五年（2020-2024）高考英語(yǔ)真題分類匯編 專題12 閱讀理解七選五解析版

2020-2024年五年高考真題分類匯編PAGEPAGE1【好題匯編】五年（2020-2024）高考英語(yǔ)真題分類匯編（北京專用）解析版專題12閱讀理解七選五年份體裁詞數(shù)設(shè)題位置主題語(yǔ)境話題段首段中段尾2024說明文281+82140人與社會(huì)“刺猬”型思維方式和“狐貍”型思維方式2023說明文255+83122人與自然選擇高校的建議2022說明文225+81140人與自我健康和健身2021說明文275+102230人與社會(huì)音樂對(duì)身體的好處2020說明文282+84131人與自我積極思考的各種益處Passage01【2024北京卷】Ifyouwanttodevelopmaximumcredibility(可信性),isitbettertobeahedgehog(刺猬)orafox?AccordingtoIsaiahBerlin,thehedgehogknowsonethingverywell,andthefoxknowsalotofthings.Isthereaclearadvantageofonestyleovertheother?Hedgehogthinkerstendtoansweryes.___35___Andtheyareusuallyverycredibleindoingso.AccordingtoJimHart,the“hedgehogconcept”isoneofthefactorsthatleadcompaniestogreatness.Theyfocusononethinganddoitreallywell.Theyfigureoutwhattheyaregoodat.___36___Thehedgehogconceptmakesperfectsenseforcompanies.___37___PhilipTatehasstudiedthetrackrecordsofthosefolksontheSundaytalkshowswhomakepredictionsaboutwhatwillhappen.Hehasfoundthathedgehogsarenotonlywrongmoreoftenthanfoxes,butthattheyarelesslikelytorecogniseoradmitthattheyarewrongwheneventsdonotmatchtheirpredictions.Theadvantagethat.foxeshaveisthattheyaremorelikelytoseekoutnewinformationfromabroaderrangeofsources,andarecomfortablewithuncertaintyandnewinformation.___38___Theytrytoincludeitintheirviewpointratherthantoexcludeitfromtheirthinking.Theyalsohaveaclearerestimationofwhattheyknowanddon’tknow.So,whichisbetter?Thequestioncanbeansweredinafoxyhedgehogstyle.___39___Thechoicebetweenbeingahedgehogorafoxisafalsetrade-off.Themosteffectivewaytogothroughlifeistotrytobethatraremixtureknownasfoxyhedgehog.A.Inotherwords,thereareclearadvantagesforeach.B.Theyaremorelikelytorememberpeople’smistakes.C.Hence,theyhavetheadvantageofclarityandconfidence.D.Buttherecanbeadownsidetoconcentrationononebigthing.E.However,hedgehogsremainopentoothers’reactionsandinputs.F.Whensomethingiscontradictorytotheirview,theydon’ttreatitasexceptional.G.Theycomedownsquarelyononesideortheotherandfullysupporttheirposition.【答案】35.G36.C37.D38.F39.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了擁有“刺猬”型思維方式和“狐貍”型思維方式的兩類人對(duì)于個(gè)人和企業(yè)建立信譽(yù)度的優(yōu)劣勢(shì)?！?5題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Hedgehogthinkerstendtoansweryes.(擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人傾向于給出肯定的答案)”可知，擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人傾向于給出肯定的答案，G項(xiàng)中They指代上文中的Hedgehog，G項(xiàng)“他們明確地站在一邊或另一邊，并全力支持自己的立場(chǎng)”說明擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人往往有明確的立場(chǎng)，承接上文，符合語(yǔ)境。故選G?！?6題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Theyfocusononethinganddoitreallywell.Theyfigureoutwhattheyaregoodat.(他們專注于一件事并把它做得很好。他們知道自己擅長(zhǎng)什么)”可知，擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人具備優(yōu)點(diǎn)，他們可以專注于一件事并知道自己擅長(zhǎng)什么。C項(xiàng)“因此，他們的優(yōu)勢(shì)是（頭腦）清楚和自信”進(jìn)一步說明擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，承接上文，符合語(yǔ)境。故選C?！?7題詳析】根據(jù)下文“Hehasfoundthathedgehogsarenotonlywrongmoreoftenthanfoxes,butthattheyarelesslikelytorecogniseoradmitthattheyarewrongwheneventsdonotmatchtheirpredictions.(他發(fā)現(xiàn)，擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人不僅比擁有“狐貍”型思維方式的人更容易出錯(cuò)，而且當(dāng)事情與他們的預(yù)測(cè)不相符時(shí)他們不太可能意識(shí)到，也不太可能承認(rèn)自己錯(cuò)了)”可知，此處介紹擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人的缺點(diǎn)。D項(xiàng)“但是，把注意力集中在一件大事上可能會(huì)有不利的一面”引出下文，介紹擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人具備缺點(diǎn)，符合語(yǔ)境。