高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題常見(jiàn)的干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置

PAGEPAGE10高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題常見(jiàn)的干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置閱讀理解干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置其實(shí)有一定的規(guī)律可循，如果做題時(shí)能夠把握干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)，準(zhǔn)確捕捉選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤信息點(diǎn)或不合題目要求的信息點(diǎn)，迅速排除干擾項(xiàng)，對(duì)提高解題的準(zhǔn)確率必將起到事半功倍的作用。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，閱讀理解中干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置手法體現(xiàn)在下列幾個(gè)原則：1．包含項(xiàng)原則在答案選項(xiàng)分析中，假如對(duì)A選項(xiàng)的理解概括了對(duì)其它三項(xiàng)(或其中某一項(xiàng))的理、解，那么我們就說(shuō)選項(xiàng)A與其他三項(xiàng)是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項(xiàng)A往往就是正確答案。如在“花”與“玫瑰”兩選項(xiàng)中，正確答案肯定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰,因?yàn)槊倒蹇隙ㄊ腔?，但花并不一定是玫瑰。Livinginaresidencehall（學(xué)生宿舍）carriescertainobligation.（義務(wù)）.Youhavetobeconsiderateofothers,especiallyduringstudyhours.Telephonecallsandvisitsbyfriendsshouldbeshort.Youhavetocooperateinkeepingtheroomassanitary（衛(wèi)生）aspossible.Itissometimeshardtobetolerant（容忍的）ofanotherperson’shabitsthatmaydifferfromyourown.Q:Whatmustyoulearntobetolerantofifyouliveinadormitory?A.Yourroommate’stelephonecallsB.HabitsthatmaydifferfromyourownC.Visitsbyyourroommate’sfriendsD.Roommateswhoareunsanitary【原文題意】:住學(xué)生宿舍要受一些約束。你必須要考慮他人習(xí)慣，特別是在學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)間。打電話及接待朋友來(lái)訪的時(shí)間盡量要短。你還得齊心協(xié)力與室友盡可能保持好寢室衛(wèi)生。有時(shí)候你是很難容忍別人不同的生活習(xí)慣?！簜€(gè)案解析』：從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)分析中我們可以看出，選項(xiàng)B“與你不同的生活習(xí)慣”其實(shí)就包含并概括了其他三選項(xiàng)，即A室友的電話、C室友的朋友來(lái)訪、D室友不愛(ài)衛(wèi)生，這些都是你不能接受的生活習(xí)慣。如果我們可以選A、C、D任一選項(xiàng)，那么B也可以選，但正確答案只有一個(gè)，所以我們只能選B。Q:Thethreeexamplesarecitedtoshowthat______.

A.QuitsmokingisnecessaryB.HealthyhabitsbenefitourhealthC.Fruitsandvegetablesarebetterthanmilk

D.Weshoulddrinkmorewatereveryday.『個(gè)案解析』：答案為B。顯而易見(jiàn)，B為包含項(xiàng)，概括了A、C、D三項(xiàng)，即“quitsmoking,havemorefruitsandvegetablesanddrinkmorewater”都是“Healthyhabits”。Q:Inthebuildingoftheraillines,______.A.moreequipmentmadeinChinashouldbeusedB.moreimportedequipmentshouldbeusedC.moreexportedequipmentshouldbeusedD.moreequipmentusedininfrastructure（基礎(chǔ)）projectsshouldbeused『個(gè)案解析』：正確答案為A。選項(xiàng)A命題（應(yīng)該使用更多的國(guó)產(chǎn)設(shè)備）包含了選項(xiàng)C命題（應(yīng)該使用更多的出口設(shè)備），因?yàn)槌隹谠O(shè)備本身就意味著它是國(guó)產(chǎn)設(shè)備。包含項(xiàng)原則預(yù)示：選項(xiàng)中內(nèi)容全面、概況性強(qiáng)的，往往是正確答案。2．正反項(xiàng)原則所謂正反項(xiàng)，是指兩選項(xiàng)陳述的命題完全相矛盾。根據(jù)形式邏輯排中律知識(shí)：兩個(gè)相互矛盾的判斷不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以在閱讀理解中，假如四選項(xiàng)中A、B互為正反項(xiàng)，那我們通常先排除C、D項(xiàng)，正確答案一般在A、B項(xiàng)當(dāng)中取其一。Theyfeeltheyarepoorlistenerswhentheythinkaboutsomethingelsewhiletheotheristalkingorwhentheyaretired,ornotinterestedinwhatsheorheistalkingabout.Mostpeoplelistenonlywiththeirears.Q:Accordingtothepassage,listeningonlywithearsmayhappentouswhen____A.weareemotionallytired

