(tài)。句意：這項(xiàng)發(fā)表在《自然醫(yī)學(xué)》雜志上的研究表明，科學(xué)家不僅可以通過研究蛋白質(zhì)組（血液中的蛋白質(zhì)水平）來預(yù)測你的年齡，還可以確定哪些器官比其他器官衰老得更快，以及你的身體更容易患上哪些與年齡有關(guān)的疾病。此處表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時，主語為study，助動詞用has。故填hasrevealed。6．考查比較級。句意：這項(xiàng)發(fā)表在《自然醫(yī)學(xué)》雜志上的研究表明，科學(xué)家不僅可以通過研究蛋白質(zhì)組（血液中的蛋白質(zhì)水平）來預(yù)測你的年齡，還可以確定哪些器官比其他器官衰老得更快，以及你的身體更容易患上哪些與年齡有關(guān)的疾病。根據(jù)上文organsareageingfasterthantheothers可知應(yīng)用比較級，在前面加more。故填morelikely。7．考查狀語從句。句意：他們的最終目標(biāo)是了解如何識別與心血管問題和老年癡呆癥等與年齡有關(guān)的疾病相關(guān)的變化，以便在還有時間的時候設(shè)計(jì)出治療方法來對抗它們的攻擊。引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，表示“以便”應(yīng)用sothat，故填sothat。8．考查非謂語動詞。句意：我們早就知道，測量某些蛋白質(zhì)可以提供一個人健康狀況的信息——例如，用于心血管健康的脂蛋白。此處空處作從句的主語，應(yīng)用動名詞形式。故填measuring。9．考查非謂語動詞。句意：更重要的是，該研究還證實(shí)，男性和女性雖然在研究中占同等比例，但年齡不同。此處為狀語從句的省略，且從句中主語menandwomen與謂語構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，故填過去分詞。故填represented。10．考查賓語從句。句意：這是否意味著，通過進(jìn)一步的研究，藥物和生活方式也可以被設(shè)計(jì)出來，幫助那些衰老過快、有患高血壓和阿爾茨海默氏癥等與年齡有關(guān)的疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人？引導(dǎo)賓語從句，從句缺少主語，且表示“無論誰”應(yīng)用whoever。故填whoever。SectionBDirections:ineachblankwithathebox.Eachcanbeonlyonce.NotethatisoneyouA．carved

B．unknowingly

C．ecosystem

D．a(chǎn)rtificial

E.elementalF.changing

G.practically

H.wrinkled

I.unmoving

J.species

K.inspectionMagicalCreatures:ANAPPRECIATIONOFAUTUMNMOTH(蛾)Mothsseemtohaveabitofabadreputation:tosometheyareillindicationsorsomethingscary,tootherstheyaredullincomparisontoourwell-lovedbutterflies.Butmothsareanessentialpartofa(n)11,andimportantfoodsourcesforspecieslikebirdsandbats.Andforme,mothsarefarfromdull.MyfirstmeetingwithanAngleShadesmothwasnearlyanon-encounter.Ialmostpassedbywithoutnoticingit,thinkingitwasafallenleafonafencepost.Buttherewassomethingaboutitthatstoppedmeinmytracks.Itsangularshapeperhaps?Orthewayitsat,12,despitethebreeze.Closer13revealedcreamandbuffshell-shapedwings,paintedwithtrianglesoflightpinkandbrown.Suddenly,ittransformedfroma(n)14leafintoalivingthingbeforemyeyes.I’vebeenfascinatedeversince.TheCanary-shoulderedThorn,withitshairybuttercup-colouredbodyandyellowandorangewings,remindsmeofafallensilverbirch(白樺樹)leaf.Anight-flyer,itfavoursgardensandwoodlands,andisoftendrawnto15light,meaningthatyourtorchbeammaybeattractingmothsaswellaslightingyourwayinthedark.It’salsoworthdouble-checkinganyleavesinfarmhouses,astheseshelteredspotsareafavouritehidingplaceofanotheroverwintering16:theHeraldmoth.Thiselegantcreature’sbeautifulwingslookasthoughthey’vebeen17byhandandpaintedwithbronze.There’smoretotheseimitatorsthanfallenleaves.TheGreen-spottedCrescent,which18disappearsonroughbranches,hasmetallicgreenspotsintegratingwiththemoss(苔蘚).MaybeI’vealready19crossedpathswithone,though.Aswedigoutourbigcoatsandsliponbootsforwalksbeneathbranches,howmanymothsarewemissing?Theseclevercreaturesaren’tbadindications,but20partsofnature,withagiftforfancy-dress.【答案】11．C12．I13．K14．H15．D16．J17．A18．G19．B20．E【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了飛蛾這種生物，飛蛾是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，也是鳥類和蝙蝠等物種的重要食物來源。介紹了作者眼中飛蛾的有趣之處。11．考查名詞。句意：但飛蛾是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，也是鳥類和蝙蝠等物種的重要食物來源。根據(jù)“importantfoodsourcesforspecieslikebirdsandbats”以及句意“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)”可知應(yīng)填名詞ecosystem，作賓語，故選C。12．考查形容詞。句意：還有它坐著不動的樣子，盡管有風(fēng)。根據(jù)“despitethebreeze”以及句意“不動”可知應(yīng)填unmoving，為形容詞作狀語，故選I。13．考查名詞。句意：仔細(xì)觀察會發(fā)現(xiàn)奶油色和水藍(lán)色的貝殼狀翅膀上繪有淺粉色和棕色的三角形。根據(jù)“revealedcreamandbuffshell-shapedwings”以及句意“觀察”可知應(yīng)填名詞inspection，作主語，故選K。14．考查形容詞。句意：突然，它從一片皺巴巴的葉子變成了一個活生生的東西。根據(jù)“l(fā)eafintoalivingthingbeforemyeyes”以及句意“皺巴巴的”可知應(yīng)填形容詞wrinkled，作定語修飾leaf，故選H。15．考查形容詞。句意：夜行鳥，喜歡花園和林地，經(jīng)常被人造光吸引，這意味著你的火炬光束可能會吸引飛蛾，并在黑暗中照亮你的路。根據(jù)“meaningthatyourtorchbeammaybeattractingmothsaswellaslightingyourwayinthedark.”以及句意“人造”可知應(yīng)填形容詞artificial，作定語修飾名詞light。故選D。16．考查名詞。句意：此外，還要仔細(xì)檢查農(nóng)舍里的樹葉，因?yàn)檫@些隱蔽的地方是另一種越冬物種——先驅(qū)蛾最喜歡的藏身之處。根據(jù)“theHeraldmoth”以及句意“物種”可知應(yīng)填名詞species，作賓語，故選J。17．考查動詞。句意：這只優(yōu)雅的生物美麗的翅膀看起來好像是手工雕刻的，并用青銅涂上了漆。根據(jù)“byhandandpaintedwithbronze”以及句意“雕刻”可知應(yīng)填動詞carve，根據(jù)上文they’vebeen可知為現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。故選A。18．考查副詞。句意：綠斑新月翅蝶，幾乎消失在粗糙的樹枝上，金屬綠色的斑點(diǎn)與苔蘚融為一體。根據(jù)“hasmetallicgreenspotsintegratingwiththemoss”以及句意“幾乎”可知應(yīng)填副詞practically，修飾動詞disappear。故選G。19．考查副詞。句意：也許我已經(jīng)在不知不覺中遇到過這樣的飛蛾。根據(jù)“crossedpathswithone,though”以及句意“不知不覺”可知應(yīng)填副詞unknowingly，修飾動詞crossed，故選B。20．考查形容詞。句意：這些聰明的生物并不是不好的跡象，而是大自然的基本組成部分，具有化妝的天賦。根據(jù)“partsofnature”以及句意“基本的”可知應(yīng)填形容詞elemental，作定語修飾parts。故選E。III.ReadingComprehension(共45分。