故選D?！?8題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Theadvantagethatfoxeshaveisthattheyaremorelikelytoseekoutnewinformationfromabroaderrangeofsources,andarecomfortablewithuncertaintyandnewinformation.(“狐貍”型思維方式的人的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于，他們更有可能從更廣泛的來源中尋找新信息，并且對(duì)不確定性和新信息感到舒適)”和下文“Theytrytoincludeitintheirviewpointratherthantoexcludeitfromtheirthinking.(他們?cè)噲D將其納入自己的觀點(diǎn)，而不是將其排除在自己的思維之外)”可知，此處介紹擁有“狐貍”型思維方式的人處理事情的方式。F項(xiàng)“當(dāng)某件事與他們的觀點(diǎn)相矛盾時(shí)，他們不會(huì)把它當(dāng)作例外”承上啟下，符合語(yǔ)境。故選F?！?9題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Thequestioncanbeansweredinafoxyhedgehogstyle.(這個(gè)問題可以用“像狐貍的刺猬”風(fēng)格來回答)”和下文“Thechoicebetweenbeingahedgehogorafoxisafalsetrade-off.(成為擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人還是擁有“狐貍”型思維方式的人的選擇是一種錯(cuò)誤的權(quán)衡)”可知，擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人和擁有“狐貍”型思維方式的人各有優(yōu)勢(shì)。A項(xiàng)“換句話說，兩者都有其明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)”承上啟下，符合語(yǔ)境。故選A。Passage02【2023北京卷】It’sajoyfulandstressfultimeofyearintheUnitedStatesforstudentsandtheirfamiliesastheymakedecisionsaboutwheretoattendcollege.Familiesoftenturntorankingssystemstohelpmakeadecision.35WhenItalktofamiliesasascholarofhighereducation,they’reoftensurprisedthatteachingexcellenceisnotcountedinrankings.36Emergingresearchsuggeststhatcoursesinlower-rankeduniversities,onaverage,scoredhigheronteachingthancoursesinhigher-rankeduniversities.37Theabsenceofteachingexcellencefromtherankingsissurprisinggiventhelinkbetweenhigh-qualityteachingandstudentsuccess.Qualityteachingisoneofthemostimportantpredictorsofawiderangeofcollegeoutcomes.Rankings,however,areonlyonereasonwhyalowvalueisplacedonteachinginhighereducation.Administratorsoftendon’tviewteachingexcellenceasawaytoincreaseenrolment(注冊(cè))orfunding.38Researchshowsthatthemoretimeinstructorsspendonteaching,thelowertheirsalary.Whatistheresult?Manyinstructorscontinuetoteachusingtraditionallectures,whichleadtolowersuccessrates.39Nevertheless,notmuchwillchangeuntilschoolswithhigh-qualityteachingarerewardedwithmoreresources,higherrankingsandincreasedenrolments.Inthelongterm,universities,organisationsthatrankschools,andothersshouldworktomaketeachingavalued,corepartofthemission.Whatshouldstudentsandtheirfamiliesdo?Theyshouldgivestrongconsiderationtouniversitieswherehigh-qualityteachingisvalued,eventhoughtheschoolsmayberankedlower.A．Highereducationhasachieveditstruepotential.B．Therefore,it’snothighlyvaluedinhiringorpromotion.C．Qualityteachinghasbeenanimportantreputation-buildingfactor.D．However,therankingsignoreacriticalfactor:thequalityofteaching.E．Effortstoimproveteachingattheuniversitylevelhaverecentlyemerged.F．They’reevenmoresurprisedathowteachingisundervaluedbyuniversities.G．Infact,universitiesoftenshiftemphasisfromteachingtootherrankingfactors.【答案】35．D36．F37．G38．B39．E【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要就如何選擇高校提供了一些建議。35．根據(jù)空前內(nèi)容“It’sajoyfulandstressfultimeofyearintheUnitedStatesforstudentsandtheirfamiliesastheymakedecisionsaboutwheretoattendcollege.Familiesoftenturntorankingssystemstohelpmakeadecision.(對(duì)于美國(guó)的學(xué)生和他們的家人來說，這是一年中既快樂又緊張的時(shí)刻，因?yàn)樗麄円獩Q定去哪里上大學(xué)。家庭經(jīng)常求助于排名系統(tǒng)來幫助做決定。)”可知，美國(guó)的學(xué)生和家人們?cè)跊Q定去哪兒上大學(xué)時(shí)，經(jīng)常求助于排名系統(tǒng)。而根據(jù)下文第三段“Emergingresearchsuggeststhatcoursesinlower-rankeduniversities,onaverage,scoredhigheronteachingthancoursesinhigher-rankeduniversities.(最新的研究表明，排名較低的大學(xué)的課程在教學(xué)方面的平均得分高于排名較高的大學(xué)的課程。)”