有關(guān)貨幣金融的英文

有關(guān)貨幣金融的英文演講人：04-07CONTENTSIntroductiontoMonetaryFinanceMonetarySystemandPoliciesBankingandFinancialMarketsMonetaryTheoryandPracticeMonetaryPolicyImplementationChallengesandReformsinMonetaryFinanceIntroductiontoMonetaryFinance01Monetaryfinancereferstothebranchofeconomicsthatdealswiththecreation,management,andregulationofmoneyandotherfinancialassetsItinvolvesthestudyofmonetarysystems,monetarypolicy,andtheroleofmoneyineconomicactivityMonetaryfinancealsoincludesthefinancialmarketsandinstitutionsthatfacilitatetheflowoffundsbetweensaversandinvestorsDefinitionandOverviewMonetaryfinanceiscrucialforeconomicgrowthandstabilityasitaffectsinflation,interestrates,andexchangeratesItplaysavitalroleintheallocationofresources,aswellasinthedistributionofincomeandwealthMonetarypolicy,akeyaspectofmonetaryfinance,isusedbycentralbankstocontrolinflation,stabilizeeconomicgrowth,andpromoteemploymentImportanceofMonetaryFinanceMonetaryfinancehasawidescopethatincludesthestudyofdifferentmonetarysystems,suchasfiatmoney,communitymoney,andrepresentativemoneyItalsocoverstheanalysisoffinancialmarkets,includingstockmarkets,bondmarkets,andforeignexchangemarketsMonetaryfinancefindsapplicationsinvariousfields,suchascorporatefinance,investmentbanking,andinternationalfinanceAdditionally,itisrelevantforindividualsinunderstandingpersonalfinanceandmakinginformeddecisionsaboutsaving,investing,andborrowingScopeandApplicationsMonetarySystemandPolicies02CommodityMoney01Asystemwhereacommoditywithintrinsicvalue,suchasgoldorsilver,isusedasamediumofexchangeFiatMoney02AsystemwheremoneyhasnointrinsicvaluebutisacceptedasamediumofexchangebecauseitisdeclaredlegaltenderbyagovernmentRepresentativeMoney03Asystemwheremoneyreportsaclaimonacommunityorotherasset,suchasgoldcertificatesorbanknotesTypesofMonetarySystemsIssuingcurrency,maintainingthestabilityofthefinancialsystem,andimplementingmonetarypolicyCentralBankFunctionsOpenmarketoperations,reserverequirements,anddiscountratesareusedtocontrolthemoneysupplyandinterestratesMonetaryPolicyToolsPricestability,economicgrowth,andfullemploymentarecommongoalsofmonetarypolicyMonetaryPolicyGoalsCentralBanksandMonetaryPolicyExchangeRateDeterminationExchangeratesaredeterminedbytherelevantvaluesofcurrenciesintheforeignexchangemarket,influencedbyfactorssuchasinterestrates,inflation,andtradebalancesTypesofExchangeRateSystemsFixedexchangerates,floatingexchangerates,andmanagedfloatexchangeratesaredifferentsystemsusedtodeterminethevalueofacurrencyInternationalFinancialMarketsForeignexchangemarkets,internationalbondmarkets,andinternationalstockmarketsarerevenuesforinternationalfinancialtransactionsExchangeRatesandInternationalFinanceBankingandFinancialMarkets03010203BankTypesCentralbanks,commercialbanks,investmentbanks,andretailbankseachhavedistinctrolesandfunctionswithinthefinancialsystemBankOperationsBanksengageinarangeofactivitiesincludingacceptingdeposits,lendingmoney,andprovidingfinancialservicessuchaswealthmanagementandinternationaltransactionsBankRegulationBanksaresubjecttostrictregulationtoensurethestabilityofthefinancialsystemandprotectconsumersfromriskssuchasfraudandinsolvencyStructureandFunctioningofBanksMoneyMarketThemoneymarketiswhereshorttermfinancialinstrumentssuchastreasurybills,commercialpaper,andcertificatesofdepositaretradedCapitalMarketThecapitalmarketiswherelongtermfinancialinstrumentssuchasstocksandbondsareissuedandtradedItprovidescompanieswithaccesstocapitalforexpansionandinvestmentMarketParticipantsParticipantsinmoneyandcapitalmarketsincludeindividuals,institutionssuchasbanksandinsurancecompanies,andgovernmentsMoneyandCapitalMarketsFinancialInstrumentsFinancialinstrumentsareassetsthatcanbetradedandreportedacontractbetweentwopartiesCommontypesincludestocks,bonds,currencies,andcommoditiesDerivativesDerivativesarefinancialcontractsthatderivetheirvaluefromanunderlyingassetsuchasastock,bond,currency,orcommunityTheyareusedforhedgingrisk,speculation,andarbitrationTradingandSettlementFinancialinstrumentsandderivativesaretradedonexchangesoroverthecounter(OTC)andaresettledthroughclearinghousestoensurethesmoothtransferofownershipandfundsFinancialInstrumentsandDerivativesMonetaryTheoryandPractice04KeynesianTheoryofMoneyKeynesiansbelievethatmonetarypolicy,suchaschanginginterestratesorthemoneysupply,canhaveasignificantimpactoneconomicoutputandemploymentImpactofmonetarypolicyKeynesiantheorypositionsthatmoneyplaysacriticalroleineconomicactivity,particularlyintimesofeconomicdownturnsEmphasisontheroleofmoneyintheeconomyThisconceptreferstothedemandformoneybasedonitsliquidityandthepreferenceforholdingcashoverotherassetsLiquiditypreferenceDefinitionofmonetaryneutralityTheideathatchangesinthemoneysupplyhavenorealeffectontherealeconomyinthelongrunArgumentsformonetaryneutralitySomeeconomistsarguethat,inthelongrun,theeconomyalwaysreturnstofullemploymentandthatmoneyonlyaffectsprices,notrealoutputArgumentsagainstmonetaryneutralityOthersarguethatmoneycanhaverealeffectsontheeconomy,specificallyintheshortrun,andthatmonetarypolicycanbeusedtostabilizetheeconomyMonetaryNeutralityDebateDescriptionofMMTMMTisamacroeconomictheorythatemphasizestheroleofthegovernmentandthemonetarysystemintheeconomyGovernmentspendingandmoneycreationMMTpositionsthatthegovernmentcanspendmoneyintotheeconomywithoutfirstcollectingtaxesorborrowingfromtheprivatesectorRoleofthecentralbankInMMT,thecentralbankplaysacriticalroleinmanaginginterestratesandcontrollinginflation,butalsoinsupportingthegovernment'sfinancialpolicyModernMonetaryTheory(MMT)CriticismsofMMTSomeeconomistscriticizeMMTforidentifyingthepotentialinflationsequencesofexcessgovernmentspendingandforreleasingtoomuchhealthontheabilityofthecentralbanktocontrolinflationModernMonetaryTheory(MMT)MonetaryPolicyImplementation05CentralbanksuseopenmarketoperationstobuyandsellgovernmentsecuritiesinordertoinfluencethemoneysupplyandinterestratesCentralbankscanchangethereserverequirementsforbanks,whichaffectstheamountoffundsthatbanksmustholdinreserveandthatamountofmoneyavailableforlendingCentralbankscaninfluenceinterestratesbychangingthediscountrate,whichistheratechargedtobanksforloansfromthecentralbank,andbyinfluencingmarketinterestratesthroughopenmarketoperationsOpenMarketOperationsReserveRequirementsInterestRatesMonetaryPolicyToolsandTechniquesInterestRateChannelChangesininterestratesaffectthecostofborrowingforfirmsandhouses,whichinturnaffectsinvestmentandconsumptiondecisionsExchangeRateChannelChangesininterestratescanaffectexchangerates,whichcanthenaffectthecompetitivenessofexportsandimportsandthataggregatedemandCreditChannelChangesinbanklendingconditionscanaffecttheavailabilityofcredittofirmsandhouses,whichcanthenaffectspendingdecisionsTransmissionMechanismofMonetaryPolicyInflationTargetingCentralbanksoftentargetaspecificrateofinflationasameasureofmonetarypolicyeffectivenessAchievingthetargetrateindicatorsthatthepolicyisworkingasintendedOutputStabilityMonetarypolicycanalsobeevaluatedbasedonitsabilitytostabilizeeconomicoutput,measuredbyindicatorssuchasGDPgrowthorunemploymentratesFinancialstabilityInadditiontoinflationandoutputstability,centralbanksmayalsoconsiderfinancialstabilityasakeyobjectiveofmonetarypolicy,specificallyduringperiodsofeconomicstressorcrisisEvaluationofMonetaryPolicyEffectivenessChallengesandReformsinMonetaryFinance06CollapseofMajorFinancialInstitutionsTheglobalfinancialcrisiswascharacterizedbythefailureofseverallargefinancialinstitutions,whichtriggeredawidespreadlossofconfidenceinthefinancialsystemCreditCrushandReducedLiquidityThecrisisledtoaseveretighteningofcreditconditionsasbanksandotherfinancialinstitutionsbecausemoreriskaverseandlesswillingtolendEconomicDownturnandRisingUnemploymentThefinancialcrisishasaprospectiveimpactontherealeconomy,leadingtoasharpdownturnineconomicactivityandariskinunemploymentGlobalFinancialCrisisandTheirImpactStrengthening