21-35每題1分；36-50每題2分)SectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA.B.CandD.FillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontextInmodernsocietylonelinesscanbeseenasasocialphenomenonandpeoplecanexperiencelonelinessformanyreasons.Itisaverycommon,thoughnormallytemporary,21ofabreakup,divorce,orlossofanyimportantlong-termrelationship.Inthesecases,lonelinessmayresultbothfromthelossofaspecificpersonandfromthe22fromsocialcircles.Thelossofasignificantpersoninone’slifewilltypicallyinitiateagriefresponse;inthissituation,onemightfeellonely,evenwhileinthecompanyofothers.Lonelinessmayalsoresultfromanysociallydisruptive(破裂的)event,suchasmovingfromone’shometowninto23communitiesleadingtohomesickness.Lonelinesscanalsooccurinplaceswithlowpopulationdensitiesinwhichtherearecomparativelyfewpeopleto24.Therearemanydifferentwaysusedto25loneliness.Thefirststepthatmostdoctorsrecommendtopatientsistherapy.Shorttermtherapytypicallyoccursoveraperiodoftentotwentyweeks.Duringtherapy,emphasisisputonunderstandingthecauseoftheproblem,26thenegativethoughts,feelings,andattitudesresultingfromtheproblem,andexploringwaystohelpthepatientfeelconnected.Somedoctorsalsorecommend27therapyasameanstoconnectwithothersufferersandestablishasupportsystem.Itmaytakeseveralattemptsbeforeasuitableanti-depressantmedicationisfound.Somepatientsmayalsodeveloparesistancetoacertaintypeofmedicationandneedto28periodically.Anothertreatmentisanimal-assistedtherapy.Studiesandsurveysindicatethatthepresenceofanimalcompanionssuchasdogs,cats,rabbits,andguineapigscan29feelingsoflonelinessordepressionamongsomesufferers.Beyondthecompanionshiptheanimalitselfprovidestheremayalsobeincreasedopportunitiesfor30withotherpetowners.AccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionthereareanumberofotherhealthbenefitsassociatedwithpetownership,suchasloweredbloodpressure.Inaddition,someotheralternativeapproachesmayincludeexercise,dieting,etc,whichmanypatientsfindhavea31effectonrelievingsymptoms.Resultsofastudyalsosuggestthatcorrectingmaladaptivesocialcognition(認(rèn)知)offersthebestchanceof32loneliness.Nevertheless,lonelinesscansometimesplayanimportantroleinthe33process.Insomepeople,temporaryorprolongedlonelinesscanleadtonotableartisticandcreativeexpression,forexample,aswasthecasewithpoetEmilyDickinson,andnumerousmusicians.Thisisnottoimplythatlonelinessitselfensuresthiscreativity,34,itmayhaveaninfluenceonthesubjectmatteroftheartistandmorelikelybepresentinindividuals35creativeactivities.21．A．type B．concern C．consequence D．evidence22．A．withdrawal B．a(chǎn)bsence C．disappearance D．presence23．A．informal B．uncertain C．relevant D．unfamiliar24．A．turnto B．interactwith C．longfor D．sharewith25．A．release B．observe C．monitor D．treat26．A．reversing B．directing C．measuring D．pursuing27．A．long-term B．sightseeing C．patient D．group28．A．quit B．evolve C．switch D．