可推斷出，本文主要講述的是排名方面出現(xiàn)的問題。選項(xiàng)D“However,therankingsignoreacriticalfactor:thequalityofteaching.(然而，排名忽略了一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素：教學(xué)質(zhì)量。)”延續(xù)上文內(nèi)容，指出大學(xué)排名存在的問題；而根據(jù)下文內(nèi)容也可以推斷，排名中存在的問題是教學(xué)質(zhì)量被忽略。故選D。36．根據(jù)空前內(nèi)容“WhenItalktofamiliesasascholarofhighereducation,they’reoftensurprisedthatteachingexcellenceisnotcountedinrankings.(作為一名研究高等教育的學(xué)者，當(dāng)我與一些家庭交談時(shí)，他們常常驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)，優(yōu)秀的教學(xué)水平并沒有被納入排名。)”可知，大學(xué)排名中優(yōu)秀的教學(xué)水平并沒有被納入排名讓人們覺得很驚訝。選項(xiàng)F“They’reevenmoresurprisedathowteachingisundervaluedbyuniversities.(更讓他們驚訝的是，大學(xué)竟然低估了教學(xué)的價(jià)值。)”延續(xù)上文內(nèi)容，指的都是大學(xué)排名忽略教學(xué)質(zhì)量。其中“moresurprised”和上文的“surprised”保持一致。故選F。37．空前內(nèi)容“Emergingresearchsuggeststhatcoursesinlower-rankeduniversities,onaverage,scoredhigheronteachingthancoursesinhigher-rankeduniversities.(最新的研究表明，排名較低的大學(xué)的課程在教學(xué)方面的平均得分高于排名較高的大學(xué)的課程。)”以及空后內(nèi)容“Theabsenceofteachingexcellencefromtherankingsissurprisinggiventhelinkbetweenhigh-qualityteachingandstudentsuccess.Qualityteachingisoneofthemostimportantpredictorsofawiderangeofcollegeoutcomes.(考慮到高質(zhì)量教學(xué)與學(xué)生成功之間的聯(lián)系，排名中沒有優(yōu)秀教學(xué)令人驚訝。優(yōu)質(zhì)教學(xué)是衡量大學(xué)成績(jī)的最重要因素之一。)”講述的都是大學(xué)排名中沒有考慮到教學(xué)。選項(xiàng)G“Infact,universitiesoftenshiftemphasisfromteachingtootherrankingfactors.(事實(shí)上，大學(xué)經(jīng)常把重點(diǎn)從教學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)移到其他排名因素上。)”與上下文內(nèi)容相一致，故選G。38．根據(jù)空前內(nèi)容“Rankings,however,areonlyonereasonwhyalowvalueisplacedonteachinginhighereducation.Administratorsoftendon’tviewteachingexcellenceasawaytoincreaseenrolment(注冊(cè))orfunding.(然而，排名只是高等教育中對(duì)教學(xué)重視程度較低的一個(gè)原因。管理者通常不會(huì)將卓越的教學(xué)視為增加入學(xué)率或資金的一種方式。)”可知，上文分析了教學(xué)不被納入排名的原因，該空應(yīng)該講其后果。選項(xiàng)B“Therefore,it’snothighlyvaluedinhiringorpromotion.(因此，它在招聘或晉升中不受重視。)”是上文內(nèi)容的延續(xù)，正因?yàn)楣芾砣藛T通常不把卓越的教學(xué)視為增加入學(xué)率或增加資金的一種方式，所以教學(xué)在招聘和晉升中不受重視。故選B。39．根據(jù)下文內(nèi)容“Nevertheless,notmuchwillchangeuntilschoolswithhigh-qualityteachingarerewardedwithmoreresources,higherrankingsandincreasedenrolments.Inthelongterm,universities,organisationsthatrankschools,andothersshouldworktomaketeachingavalued,corepartofthemission.(盡管如此，在擁有高質(zhì)量教學(xué)的學(xué)校獲得更多資源、更高排名和增加入學(xué)人數(shù)之前，不會(huì)有太大變化。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看，大學(xué)、學(xué)校排名組織和其他機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該努力使教學(xué)成為使命的一個(gè)有價(jià)值的核心部分。)”可知，此處算是站在大學(xué)的角度，提出如何把教學(xué)當(dāng)成他們的首要核心任務(wù)。根據(jù)“Nevertheless”可知，空處內(nèi)容和下文內(nèi)容存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)E“Effortstoimproveteachingattheuniversitylevelhaverecentlyemerged.(在最近，努力改進(jìn)教學(xué)水平的現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了。)”與下文形成轉(zhuǎn)折，旨在說明，促使教學(xué)成為核心任務(wù)的艱巨性和重要性。故選E。Passage03【2022年北京卷】Healthandfitnesshelpapersonliveagoodandhealthylife.Oftenduetovariouspressures,wetendtoignoreourhealth.____35____Itisthefitnesslevelofourbodythathelpsusfightthesediseases.____36____Weneedtobefittohaveahealthybody.Similarly,ifwearehealthyweshallnaturallybeattractedtowardsmaintainingthefitnessofourbody.Healthisthestateofourbodyatagiventime.Wemaynothaveanydiseasebutstillhaveaweakbody,whichisreadytobetargetedbyviruses.____37____Thisdoesnotdefinitelymeanthatwearenothealthy.Itmeansthefitnesslevelisnotinaccordancewithourageandtheclimaticconditionswelivein.Itisimportantforeveryonetodevotesometimetohealthandfitness.