內(nèi)蒙古包頭市第二中學(xué)2025屆高三下學(xué)期聯(lián)考英語試題含解析

內(nèi)蒙古包頭市第二中學(xué)2025屆高三下學(xué)期聯(lián)考英語試題注意事項(xiàng):1．答題前，考生先將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)碼填寫清楚，將條形碼準(zhǔn)確粘貼在條形碼區(qū)域內(nèi)。2．答題時(shí)請(qǐng)按要求用筆。3．請(qǐng)按照題號(hào)順序在答題卡各題目的答題區(qū)域內(nèi)作答，超出答題區(qū)域書寫的答案無效；在草稿紙、試卷上答題無效。4．作圖可先使用鉛筆畫出，確定后必須用黑色字跡的簽字筆描黑。5．保持卡面清潔，不要折暴、不要弄破、弄皺，不準(zhǔn)使用涂改液、修正帶、刮紙刀。第一部分（共20小題，每小題1.5分，滿分30分）1．Sympathyfortherebels,thegovernmentclaimed,isbeginningto______becauseofmoreandmoreharmtheydidtocommonpeople.A．fade B．decline C．fail D．collapse2．________backinhischair,themanbegantotellushisadventuresintheforests.A．SitB．SittingC．TositD．Sat3．—Idroppedbyat6:00pmyesterdaybutfailedtoseeyouatyourhouse.—I________inagymatthattime.A．wasexercisingB．a(chǎn)mexercisingC．haveexercisedD．hadexercised4．Amancanfailmanytimes,heisarealfailurewhenhebeginstoblamesomeoneelse.A．butB．orC．a(chǎn)ndD．so5．--Theweatheristoocold___Marchthisyear.--Itwasstill___whenIcamehereyearsago.A．for;colder B．in;coldC．in;hot D．for;hotter6．Forthefinal______ofourjourney，wedecidedtotakethecoach.A．legB．roundC．distanceD．path7．John______anNBAplayoffgameonTVnow.A．watchesB．watchedC．willwatchD．iswatching8．ThoughwintersinBritainarecoldandthereisusuallysnow,thereare________placesforskiing.A．some B．many C．few D．a(chǎn)few9．Ifyouhaveajob,______yourselftoitandfinallyyou’llsucceed.A．dodevote B．todevoteC．devoting D．devoted10．Shedoesn’tspeakourlanguage,_____sheseemstounderstandwhatwesay．A．for B．a(chǎn)nd C．yet D．or11．—Whatdoyouthinkofthenewly-releasedfilmCapernaum?—Ittouchedmyheartdeeply.ButforyourrecommendationI_________it.A．hadmissed B．wouldmiss C．wouldhavemissed D．musthavemissed12．________they’vemanagedtogeteverythingfinishedsoquicklyisnotcleartous.A．WhichB．WhatC．ThatD．How13．______________totheparty,Nancywasveryupset.A．Havingnotbeeninvited B．NothavinginvitedC．Havingnotinvited D．Nothavingbeeninvited14．—Whataconsequence!—Yes.I________himaboutit,butwithoutsuccess.A．willremindB．wouldremindC．wasremindingD．hadreminded15．—WhendidyoureturnlastFriday?—Itwasnotuntilmidnight______itwasraininghard.A．when B．whichC．that D．before16．—Hey!EveryoneintheofficewasatthedinnerpartyinhonorofMr.Charlesexceptyou.Whathappened?—I______afterMike,mycolleague.Hewasbadlyill.A．havelookedB．waslookingC．wouldlookD．hadlooked17．Thecompanybegantoproducesilkunderwearlastyear,mostof________importedtoEurope.A．itB．themC．thatD．which18．ThefilmMeiLanfang,LiMingplaysthestarringrole,hasagaindrawntheworld’sattentiontoourtraditionalChineseart.A．what B．that C．which D．where19．ManygasesintheatmosphereactuallyheatenergythatescapesfromtheEarth’ssurfacebacktotheearth.A．finding;reflecting B．found;reflectedC．found;toreflect D．found;reflect20．Thinkcarefullybeforeyouanswerquestionsonline.Youmaybe______intogivingawayveryimportantpersonalinformation.A．caught B．a(chǎn)ddictedC．seized D．trapped第二部分閱讀理解（滿分40分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。21．