exercise29．A．confirm B．protest C．enhance D．ease30．A．socializing B．interfering C．comparing D．coping31．A．historic B．restorative C．decisive D．permanent32．A．promoting B．enhancing C．reducing D．striving33．A．creative B．musical C．a(chǎn)rtistic D．poetic34．A．however B．therefore C．rather D．otherwise35．A．restrictedto B．engagedin C．concernedabout D．a(chǎn)lteredby【答案】21．C22．A23．D24．B25．D26．A27．D28．C29．D30．A31．B32．C33．A34．C35．B【分析】這是一篇議論文。文章講述了產(chǎn)生孤獨(dú)的原因，解決孤獨(dú)的方法。最后作者還提到，孤獨(dú)對創(chuàng)意的工作是有某種程度上的積極作用的。21．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這是分手、離婚或失去任何重要的長期關(guān)系的常見后果，但通常是暫時的。A.type類型；B.concern擔(dān)心，關(guān)心；C.consequence結(jié)果，后果；D.evidence證據(jù)。根據(jù)上下文，前句提到“孤獨(dú)”有很多種原因。劃線前的it指的就是“孤獨(dú)”，而后面提及的“分手，離婚或者失去任何重要的長期關(guān)系”是會造成一個結(jié)果即孤獨(dú)。故選C項(xiàng)。22．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：在這種情況下，孤獨(dú)可能是因?yàn)槭ヒ粋€特定的人，也可能是因?yàn)橥顺錾缃蝗Α.withdrawal撤退，收回；B.absence缺席；C.disappearance消失；D.presence存在，出席。分析上下文，上文提到了“失去任何重要的長期關(guān)系”和此處項(xiàng)呼應(yīng)表示退出社交圈。故選A項(xiàng)。23．考查形容詞義辨析。句意：孤獨(dú)感也可能是任何社會破壞性事件的結(jié)果，比如從家鄉(xiāng)搬到陌生的社區(qū)導(dǎo)致思鄉(xiāng)。A.informal非正式的；B.uncertain不確定的；C.relevant相關(guān)的；D.unfamiliar不熟悉的。根據(jù)上下文，劃線后面提到了“思鄉(xiāng)”，是因?yàn)椴皇煜つ吧纳鐓^(qū)導(dǎo)致的。故選D項(xiàng)。24．考查動詞短語辨析。句意：孤獨(dú)感也可能發(fā)生在人口密度較低的地方，那里與之交往的人相對較少。A.turnto求助于；B.interactwith交流，互動；C.longfor渴望；D.sharewith與……分享。根據(jù)上下文，劃線前提到“人口密度低”，所以與人的互動會比較少。故選B項(xiàng)。25．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：有許多不同的方法用來治療孤獨(dú)。A.release釋放，開放，發(fā)泄；B.observe觀察，遵守，慶祝；C.monitor監(jiān)督；D.treat治療。根據(jù)上下文，從第5空開始，后文再講述治療孤獨(dú)的方法。故選D項(xiàng)。26．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：在治療過程中，重點(diǎn)是了解問題的原因，扭轉(zhuǎn)由問題引起的消極思想、感覺和態(tài)度，并探索幫助患者感到相互聯(lián)系的方法。A.reversing顛倒，完全改變；B.directing指導(dǎo)；C.measuring丈量；D.pursuing追求，追逐。根據(jù)上下文，此處的動詞和前句的“了解問題”以及后句的“探索方法”構(gòu)成內(nèi)在的邏輯。先了解原因，扭轉(zhuǎn)思想，感覺和態(tài)度再探索方法。故選A項(xiàng)。27．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：一些醫(yī)生還建議將團(tuán)體治療作為與其他患者聯(lián)系和建立支持系統(tǒng)的手段。A.long-term長期的；B.sightseeing觀光的，旅游的；C.patient耐心的；D.group團(tuán)體的。分析上下文，根據(jù)劃線后提到“和其他患者的相互聯(lián)系和建立支持系統(tǒng)”可知，這是一種“群體治療方法”。故選D項(xiàng)。28．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：有些病人可能對某種藥物產(chǎn)生耐藥性，需要定期更換。A.quit離開，放棄；B.evolve發(fā)展，進(jìn)化；C.switch開關(guān)，轉(zhuǎn)換；D.exercise鍛煉，練習(xí)。分析上下文，劃線前提到因?yàn)椤翱赡軐δ撤N藥物產(chǎn)生耐藥性”，所才需要定期“更換”。故選C項(xiàng)。29．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：研究和調(diào)查表明，狗、貓、兔子和豚鼠等動物同伴的存在可以緩解一些患者的孤獨(dú)感或抑郁情緒。