____38____Forinstance,wemustexercisedailyregardlessofourageandworkingstyle.Therearedifferentlevelsofexercisesfordifferentagegroupsandwemustdothemaccordingtoourownhealthandage.Additionally,itisimportanttorelaxourbody.Weshouldhaveatleastsixtoeighthoursofsleepeveryday.Ithelpsinimprovingourimmune(免疫)systemandprotectsusagainstdiseases.____39____This,inturn,givesusnewgoalsofhealthandfitness.A.Fitnesslevelsdecidethequalityoflife.B.Healthandfitnessareinterrelatedtoeachother.C.Italsohelpsinkeepinguscalmandrelaxesourmind.D.Forinstance,wemayhaveatendencytocatchacoldeasily.E.Ifwekeepourbodyfit,wecanenjoylifeinabettermanner.F.Therearesomeactivitieswhicheveryoneshoulddoinourlife.G.Thismakesourbodysufferandwewillcatchotherdiseases.【答案】35.G36.B37.D38.F39.C【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講的是健康和健身之間密不可分的關(guān)系以及我們應(yīng)該通過哪些健身的方式來讓自己有一個(gè)健康的身體。35.【解析】根據(jù)空前“Healthandfitnesshelpapersonliveagoodandhealthylife.Oftenduetovariouspressures,wetendtoignoreourhealth.(健康和健身幫助一個(gè)人過上良好和健康的生活。由于各種各樣的壓力，我們往往會(huì)忽視自己的健康。)”可知因?yàn)楦鞣N壓力，我們的健康容易被忽視，根據(jù)空后“Itisthefitnesslevelofourbodythathelpsusfightthesediseases.(正是我們身體的健康水平幫助我們對(duì)抗這些疾病。)”可知身體的健康可以讓我們應(yīng)對(duì)各種疾病，空處承上啟下，所以空處應(yīng)該講忽視健康對(duì)我們的身體及生活的影響。G項(xiàng)“Thismakesourbodysufferandwewillcatchotherdiseases.(這使我們的身體遭受痛苦，而且我們會(huì)感染其他疾病。)”承接上文，引出下文，而且G項(xiàng)中的otherdiseases與空后的thesediseases相互照應(yīng)，符合上下文語(yǔ)境。故選G項(xiàng)。36.【解析】根據(jù)空后“Weneedtobefittohaveahealthybody.Similarly,ifwearehealthyweshallnaturallybeattractedtowardsmaintainingthefitnessofourbody.(為了擁有一個(gè)健康的身體我們需要健康。同樣，如果我們是健康的，我們自然會(huì)被保持健康的身體所吸引。)”可知健康的身體與健身是密不可分的，空處位于句首，應(yīng)是本段的主旨句，B項(xiàng)“Healthandfitnessareinterrelatedtoeachother.(健康和健身是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。)”概括全段的主要內(nèi)容，符合上下文語(yǔ)境。故選B項(xiàng)。37.【解析】根據(jù)空前“Healthisthestateofourbodyatagiventime.Wemaynothaveanydiseasebutstillhaveaweakbody,whichisreadytobetargetedbyviruses.(健康是在特定時(shí)間內(nèi)我們身體的狀態(tài)。我們可能沒有任何疾病，但身體仍然虛弱，隨時(shí)會(huì)被病毒攻擊。)”可知我們的身體雖然沒有生病，但也很虛弱，隨時(shí)會(huì)生病，根據(jù)空后“Thisdoesnotdefinitelymeanthatwearenothealthy.(這并不一定意味著我們不健康。)”可知生病并不一定表明我們是不健康的。空處承上啟下，所以空處應(yīng)該舉例說明我們的身體在虛弱的情況下會(huì)生病這樣一種狀況，D項(xiàng)“Forinstance,wemayhaveatendencytocatchacoldeasily.(例如，我們可能很容易感冒。)”舉例說明我們的身體會(huì)在虛弱的情況下生病，承接上文，引出下文，而且空后的This指代D項(xiàng)的wemayhaveatendencytocatchacoldeasily這種情況，符合上下文語(yǔ)境。故選D項(xiàng)。38.【解析】根據(jù)空前“Itisimportantforeveryonetodevotesometimetohealthandfitness.(對(duì)每個(gè)人來說，花些時(shí)間在健康和健身方面是很重要的。)”可知我們應(yīng)該花時(shí)間去健身，根據(jù)空后“Forinstance,wemustexercisedailyregardlessofourageandworkingstyle.(例如，我們必須每天鍛煉，不管我們的年齡和工作方式。)”可知我們應(yīng)該每天堅(jiān)持鍛煉，空處承上啟下，所以空處應(yīng)該講的是我們應(yīng)該通過哪些活動(dòng)來進(jìn)行鍛煉，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)“Therearesomeactivitieswhicheveryoneshoulddoinourlife.(在我們的生活中有一些活動(dòng)是每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該做的。)”承接上文，引出下文，符合上下文語(yǔ)境。故選F項(xiàng)。39.【解析】根據(jù)空前“Weshouldhaveatleastsixtoeighthoursofsleepeveryday.Ithelpsinimprovingourimmune(免疫)systemandprotectsusagainstdiseases.(我們每天至少應(yīng)該有6到8個(gè)小時(shí)的睡眠。它有助于改善我們的免疫系統(tǒng)，保護(hù)我們抵抗疾病。)”可知我們應(yīng)該保障充足的睡眠，根據(jù)空后“This,inturn,givesusnewgoalsofhealthandfitness.(這反過來又給了我們健康和健身的新目標(biāo)。)”可知充足的睡眠會(huì)對(duì)我們的健康和健身目標(biāo)很有好處，空處承上啟下，所以空處應(yīng)該繼續(xù)講充足的睡眠的好處，C項(xiàng)“Italsohelpsinkeepinguscalmandrelaxesourmind.(它也幫助我們保持冷靜和放松我們的大腦。)”進(jìn)一步講了充足的睡眠對(duì)于我們的好處，承接上文，引出下文，符合上下文語(yǔ)境。故選C項(xiàng)。