（6分）IdroveataxiforextramoneyeastofTorontothirtyyearsago.EachtimeataxidroveuptothefrontoftheGreenwoodRacetrack,agroupoflocalkidswouldrunalongthesidewalkanglingforpositionbythepassengerdoor.Oneluckykid,orrather,themostaggressiveone,wouldopenthepassengerdoorandsay“Goodluck,Mister!”Themangettingoutofthecabwouldvaguelysaythanksandthrowthekidaquarter.Itwasaroutineeverybodyknew.Throughoutthesummer,onekidcaughtmyeye.Hewasbiggerthanmostofalltheotherkidsbutpushedawaybyeventhesmallest.Henevermadeitbutnevergaveup.Oneday,hischancearrived.AsIwaspullinguptothesidewalk,allthekidswerepushingforacabjustaheadofmine.Theboysawmeandwalkedtowardmytaxi.AsIpositionedthepassengerdoorrightbesidehim,heneverpausedandopenedthepassengerdoor,warmlysaying,“Goodluck,Mister!”Butthemanneithersaidthanksnorflippedhimaquarter.Hepushedhimasidesohardthattheboyfellonthesidewalk.Iknewithurthimbadly.Igotoutinlessthan10seconds,butthemanwasgoneinthecrowd.SoIlookedforthekid.Idecidedtogivehim$20fortheeffort.BythetimeIspottedhimhewasfarupahead,walkingawayintheoppositedirectionthroughthecrowdandhisheadhangingdown.WhenIgotthecabturnedaroundIlostsightofhim.Ineversawhimagain.I’dliketofindhimonedayandtellhimthatifonlyhehadstuckaroundalittlelongerIwouldhavegivenhimawhole$20.Ilearnedfromthiskidthatwhenthingsseemsohopelessthatyouarereadytogiveup,it’sthetimewhenthingsaremostlikelytoturnaroundforyou.1、Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A．Thepassengerwasreadytogiveatiptothekid.B．Theauthorwasaprofessionaltaxidriveratthattime.C．Theluckychildwasthetoughestamongthelocalkids.D．Thedriverwouldworkwithandbenefitfromthosechildren.2、Whydidthekidneversucceedinopeningthepassengerdoor?A．Hewasmodest.B．Hewastheshortest.C．Hemadenoeffort.D．Hepushedhisway.3、Whydidtheauthorgetoutofhistaxi?A．Tocatchupwiththekid.B．Toencouragethedisappointedkid.C．Togivethekidsomemoney.D．Tointendtodemandthetipforthekid.4、Accordingtothepassage,whichgoeswiththeauthor’sintention?A．Nevergiveintodifficulties.B．Sunshinecomesafterastorm.C．Faceuptocompetitions.D．EachroadleadstoRome.22．（8分）TampaBayhasalongandcolorfulhistory,whichislocatedonthewestcoastofFlorida.Andthereareplentyofeventsonholidayseveryyear.ThefollowingarethetopthingstoexperienceinTampaBayoverChristmas.JackieKvanchoThesuperstarexplodedontothenationalsceneafterherfirstperformanceonNBC’sAmerica’sGotTalent,whichleftaudiencesandjudgesatthetalkshowastonishedthatsuchavoicecouldcomefroma10-year-oldgirl.7:2pm,RuthEckerdHall,1111NMcMullen-BoothRoad,Clearwater.$39.50?$89.50.(727)791-7400.HolidayLightsintheCardensStrollthroughthegardenswithmorethan1-milliontwinklylights,lasers.Florida-styledisplays,animatedfigures,visitswithSantaandentertainersliningthepathways.5:2pm,FloridaBotanicalGardens,12520UlmertonRoad.LargoDonationof$4suggested;12andyoungerfree.(727)582-5800.WordierthanThouProseandShortStoryOpenMic:Auniqueopenmicseriesfocusingonstorytelling.Poetryandmusicalperformancesarenotallowed.Theeventincludesaperformancebyafeaturedreaderfollowedbynumerousl0-minuteopenmicslots.7pm,Stucfio@620,620FirstAve.S,St,Petersburg.$5.(727)895-6620.RockapellaChristmasThefive-mancontemporarypopvocalphenomenonsingtakesonclassicholidayfavoritesandbranchneworiginals.7:2pm,CapitolTheatre.405ClevelandSt.,Clearwater.