A.confirm確認(rèn)，證實(shí)；B.protest抗議；C.enhance加強(qiáng)；D.ease減輕。分析上下文，此處講的是另外一種治療辦法---利用動物的陪伴。下文提到養(yǎng)寵物還有很多其他的健康益處，比如降低血壓。所以可知，動物同伴給患者帶來了好處，可以緩解患者的孤獨(dú)感或抑郁情緒。故選D項(xiàng)。30．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：除了動物本身提供的陪伴之外，與其他寵物主人交往的機(jī)會也可能增加。A.socializing社交，交際；B.interfering妨礙；C.comparing比較，對照；D.coping復(fù)制，抄寫。分析上下文，養(yǎng)動物的人會和其他寵物主人交流，因此會增加與其他寵物主人交往的機(jī)會。故選A項(xiàng)。31．考查形容詞詞義辨析。此外，其他一些替代方法可能包括鍛煉、節(jié)食等，許多患者發(fā)現(xiàn)這些方法對緩解癥狀有恢復(fù)作用。A.historic歷史性的，有歷史意義的；B.restorative有助于復(fù)原的，恢復(fù)健康的；C.decisive決定性的，果斷的；D.permanent永久的，永恒的。分析上下文可知，此處仍在講述治療孤獨(dú)癥的方法。此處的鍛煉，節(jié)食等都是有助于緩解孤獨(dú)，恢復(fù)健康的。故選B項(xiàng)。32．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：研究結(jié)果還表明，糾正不適應(yīng)的社會認(rèn)知提供了減少孤獨(dú)的最佳機(jī)會。A.promoting促進(jìn)，晉升；B.enhancing加強(qiáng)；C.reducing減少；D.striving努力，奮斗。分析上下文，根據(jù)劃線前提到“糾正不適應(yīng)的社會認(rèn)知”可知，也是治療孤獨(dú)的方法，可以減少孤獨(dú)。故選C項(xiàng)。33．考查形容詞義辨析。句意：然而，孤獨(dú)有時在創(chuàng)作過程中扮演著重要的角色。A.creative有創(chuàng)意的；B.musical音樂的；C.artistic藝術(shù)的；D.poetic詩歌的。分析上下文，根據(jù)后文提到了“creativeexpression”和“creativeactivities”可知，第13空A選項(xiàng)和他們相呼應(yīng)，都在強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)作過程。故選A項(xiàng)。34．考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：這并不意味著孤獨(dú)本身就保證了這種創(chuàng)造力，相反，它可能對藝術(shù)家的題材產(chǎn)生影響，更有可能出現(xiàn)在從事創(chuàng)作活動的個人身上。A.however然而；B.therefore因此；C.rather相反；D.otherwise否則。分析上下文，劃線前提到“孤獨(dú)本身無法保證創(chuàng)造力”，而后文提到“只是對藝術(shù)家的題材產(chǎn)生影響”。此處前后兩句表示“對立”。故選C項(xiàng)。35．考查動詞短語辨析。句意：更有可能出現(xiàn)在從事創(chuàng)作活動的個人身上。A.restrictedto限制；B.engagedin從事，忙于；C.concernedabout擔(dān)心，關(guān)心；D.alteredby改變。分析上下文，前句提到孤獨(dú)對藝術(shù)的影響體現(xiàn)在藝術(shù)家的題材和個人身上，此處的個人是“從事”創(chuàng)作的人。也是和前文提到的poet和musicians等。故選B項(xiàng)。SectionB Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Inthegeneticage,ecologists’jobsaremademucheasierbytwothings.Oneisthateveryorganismcarriesitsownchemicalidentitycard,intheformofitsgenome(基因組).ThesecondisthattheydroptheseIDcardseverywheretheygo.Urine,bitsoffurstucktoahedge,evenshedskincells:alldepositDNAintotheenvironment.Cheapgenesequencingallowsscientiststoharvestthis“environmentalDNA”(eDNA)fromsoil,sand,waterandthelike,anduseittokeeptrackofwhichspeciesarelivingwhere.“Everyorganism,”ofcourse,includeshumans.InapaperpublishedonMay15thinNatureEcology&Evolution,agroupofresearchersfromAmericaandEuropereportthatsucheDNAsurveyspickuplargequantitiesofhumanDNAaswellastheanimalsort.ThatDNAcanberead—andpotentiallymatchedwithindividuals—byanyonewiththerightequipment.