Passage04【2021年北京卷】Musichaslongbeenconsideredtobeanenjoyablepastimeformanypeople．____35____Thementalhealthbenefitsfrommusiccan'tbeargued．Musiccouldalsobehelpingyouwithmanyotherhealthproblemsbehindthescenes．____36____However，forthesamereason，musiccanbeverybeneficialifoneisinpain．Bydistracting（分心）themindfromthepain，music，peoplesay，canlowerstressandanxietylevels．This，ofcourse，canleadtolesspain．Manypeopleenjoyrelaxingmusicintheeveningpriortogoingtobed．____37____Whilethevalidityoftheideaisstillbeingassessed，theloweredstresscanevenbetiedbacktobloodpressure．Similarly,accordingtoresearchers，listeningtojust30minutesofsoftmusiceverydaymayhelpwithhealthybloodsugarlevels，throughtheloweringofstressandanxiety．Whenitcomestohearthealth，thereisspeculation（推測(cè)）thatit'snotthestyleofmusic，butratherthetempothatmakesitsogoodforyourhearthealth．InoneEuropeanstudy，participantslistenedtomusicastheresearchersmonitoredtheirheartratesandbloodpressure．____38____Ontheotherhand，whenthemusicslowed，theparticipants'stressandanxietylevelsbecamelowerandtheeffectsonheartratesappearedtofollowsuit．____39____Butthereisawholerangeofotherhealthissuesthatturninguptheradiocouldbebeneficialfor，whichiswhatmakesmusicsovaluable．A.Thisfeelingcanalsoresultinmanyotherhealthproblems．B.Someexpertssaythatmusiccanbeharmfulifitistooloud．C.Thisideaisalittleoff-the-wallbutstillhasscientificbacking．D.Theysayitcanplayabigroleincalmingthebrainenoughtosleep．E.Theimplicationsofmusiconoverallwell-beingarereallyimpressive．F.Itisalsohighlypopularduetotheindividualizedeffectsonstressandanxiety．G.Interestingly，themorecheerfulthemusicwas，thefastertheirheartrateswere．【答案】35.F36.B37.D38.G39.E【解析】〖祥解〗本文是一篇說明文，主要講的是音樂對(duì)身體的好處?！?5題詳析】空格后說“Thementalhealthbenefitsfrommusiccan'tbeargued”（音樂對(duì)心理健康的益處是毋庸置疑的），F(xiàn)選項(xiàng)Itisalsohighlypopularduetotheindividualizedeffectsonstressandanxiety中的stressandanxiety照應(yīng)了mentalhealthbenefits，因此F選項(xiàng)切合題意，故選F?！?6題詳析】空格后說“However，forthesamereason，musiccanbeverybeneficialifoneisinpain”（然而，出于同樣的原因，當(dāng)一個(gè)人處于痛苦中時(shí)，音樂是非常有益的），However表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此空格處為對(duì)音樂的負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)，B選項(xiàng)Someexpertssaythatmusiccanbeharmfulifitistooloud中的harmful就是負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)，因此B選項(xiàng)切合題意，故選B。【37題詳析】空格前說“Manypeopleenjoyrelaxingmusicintheeveningpriortogoingtobed”（許多人喜歡在晚上睡覺前聽些輕松的音樂），D選項(xiàng)Theysayitcanplayabigroleincalmingthebrainenoughtosleep中的sleep和goingtobed相呼應(yīng)，因此D選項(xiàng)切合題意，故選D?！?8題詳析】空格前說“InoneEuropeanstudy，participantslistenedtomusicastheresearchersmonitoredtheirheartratesandbloodpressure”（在歐洲的一項(xiàng)研究中，參與者聽音樂，研究人員監(jiān)測(cè)他們的心率和血壓），G選項(xiàng)Interestingly，themorecheerfulthemusicwas，thefastertheirheartrateswere中的heartrates和前面的heartrates相照應(yīng)，因此G選項(xiàng)切合題意，故選G。【39題詳析】空格后說“Butthereisawholerangeofotherhealthissuesthatturninguptheradiocouldbebeneficialfor，whichiswhatmakesmusicsovaluable”（但是，開著收音機(jī)還可以對(duì)一系列其他的健康問題有益，這就是音樂如此有價(jià)值的原因），因此本段講的是音樂對(duì)身體總的好處，E選項(xiàng)Theimplicationsofmusiconoverallwell-beingarereallyimpressive講的是音樂對(duì)整體健康的影響是非常令人印象深刻的，因此E選項(xiàng)切合題意，故選E。Passage05【2020年北京卷】Manypeoplethinkthatpositivethinkingismostlyaboutkeepingone'sheadinthesandandignoringdailyproblems,tryingtolookoptimistic.Inrealityithasmoretodowiththewayanindividualtalkstohimself.Self-talkisaconstantstreamofthoughtsofaperson,whoisoftenunawareanduncertainofsomeevents,phenomena,people,oreventhepersonhimself.