$2?$59.(727)791-7400.HolidayClassicMovieSeriesIt’sAWonderfulLife:EnjoyselectholidayclassicswithasingalongtoholidaycarolsbytheMightyWurlitzerTheatreOrganbeforeeachshow.7:2pm,TampaTheatre,711FranklinSt.,Tampa.$10,$8members/children.(813)274-8982.1、WhatcanwelearnaboutJackieEvancho?A．Sheisasupermusicalstar.B．Shebroadcastsnewsat7:2pmeveryday.C．Shehasaspecialtalentforspeech.D．Shebegantospeakwhenshewas10.2、Whichactivityisadmissionfree?A．RockapellaChristmas.B．HolidayLightsintheGardens.C．HolidayClassicMovieSeries:It’sAWonderfulLife.D．WordierthanThou:ProseandShortStoryOpenMic.3、Whereshouldyougoifyouareastorylover?A．Studio@620.B．CapitolTheatre.C．RuthEckerdHall.D．FloridaBotanicalGardens.4、WhatdoRockapellaChristmasandHolidayClassicMovieSerieshaveincommon?A．TheybothIasifortwohours.B．Theyarefreeforchildrenthere.C．TheyhavespecialmusicforChristmas.D．Theyarebothsingingcompetitions.23．（8分）MydaughterKellyisacautiousperson.Sheneedstowarmuptosituations,andishesitanttotrynewthings.Whenwithclosefriends,shebecomesaleaderwholaughsloudlyandchants,“Girlsrule,boysdrool.”Butwhenthatcomfortzoneisnotaroundher,sheisshyandnervous.Thishasbeenchallengingformeattimes.“Shy”isnotawordthatIthinkhaseverbeenusedtodescribeme.Butthishasbeenayearoffirstsformygirlthathasfilledherwithanewsenseofconfidence.Thisyearshemovedtolaplaneinswimmingwhereshewaspreparingforaswimteam.Thisyearshelearnedtorideabikewithouttrainingwheels.Andthisyearshecompletedherfirstkids’triathlon(三項(xiàng)全能).OnSaturday,withathunderstormcomingsoonandmyson’sbirthdaypartylaterintheday,weallwentoutinthedarkofthemorningforKellytoparticipateinherfirsttriathlon.Wepracticedtransitionsfromswimtobiketorunwithher,wegotalltheequipmentshe’dneed,andwekepttalkingabouttherace.Butaswewaitedthetwohoursfortheolderkidstofinishbeforeherturn,sheheldmylegalittleharderandtoldmeshelovedmeafewtoomanytimes.Shewasnervousbuttryingtokeepittogether.Andthenitwasherturn.Fromthesecondshejumpedintothewater,myheartsoared.MydaughtertransformedintothemostconfidenthumanbeingIhadeverseen.Shedominatedthatswim,crushedthatbikerideandrantothefinishwiththebiggestsmileonherface.IcanhonestlysaythatIneverfeltsoproudofsomeoneinmyentirelife.Itwasn’tbecauseshedidasportoranythinglikethat.ItwasbecauseshewasafraidofsomethingandconqueredthatfearwithconfidenceandafireIhadn’tseenbefore.AlldayIwouldfindmyselfjustlookingoveratherandsmiling.ShemightbewearingthefinalistmedalbutIfeltlikeIwonthatday.Iwonthechancetoseemygirlshine.Shineon,sweetbaby.1、Kellyisnervouswhen________.A．situationsarenewtoherB．shechangesintoaleaderC．sheisawayfromhermomD．boysarearoundher2、WecanknowfromParagraph3________.A．theracebeganintheearlymorningB．thewholefamilygaveKellysupportC．KellywaseagerforherturnintheraceD．Kellypreparedforherbrother’sbirthdayparty3、SeeingKelly’sperformanceintherace,theauthorfelt________.A．excitedandproudB．a(chǎn)nxiousanduneasyC．worriedandhesitantD．curiousandconcerned4、InParagraph5,theunderlinedword“conquered”probablymeans________.A．