Theresearchersdidnotsetouttostudy“inadvertenthumangeneticbycatch”,astheycallthephenomenon.TheworkbeganattheWitneySeaTurtleHospitalinFlorida,duringaninvestigationintoaviralturtledisease.Theresearcherssampledwaterfromtheturtle’stanks,aswellasfromoceanwaterandbeachesuponwhichthecreaturesnested,lookingforviralDNA．

TheyexpectedtosweepupDNAfromotherspeciesduringtheirtrawl(拖網(wǎng)).Whatwassurprising,accordingtoJessicaFarrell,abiologistattheWitneyHospitalandoneofthepaper’sauthors,wasjusthowmuchhumanDNAtheyfound.Eventhoughmanyoftheirsamplingsiteswerenotneartownsandcities,theyfoundhumangeneticmaterialineverysampletheyexamined.

Interested,theyexpandedtheirsearch.InbothFloridaandinIrelandtheyfoundhumanDNAinrivers,withconcentrationsespeciallyhighastheyflowedthroughtowns.Theyfounditinbeachsand,andeveninairfromroomsinwhichhumanshadbeenworking.HumanDNAisnotquiteeverywhere:itwasnotdetectableindeepoceanwater,oronremotebeachesclosedtothepublic.Butanywherethathumansare,theirDNAappearstobeaswell.Inonesense,thatisunsurprising.Butadvancesingene-sequencingmeanttherewasenoughinformationinthesamplestodeduceplentyofthingsaboutthehumansinquestion.TheresearcherscouldpickoutmalesthankstoDNAfromtheYchromosome.Theycouldinferanindividual’sancestry,andevenspotmutations(突變)thataffectaperson’sdiseaserisk.DavidDuffy,anotherofthepaper’sauthors,saidtheamountandqualityoftheDNAtheyrecovered“farexceeded”theminimumnecessarytobeincludedinAmerica’sdatabaseofmissingpeople.DrDuffyandhiscolleaguesdidnottrytoidentifyindividualsintheirstudy,formoralreasons.Buttheyhadnodoubtitcouldbedone.36．WhichofthefollowingabouteDNAistrueaccordingtothepassage?A．Itprovidesawaytotrackthemigrationofanimals.B．Itallowsresearcherstorestoreindividualorganisms.C．Itcanbeeasilycollectedfromalltypesofenvironments.D．Itcontainsawealthofgeneticinformationaboutvariousspecies.37．Inthispassage,theword“inadvertent”(paragraph3)isclosestinmeaningto“__________”.A．familiar B．a(chǎn)ccidental C．insensitive D．regular38．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．TheapplicationofeDNAforidentityconfirmationhasarousedconcern.B．Asexpected,theresearchersdetectedmuchhumaneDNAintheirsearch.C．Anindividual’sgenderandancestrycanbeconfirmedbymeansofeDNA．D．eDNAisinstrumentalinupgradingAmerica’sdatabaseofmissingpeople.39．Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．UnintendedDiscoveriesinTurtleDiseaseResearchB．TheEcologicalSignificanceofEnvironmentalDNAC．HumanDNA’sPrevalenceinEnvironmentalSamplesD．UsingGeneticInformationtoIdentifyMissingPersons【答案】36．D37．B38．A39．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要講的是人類DNA在環(huán)境樣本中的普遍存在及其相關(guān)應(yīng)用。36．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Oneisthateveryorganismcarriesitsownchemicalidentitycard,intheformofitsgenome.(一是每個生物都有自己的化學(xué)身份證，以基因組的形式存在。)”和“Urine,bitsoffurstucktoahedge,evenshedskincells:alldepositDNAintotheenvironment.Cheapgenesequencingallowsscientiststoharvestthis“environmentalDNA”(eDNA)fromsoil,sand,waterandthelike,anduseittokeeptrackofwhichspeciesarelivingwhere.(尿液，粘在樹籬上的皮毛，甚至脫落的皮膚細(xì)胞：所有這些都將DNA沉積到環(huán)境中。廉價(jià)的基因測序使科學(xué)家能夠從土壤、沙子、水等中獲取這種“環(huán)境DNA”(eDNA)，并用它來跟蹤哪些物種生活在哪里。)”可知，“環(huán)境DNA”里有DNA，而DNA包含了物種的遺傳信息，因此關(guān)于eDNA正確的說法是D選項(xiàng)“Itcontainsawealthofgeneticinformationaboutvariousspecies.(它包含了各種物種的豐富遺傳信息。)”，故選D。37．