____46____Meanwhile,positivethinkingcanhelptostopnegativeself-talksandstarttoformapositiveviewonanissue.Peoplewhoregularlypractisepositivethinkingtendtosolveproblemsmoreeffectively.Theyarelessexposedtostresscausedbyexternalfactors.Theytendtobelieveinthemselvesandinwhattheydo.____47____Peoplewhothinkpositivelydemonstrateincreasedlifespans,lowerratesofdepressionandanxiety,betterphysicalandpsychologicalhealth,reducedrisksofdeathfromheartproblems.Positivethinkingalsocontributestoone'sabilitytodealwithproblemsandhardships.____48____Forexample,researchershavefoundthatinthecaseofacrisisaccompaniedbystrongemotions,suchasanaturaldisaster,positivethinkingcanprovideasortofbufferagainstdepressionandanxiety.Resilientpeoplewhothinkpositivelytendtotreateveryproblemasachallenge,achanceforimprovementofanykind,orasanopportunityforpersonalgrowth.Pessimists,onthecontrary,tendtoperceiveproblemsasasourceofadditionalstress.____49____Inconclusion,positivethinkingisapowerfulandeffectivetoolfordealingwithhardtimesandimprovingthequalityofone'slife.Itdoesn'thaveanythingtodowithignorantoptimismwhenanindividualrefusestonoticeaproblem.____50____Thinkinginapositive,self-encouragingwaybringsaboutmanybenefitstoone'sphysicalandmentalhealth.A.Itdoesn'tcauseanysevereemotionaldiscomfort,either.B.Negativeself-talkdamagesself-confidenceanddecreasesself-respect.C.Ithelpsonetoremainclear-headedandconfidentindifficultsituations.D.Positivethinkinghasseveralbeneficialeffectsonthebodyandthemind.E.Asthinkingchanges,anindividual'sbehaviourandhabitschangeaswell.F.Theyoftenofferarealalternativetothecommonandregularwayofthinking.G.Theyoftenfeeldiscouragedlongbeforetryingtosolvetheproblem,evenifsmall.【答案】46.B47.D48.C49.G50.A【解析】〖祥解〗這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了積極思考對(duì)人產(chǎn)生的各種益處，同時(shí)將積極思考者與悲觀主義者相比較，分析兩種人的差異。積極思維是應(yīng)對(duì)困難時(shí)期和提高個(gè)人生活質(zhì)量的強(qiáng)大而有效的工具?！?6題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Self-talkisaconstantstreamofthoughtsofaperson,whoisoftenunawareanduncertainofsomeevents,phenomena,people,oreventhepersonhimself.(自我對(duì)話是一個(gè)人持續(xù)不斷的想法，他常常對(duì)一些事件、現(xiàn)象、人，甚至是他自己都沒有意識(shí)和不確定)”以及后文“Meanwhile,positivethinkingcanhelptostopnegativeself-talksandstarttoformapositiveviewonanissue.(同時(shí)，積極的思考可以幫助停止消極的自我對(duì)話，開始形成對(duì)一個(gè)問題的積極的觀點(diǎn))”由此可知，上文對(duì)自我對(duì)話進(jìn)行了定義，后文則提到了積極的思考可以有助于停止消極的自我對(duì)話，可知本句是在說明消極的自我對(duì)話對(duì)人的不良影響。后文中negativeself-talks可對(duì)應(yīng)到B選項(xiàng)中Negativeself-talk。故B選項(xiàng)“消極的自言自語(yǔ)會(huì)損害自信，降低自尊”符合語(yǔ)境，故選B?！?7題詳析】根據(jù)后文“Peoplewhothinkpositivelydemonstrateincreasedlifespans,lowerratesofdepressionandanxiety,betterphysicalandpsychologicalhealth,reducedrisksofdeathfromheartproblems.Positivethinkingalsocontributestoone'sabilitytodealwithproblemsandhardships.(積極思考的人壽命更長(zhǎng)，抑郁和焦慮率更低，身心更健康，死于心臟問題的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更低。積極的思考也有助于一個(gè)人處理問題和困難的能力)”由此可知，后文提到了積極思考對(duì)人的益處，后文中Peoplewhothinkpositively以及Positivethinking可對(duì)應(yīng)到D選項(xiàng)中Positivethinking。故D選項(xiàng)“積極思考對(duì)身心有幾個(gè)有益的影響”符合語(yǔ)境，故選D?！?8題詳析】根據(jù)后文“Forexample,researchershavefoundthatinthecaseofacrisisaccompaniedbystrongemotions,suchasanaturaldisaster,positivethinkingcanprovideasortofbufferagainstdepressionandanxiety.(例如，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)危機(jī)伴隨著強(qiáng)烈的情緒時(shí)，比如自然災(zāi)害，積極的思考可以為抑郁和焦慮提供一種緩沖)”可知，后文舉出的例子說明了積極思考可以讓一個(gè)人在面臨危機(jī)時(shí)，保持冷靜。故C選項(xiàng)“它幫助一個(gè)人在困難的情況下保持頭腦清醒和自信”符合語(yǔ)境，故選C。