todefeatsomeoneespeciallyinacompetitionB．tosucceedindealingwithorcontrolsomethingC．tobecomeverypopularorsuccessfulinaplaceD．totakecontrolofacountryoracityanditspeoplebyforce5、Intheendingparagraphstheauthor“feltlikeIwonthatday”becauseKelly_______.A．overcamethefearB．expressedlovetoherC．wonthegoldmedalD．tookpartinthesport24．（8分）Aftershoppingfordealsinstoreson“BlackFriday”,oronlineon“CyberMonday”,Americansandpeopleworldwidearepreparingfornewlypopular“GivingTuesday”.Startingin2012,nowtheglobaleventthatiscelebratedannuallyontheTuesdayafterThanksgivingisthebrainchildof92ndStreetY,aculturalcenterinNewYorkCityandtheUnitedNationsFoundation.Asthenameindicates,GivingTuesdayismeanttorestartthecharitableseasonandthereforeobservedbyraisingfundsforlocalnonprofitsandschools,organizingfoodandclothingdrives,andconductingrandomactsofkindness.In2015,700,000peoplefrom71countriescametogethertodonate$116.7millionincash.Anadditional$1.08millionwasspentongifts.Whiletheeasiestwaytoparticipateisbydonatingtoyourfavoritecharity,thisdaycanbecelebratedinmanyotherwaystoo.Youcangivebackbyvolunteeringatyourlocalshelterorfoodbank,orevenbydonatingblood.Ifallelsefails,apurchasefromthegrowingnumberoforganizationsthatgiveaportionoftheirsalestocharitywilldothetrick.Butperhapsthebestwaytocelebratethedayisbyhelpingthosenearestanddearesttoyou.Assistafamilymemberwithasimplechorelikefoldinglaundry,cookingdinner,orevenreadingtoayoungersibling.Nomatterwhatyoudo,besuretoshareyourgooddeedonsocialmediaandinspireotherstocelebrateGivingTuesdayaswell!1、Whichofthefollowinghastheshortesthistory?A．GivingTuesday.B．BlackFriday.C．ThanksgivingDay.D．CyberMonday.2、What’sthemainpurposeof“GivingTuesday”?A．TomakeThanksgivingDayenjoyable.B．Toencouragemorepeopletodocharities.C．Togetvoluntaryworkbetterknown.D．Topersuademorepeopletoshoponline.3、Whydoestheauthoradvisesharinggooddeedsonsocialmedia?A．Tokeeparecordofone’sexperience.B．Tohelppeoplemakenewfriends.C．TomakeGivingTuesdaymorepopular.D．Todonatemoneytolocalschools.4、Whichsectionofawebsitedoesthetextprobablycomefrom?A．Lifestyle.B．Education.C．Culture.D．Business.25．（10分）Losingawalletisoneofthosecarelessactsmostofushavecomeacross,atsomepointortheotherinourlives.Whilemostofustendtomoveonaftermourningoverthelostnecessities,thereareafewluckyoneswhogetthemback,withthehelpofthepoliceorthegenerosityofthepersonwhofindsit.AndthenthereisHunterShamatt,whonotonlygotbackhiswalletbutwithsomeaddedhappinessthatwastaggedalong!Hunterwasonhiswaytoattendhissister’sweddingonaLasVegas-boundflightwhenherealizedthathehasmisplacedhiswallet,sometimeduringthejourney.Hunter’sfamilyreachedouttotheFrontierflighttoenquireifsomeonehadhandeditovertothem.Unfortunately,therewasnosignofthemissingwallet.Butwait.Thestorywasfarfromover.JustaweekafterHunter’ssister’swedding,hereceivedapackageinhismail.Andguesswhat?Therewashiswallet!Surprisingly,thewalletwasnottheonlythingthatwasinsidethepackage.ItalsohadahandwrittennoteforHunterwhichturnedouttobeabonus!Thepieceofpaperread,“Hunter,FoundthisonaFrontierflightfromOmahatoDenver—row12,seatFwedgedbetweentheseatandwall.Thoughtyoumightwantitback.Allthebest.P.S.Iroundedyourcashuptoaneven$100,soyoucouldcelebrategettingyourwalletback.HAVEFUN!!!”Movedbythetouchinggesture,Hunter’smom,JeannieShamatt,decidedtowriteapostonFacebookgivingadetaileddescriptionoftheincident.Shealsourgedeveryonetosharethepostasshewouldliketomeetandgreetthepersonbehindtheactofkindness,personally.Now,thankstotheastonishingpowerofsocialmedia,thepostfinallyreachedthemanbehindthenote.ThemanwasidentifiedasToddBrownanditwasoneofhisco-workerswhomadesureJeannieShamatt’spostreacheshiscolleague.JeannieturnedtoFacebookagaintothankBrownandhisfamilyforrestoringherfaithinhumanity.“Itrytoteachmychildrentodotherightthingsinlife,helppeoplewhenyoucanregardlessoftheoutcome.Thisstoryismoreaboutrestoringfaithinpeoplethananything.Wehearalotofbadnewsbutnotenoughgoodnews.IpersonallywanttothankToddBrownandhiswifeforrestoringfaiththatthereareamazingpeopleoutthere.”1、HowdidHunterShamattgethiswalletback?A．ToddBrownsentitback.B．Thepolicemaileditback.C．Hefoundthewalletbyhimself.D．TheFrontierflighthelpedhimgetitback.2、Whatthingswerefoundinthepackage?A．Awalletandatag. B．Awalletandanote.C．Anoteandatag. D．Amailandatag.3、HowdidHunter’smomfeelafterreceivingthepackage?A．Touched. B．Uninterested.C．Satisfied. D．Confused.4、Whatdoestheauthorintendtoconvey?A．Friendship. B．Freedom.C．Kindness. D．Justice.第三部分語言知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分30分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)．26．（30分）Afewdaysago,mysisterLizandItalkedaboutDad,andwedecidedtogethimalittlesomethingforFather'sDay.Wetalkedaboutthetimeswhenwewere1upandhowMomandDadusedtoplaythe‘goodcop,badcop’thingonus.Dadhasbeenapersonoffewwordssincewewere2.Heraisedusmoreby3thananythingelse.Whenhespoke,thoughwelistened,hewasalwaysmysteriousanddifficulttounderstand.Therewasalwaysa(n)4meaningthatInevergot,butLizalways5todecipher(破解)him.BythetimeIgottohighschool,IhadwantedaskateboardandI6Iwastoooldtoaskmoneyfrommyparents,soIworkedataburgerjoint(美式漢堡店).Oneday,Iwasreallyangryaboutannoyingburgers.Icamehomehuffingandpuffing(氣喘吁吁).Dadsawmeandaskedmewhatwasthe7ItoldhimthatIwasfedupwithannoyingburgers.Hesaidthatweallhavetostartsomewhere,thatwemaynotknowitnow,buttheskillswelearneveninaburgerjointmightcomeinhandy______inlife,‘Whoknows,youmightenduphavingtoruna8orevenownonewhenyougrowup,’saidDad.He9medownandIkeptwhathesaidinmind,eventhoughIreallydidn’tagreewithit.Acoupleofyearslater,whenIgottocollege,Iworkedinarestaurant.Duringoneofthereally10daysthatwehad,wewereshortonkitchenstaff.Ourcustomersweregettingimpatientandthe11weregettingdelayed.Weweresureanyminutesomethingterriblewould12out.Icouldn’tstandthe13anymore,soIrolledupmysleeves,gotmyselfahairnetandhelpedoutinthehotkitchen.Wecaughtupwiththeorders14TheownersawwhatIdidandcalledmeoveraround15time.Hesaidthathewasvery16HeraisedmysalaryandmademetheassistantmanagereventhoughIcouldonlygopart-time.Thatwas17Irealizedthatwhatmydadsaidtomeallthoseyearsbeforewasabsolutelytrue.I’veneverforgottenwhatmydadsaidthatday.AndwheneverIhavetodosomethingthatrequiresnewskills,nomatterhowinsignificantor18itseems,Ihaveanewperspective(看法)thatitmightreallyhelpmelateronorevenrightnowandIjustdon’tknowit.Experienceiseverythingandit19alotwhenyoutakelessonsfromit.That’smylife’sphilosophy.1、A．