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段“TheworkbeganattheWitneySeaTurtleHospitalinFlorida,duringaninvestigationintoaviralturtledisease.(這項(xiàng)工作始于佛羅里達(dá)州的WitneySeaTurtleHospital，當(dāng)時正在調(diào)查一種海龜病毒性疾病。)”和第四段“Whatwassurprising,accordingtoJessicaFarrell,abiologistattheWitneyHospitalandoneofthepaper’sauthors,wasjusthowmuchhumanDNAtheyfound.(據(jù)惠特尼醫(yī)院的生物學(xué)家、該論文的作者之一JessicaFarrell說，令人驚訝的是他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了如此多的人類DNA。)”可知，人類DNA是無意中被發(fā)現(xiàn)的，劃線詞所在句子表示“研究人員稱這種現(xiàn)象為“無意的人類遺傳副產(chǎn)品”，但他們并沒有開始研究這種現(xiàn)象”，劃線詞inadvertent的意思是“無意的”，和accidental意思相近。故選B。38．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“DavidDuffy,anotherofthepaper’sauthors,saidtheamountandqualityoftheDNAtheyrecovered“farexceeded”theminimumnecessarytobeincludedinAmerica’sdatabaseofmissingpeople.DrDuffyandhiscolleaguesdidnottrytoidentifyindividualsintheirstudy,formoralreasons.(該論文的另一位作者DavidDuffy說，他們找到的DNA的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過”納入美國失蹤人口數(shù)據(jù)庫的最低要求。出于道德原因，DrDuffy和他的同事們并沒有試圖在他們的研究中識別個體。)”可知，eDNA在身份確認(rèn)中的應(yīng)用引起了人們的擔(dān)憂。故選A。39．主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第二段“InapaperpublishedonMay15thinNatureEcology&Evolution,agroupofresearchersfromAmericaandEuropereportthatsucheDNAsurveyspickuplargequantitiesofhumanDNAaswellastheanimalsort.(在5月15日發(fā)表在《自然生態(tài)與進(jìn)化》雜志上的一篇論文中，來自美國和歐洲的一組研究人員報(bào)告說，這種eDNA調(diào)查收集了大量的人類和動物DNA。)”可知，本文主要講的是人類DNA在環(huán)境樣本中的普遍存在及其相關(guān)應(yīng)用，因此本文最好的題目是C選項(xiàng)“HumanDNA’sPrevalenceinEnvironmentalSamples(人類DNA在環(huán)境樣本中的普遍存在)”。故選C。(B)There’sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat’sbeginningtocomeintofocus:food.Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn’tstoppingthere.FoodproductionWitha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat-ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“recreateformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”freeingcookstocompleteothertasks.Inanotherrestaurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtotable.Sustainability(可持續(xù)性)Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids(水解膠體)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻類)andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients.3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock“food”thatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtransportationandstoragerequirements.NutritionFuture3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity,said,“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterday’sbreadfromthesupermarket,you’deatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.”ChallengesDespiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,theindustryhasmanychallengestoovercome.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapastebeforeaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessisquitetime-consuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinverycomplexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.40．Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintingbringtofoodproduction?A．Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes. B．Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.C．Itimprovesthecookingconditions. D．Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations41．AccordingtoParagraph4,3D-printedfood_______.A．ismoreavailabletoconsumers B．canmeetindividualnutritionalneedsC．ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarkets D．cankeepallthenutritioninrawmaterials42．Whatisthemainfactorthatprevents3Dfoodprintingfromspreadingwidely?A．Theprintingprocessiscomplicated. B．3Dfoodprintersaretooexpensive.C．Foodmaterialshavetobedry D．Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting【答案】40．B41．B42．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇科普類短文閱讀。文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進(jìn)展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。40．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章Foodproduction中的“Witha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat-ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“recreateformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”freeingcookstocompleteothertasks.(有了3D打印機(jī)，廚師可以打印復(fù)雜的巧克力雕塑和漂亮的裝飾在婚禮蛋糕上。不是每個人都能做到這一點(diǎn)——這需要多年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，但一臺打印機(jī)使它變得容易。西班牙一家餐廳使用Foodini來“重新制作”“一模一樣”的食物，讓廚師們騰出時間去完成其他任務(wù)。)”可推斷，3D打印的優(yōu)勢是節(jié)省了做飯的時間和精力。故選B。41．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章Nutrition中的“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.（食品打印可以讓消費(fèi)者打印出具有定制營養(yǎng)成分的食品，比如維生素。）”可知，3D打印出來的食物可以滿足個人營養(yǎng)需求。故選B。42．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.(最重要的是，現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)3D食品打印機(jī)都局限于干燥的原料，因?yàn)槿忸惡湍讨破泛苋菀鬃冑|(zhì)。一些專家對3D食品打印機(jī)持懷疑態(tài)度，認(rèn)為它們更適合快餐店，而不是家庭和高端餐廳。)”可推斷，食品材料必須干燥是阻礙3D食品打印普及的主要因素。故選C。(C)Twothingschangedmylife:mymotherandawhiteplasticbikebasket.Ihavethoughtlongandhardaboutitandit’strue.Iwouldbeadifferentpersonifmymomhadn’tturnedasillybicycleaccessoryintoalifelessonthatIcarrywithmetoday.Mymotherandfatherwereunitedintheirwayofraisingchildren,butitmostlyfelltomymothertoactuallycarryitout.Lookingback,Ihonestlydon’tknowhowshedidit.Managingthefamilybudgetmusthavebeenaveryhardtask,butshemadeitlookeffortless.Ifwecomplainedaboutnothavingwhatanotherkiddid,we’dhearsomethinglike,“Idon’tcarewhatso-and-sogotforhisbirthday,youarenotgettingaTVinyourroom,acarforyourbirthdayoralavishsweet-16party.”Wehadtoearnourallowancebydoingchoresaroundthehouse.Icanstillrememberhowlongittooktopolishthelegsofourcoffeetable.Mybrotherscannodoubtrememberhoursspentcleaningthehouse.LikethetwolittlegirlsgrowingupattheWhiteHouse,wemadeourownbeds(nooneleftthehouseuntilthatwasdone)andpickedupafterourselves.Wehadtokeeptrackofourbelongings,andifsomethingwaslost,itwasnotreplaced.Itwassummerand,oneday,mymotherdrovemetothebikeshoptogetatirefixed—andthereitwasinthewindow.White,shiny,plasticanddecoratedwithflowers,thebasketwinkedatmeandIknew—Iknew—Ihadtohaveit.“It’sbeautiful,”mymothersaidwhenIpointeditouttoher.“Whataneatbasket.”Itriedtoholdoffatfirst.Iplayeditcoolforashortwhile.ButthenIguessIcouldn’tstanditanylonger:“Mom,pleasecanIplease,pleasegetit?I’lldoextrachoresforaslongasyousay.I’lldoanything,butIneedthatbasket.Ilovethatbasket.Please,Mom.Please?”Iwasdesperate.“Youknow,”shesaid,gentlyrubbingmybackwhilewebothstaredatwhatIbelievedwasthecoolestthingever,“Ifyousaveupyoucouldbuythisyourself.”“BythetimeImakeenoughit’llbegone!”“MaybeRogerherecouldholditforyou,”shesmiledatRoger,thebikeguy.“Hecan’tholditforthatlong,Mom.Someoneelsewillbuyit.Please,Mom,please?”“Theremightbeanotherway,”shesaid.Andsoourpayingplanunfolded.MymotherboughtthebeautifulbasketandputitsafelyinsomehidingplaceIc