【49題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Resilientpeoplewhothinkpositivelytendtotreateveryproblemasachallenge,achanceforimprovementofanykind,orasanopportunityforpersonalgrowth.Pessimists,onthecontrary,tendtoperceiveproblemsasasourceofadditionalstress.(積極思考的、有韌性的人傾向于把每一個(gè)問題都看作是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，一個(gè)改進(jìn)的機(jī)會(huì)，或者一個(gè)個(gè)人成長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)。相反，悲觀主義者傾向于將問題視為額外壓力的來源)可知，上文在將積極思考者與悲觀主義者相比較，本句應(yīng)承接上文，進(jìn)一步解釋說明悲觀主義者在解決問題時(shí)一些性格特點(diǎn)。上文Pessimists可對(duì)應(yīng)到G選項(xiàng)中They。故G選項(xiàng)“他們常常在試圖解決問題之前就感到氣餒，即使是很小的問題”符合語(yǔ)境，故選G?！?0題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Inconclusion,positivethinkingisapowerfulandeffectivetoolfordealingwithhardtimesandimprovingthequalityofone'slife.Itdoesn'thaveanythingtodowithignorantoptimismwhenanindividualrefusestonoticeaproblem.(總之，積極思考是應(yīng)對(duì)困難時(shí)期和提高個(gè)人生活質(zhì)量的強(qiáng)大而有效的工具。當(dāng)一個(gè)人拒絕注意到一個(gè)問題時(shí)，它與無知的樂觀主義沒有任何關(guān)系)”可知，本句承接上文進(jìn)一步說明一個(gè)人拒絕注意到問題的影響，它與無知的樂觀主義沒有任何關(guān)系，也不會(huì)引起任何嚴(yán)重的情緒不適。故A選項(xiàng)“它也不會(huì)引起任何嚴(yán)重的情緒不適”符合語(yǔ)境，故選A。Passage01（2024·北京海淀·二模）Beingsensitivemeansthatyouareobservant,careful,andthoughtful.Itcanalsomeanyousometimesoverinterpretoroverreacttoperceivedcriticismorjudgment.Ifyoutendtobeahighlysensitiveperson,youaremorelikelytomisreadsignalsfromothers,sensesocialthreats,andstruggletoadapttonewcircumstances.35Thepowerofinsensitivitycanbeinterpretedas“sluggish(遲鈍的)power”.36Forexample,thoseworkingoncomplexresearchprojectswith“sluggishpower”persistwithfocusanddeterminationinthefaceofchallengessuchastightdeadlinesandlimitedresources.Theirresiliencefacilitateseffectiveproblem-solving,ensuringthesuccessfulcompletionoftasksdespiteobstacles.37Thatisoneoftheimportantreasonswhyinsensitivityallowsapersontobettersurviveandadaptinacompetitiveenvironment.Knowingoneselfisdifficult,butknowingoneselfcorrectlyisundoubtedlyanexcellentability—atraitsharedbymanysuccessfulpeople,whoallclearlyknowwheretheirstrengthsare,whattheycando,whattheywant,andwhatdirectiontogo.Practicinginsensitivityinvolvesseveralkeystrategies.Firstly,beassertive.Expressourneedsandopinionspositivelyandwithconfidence.Secondly,adoptaforward-lookingmindset.38Additionally,detachfromexternalinfluences.Avoidexcessiveconcernoverothers’opinionsandspeculationonothers’thoughts.Lastly,managerelationships.Recognizeourpersonalresponsibilitieswhilerespectingothers’boundaries.Don’tinterferewithotherpeople’ssubjectsanddon’tletothersinterferewithourseither.39Onceyoubecomeabit“blunt”andslowdownthepace,youwillfeelmorecomfortable.A．Learntoviewtheproblemastwoparts.B．That’swheretheneedtobeinsensitivecomesfrom.C．Ihopeeveryonecanobtaintheabilitytobeinsensitive.D．Behindinsensitivityisastrongsenseofself-awareness.E．Beingahighlysensitivepersoncancomewithmanychallenges.F．Itimpliestheabilitytocalmlyfacethesetbacksandfirmlymoveforward.G．Focusonlong-termgoalsratherthantheupsanddownsoflifeatthemoment.【答案】35．B36．F37．D38．G39．C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇議論文。文章首先解釋了敏感性的定義和可能帶來的問題，然后轉(zhuǎn)向討論不敏感性的力量，并給出了實(shí)踐不敏感性的策略。35．由上文“Beingsensitivemeansthatyouareobservant,careful,andthoughtful.Itcanalsomeanyousometimesoverinterpretoroverreacttoperceivedcriticismorjudgment.Ifyoutendtobeahighlysensitiveperson,youaremorelikelytomisreadsignalsfromothers,sensesocialthreats,andstruggletoadapttonewcircumstances.(敏感意味著你善于觀察、細(xì)心和深思熟慮。這也可能意味著你有時(shí)會(huì)過度解釋或過度反應(yīng)感知到的批評(píng)或判斷。