getting B．going C．growing D．coming2、A．schoolboys B．kids C．a(chǎn)dults D．graduates3、A．instruction B．example C．order D．inspiration4、A．obvious B．clear C．reasonable D．hidden5、A．failed B．refused C．tried D．managed6、A．imagined B．promised C．believed D．suggested7、A．experience B．matter C．event D．a(chǎn)ccident8、A．later B．sooner C．latter D．late9、A．restaurant B．hospital C．school D．plant10、A．calmed B．wrote C．1et D．put11、A．exciting B．worrying C．busy D．happy12、A．meetings B．parties C．menus D．orders13、A．break B．show C．go D．set14、A．quarrel B．1aziness C．relaxation D．tension15、A．eventually B．regularly C．obviously D．thankfully16、A．breakfast B．1unch C．opening D．closing17、A．influenced B．interested C．inspired D．impressed18、A．when B．why C．whether D．where19、A．important B．impressive C．interesting D．small20、A．works B．counts C．shows D．studies第二節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。27．（15分）There'snoelectricity1．water.However,onethingisforsure,I’vebecomemoreimaginativeinmyteaching.Scienceismymost2．(challenge)subjectasmystudentshavenoconceptofdoingexperiments.Infact,thereisno3．(equip),andifIneedwater,Ihavetocarryitfrommyhousein4．bucket!TheotherdayI5．(show)theboystheweeklychemistryexperimentwhen,beforeIknewit,themixturewasbubblingovereverywhere.SometimesIwonder6．relevantchemistryistothesestudents,mostof7．willbegoingbacktotheirvillagesafterYear8anyway.Tombe'sfather,Mukap,ledustohishouse,alowbamboohutwithgrass8．(stick)outoftheroof—thisshowsitisaman’shouse.Therewerenowindowsandthedoorwaywasjustbigenoughtogetthrough.Thehutwasdarkinsidesoittooktimeforoureyes9．(adjust).Freshgrasshadbeenlaidonthefloorandtherewasanewly10．(make)platformforJennyandmetosleepon.第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)短文改錯(cuò)（滿分10分）28．（10分）假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)（∧），并在其下面寫出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞；2.只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計(jì)分。Theotherday,someofmyclassmatesandItookabicycletripalongthe“RenminRoad”,wherewasspeciallybuiltforpeopletorelaxourselves.Thesceneryalongtheroadwasfascinating,withtrees,flowers,hillsandlakesonbothside.Westoppedbyalakeforarest,whereagoodmanyofpeoplewereplayinghappily.Butsomethingunpleasantcatchourattention,Therewasrubbishhereorthere,andthereweremanyplasticbagsandbottlesfloatedonthesurfaceofthelake.Suchbeautifulplacewassoseriouspolluted.Whatashame!Intheend,wecouldn’thelpcollectingtherubbishafterweleft.第二節(jié)書面表達(dá)（滿分25分）29．（25分）高中生活已經(jīng)開始了！假定你是李華，請(qǐng)你寫一封信給你的美國(guó)朋友David，信中需表達(dá)以下要點(diǎn)：1．介紹開學(xué)的所見所感（校園環(huán)境、同學(xué)關(guān)系、學(xué)習(xí)問題……）；2.今后的目標(biāo)和努力方向……。注意：1.詞數(shù)不少于100字。2.行文應(yīng)連貫，內(nèi)容應(yīng)完整，可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮。_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________