如果你是一個(gè)高度敏感的人，你更有可能誤讀他人的信號(hào)，感覺到社會(huì)威脅，并努力適應(yīng)新環(huán)境)”可知，這里需要一個(gè)總結(jié)如何應(yīng)對(duì)高度敏感的句子。B選項(xiàng)“That’swheretheneedtobeinsensitivecomesfrom.(這就是麻木不仁的必要性的來源)”能承接上文，符合題意。故選B。36．由上文“Thepowerofinsensitivitycanbeinterpretedas“sluggish(遲鈍的)power”.(不敏感的力量可以解釋為“遲鈍的力量”)”可知，上文提到了“遲鈍的力量”，接下來應(yīng)該解釋這種力量具體意味著什么。F選項(xiàng)“Itimpliestheabilitytocalmlyfacethesetbacksandfirmlymoveforward.(它意味著冷靜面對(duì)挫折并堅(jiān)定前行的能力)”恰當(dāng)?shù)亟忉屃恕斑t鈍力量”的正面含義，即在逆境中的韌性，能承接上文，符合題意。故選F。37．由下文“Thatisoneoftheimportantreasonswhyinsensitivityallowsapersontobettersurviveandadaptinacompetitiveenvironment.Knowingoneselfisdifficult,butknowingoneselfcorrectlyisundoubtedlyanexcellentability—atraitsharedbymanysuccessfulpeople,whoallclearlyknowwheretheirstrengthsare,whattheycando,whattheywant,andwhatdirectiontogo.(這就是為什么不敏感能讓一個(gè)人更好地在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境中生存和適應(yīng)的重要原因之一。認(rèn)識(shí)自己是困難的，但正確地認(rèn)識(shí)自己無疑是一種優(yōu)秀的能力——這是許多成功人士共有的特點(diǎn)，他們都清楚地知道自己的長(zhǎng)處在哪里，自己能做什么，自己想要什么，以及要走的方向)”可知，后文提及自我認(rèn)知能力及成功人士的特點(diǎn)，此處應(yīng)引出不敏感與自我意識(shí)之間的聯(lián)系。D選項(xiàng)“Behindinsensitivityisastrongsenseofself-awareness.(在不敏感的背后是一種強(qiáng)烈的自我意識(shí))”指出不敏感實(shí)際上是基于對(duì)自我的深刻了解，能引起下文，符合題意。故選D。38．由上文“Practicinginsensitivityinvolvesseveralkeystrategies.Firstly,beassertive.Expressourneedsandopinionspositivelyandwithconfidence.Secondly,adoptaforward-lookingmindset.(練習(xí)不敏感包括幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵的策略。首先，要自信。積極自信地表達(dá)我們的需求和意見。第二，樹立前瞻性思維)”可知，該空需要接續(xù)前文關(guān)于前瞻性思維策略的內(nèi)容。G選項(xiàng)“Focusonlong-termgoalsratherthantheupsanddownsoflifeatthemoment.(關(guān)注長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)，而不是當(dāng)下生活的起伏)”正好強(qiáng)調(diào)了如何實(shí)踐前瞻性思維，即忽視短期波動(dòng)，專注于長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃，能承接上文，符合題意。故選G。39．由下文“Onceyoubecomeabit“blunt”andslowdownthepace,youwillfeelmorecomfortable(一旦你變得有點(diǎn)“生硬”，放慢節(jié)奏，你就會(huì)感覺更舒服)”可知，最后一段鼓勵(lì)讀者采納不敏感的態(tài)度，并概述了這樣做的好處。C選項(xiàng)“Ihopeeveryonecanobtaintheabilitytobeinsensitive.(我希望每個(gè)人都能獲得不敏感的能力)”作為總結(jié)性質(zhì)的句子，鼓勵(lì)大家學(xué)會(huì)不敏感，適合放在最后一段段首作為寄語(yǔ)，且能引起下文，符合題意。故選C。Passage02（2024·北京東城·二模）Socrates,Galileo,MarieCurie,Einstein...Whatdidthesegreatthinkershaveincommon?Theyallpracticeddeliberatedoubtanduseditasatooltoimprovetheirthinkingandgeneratecreativeideas.35Itisaboutsuspendingourcertaintyandlettinggoofourpreconceived(先入為主的)notionsinordertoexplorenewideasandperspectives.Whenwe’recertainofsomething,wetendtostoplookingforalternativeexplanationsorpossibilities.36Doubtcan,ofcourse,beunsettling,butitcanalsoresultinagreaterunderstandingofasubjectandinspirefreshthoughtsandinsights.37Butitdoesn’tmeanweshoulduseitallthetime.Whiledeliberatedoubtcanbeavaluabletoolforgeneratingcreativeideasandexploringcomplexproblems,itcanalsobecounterproductiveifitisnotpracticedintherightway.It’simportanttokeepinmindthatdeliberatedoubtisnotconstantdoubt.Ifwe’recontinuouslydoubtingourownideas,we’llbelesslikelytopursuethemandseethemthroughtocompletion.38Wespendsomuchtimedoubtingeverythingandendupnotdoinganything.39Wecanbecomeself-criticalandunsureofourabilities,whichcanundermineourself-esteem.Asaresult,wemaybetooafraidtotrynewthingsortakerisks.Toavoidthesetraps,it’simportanttostrikeabalancebetweendoubtandcertainty,andtousedoubtasatooltostimulatecreativethinkingandexploration,ratherthanasameansofunderminingourselvesorothers.A．Deliberatedoubtcanalsoleadtoalackofconfidence.B．Butwhenwedoubt,we’reforcedt