B.wearephysicallydisabledC.wearesointerestedinthetopic

D.weareaskedmanyquestions【原文題意】:當(dāng)他們心不在焉,感到厭倦,或?qū)λ?她談?wù)摰脑掝}不感興趣的時(shí)候，他們就會(huì)覺(jué)得自己不是一個(gè)好的聽(tīng)眾了。他們大多數(shù)人僅僅是用耳朵而非用心去聽(tīng)?！簜€(gè)案解析』：四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，A與C陳述互相矛盾,互為正反項(xiàng)。我們什么時(shí)候不會(huì)用心去聽(tīng)?A我們情緒厭倦的時(shí)候，C我們對(duì)話題很感興趣的時(shí)候。顯然這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)是矛盾正反判斷，只有一個(gè)而且必有一個(gè)是真，所以我們可以先排除B、D選項(xiàng)，然后再結(jié)合我們下文將要提及的常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則，可以把答案確定為A。再看一例：Themainproblemisthatourneighborworldsappeartobeunsuitableforadvancedlifeforms.Themoonmaybethecasefirst,ithashardlyanyatmosphere.Venusislittlebetter,butthesurface’stemperatureisveryhigh.Marswiththinatmosphereandlittlewatercannotsupportthelivingnecessityoftheanimals.Q:ThereisunlikelyanylifeonVenusbecause______.A.ithasverythinatmosphere

B.thesurfacetemperatureistoohotC.theweatheristoocoldD.itisextremelyshortofwater『個(gè)案解析』：B項(xiàng)（表面溫度太熱）與C項(xiàng)（氣候太寒冷）語(yǔ)義相反互為正反項(xiàng)。根據(jù)正反項(xiàng)原則，可以排除A、D項(xiàng)，然后在B、C項(xiàng)中選其一，這樣，考生至少可以在不看原文的前提下把答案的命中率從25%提高到50％。其實(shí)，此題為細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)原文第三句，我們可以把答案確定為B。正反項(xiàng)原則預(yù)示:陳述內(nèi)容或基調(diào)完全相反的兩選項(xiàng)往往有一個(gè)是正確答案。3．委婉項(xiàng)原則所謂委婉，這里是指說(shuō)話不能說(shuō)死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項(xiàng)中語(yǔ)氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項(xiàng)一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)，如：probably,possibly,

may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition，tendto，beliableto等等，而含有絕對(duì)語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)往往不是正確答案，如：must,always,never,themost,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。Q:Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,____.A.theuseofwaterisacompletelynewconceptB.theseahasalreadylongbeenusedasawayofpowerC.waterisasourceofenergyfarmoreeconomicalthananyotherenergiesD.water,ifproperlyhandled,maypresentapromisingsolutiontoenergycrisis.『個(gè)案解析』：很明顯，根據(jù)委婉原則，正確答案應(yīng)該為D,其他三項(xiàng)都含有過(guò)于肯定語(yǔ)氣的詞，如：completely,hasalready,farmorethananyother。而選項(xiàng)D比較委婉，if分詞短語(yǔ)使說(shuō)話留有余地，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may使語(yǔ)氣相對(duì)平緩。再如：Q:Theopinionofthewriteristhat____.A.theremaybeotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseB.thereareotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseC.peoplelivingontheeartharealmostcertainlytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverseD.peoplelivingontheeartharedefinitelytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverse『個(gè)案解析』：答案為A。根據(jù)委婉項(xiàng)原則，我們先可以把含有絕對(duì)語(yǔ)氣詞almost，certainly，definitely，theonly的C、D項(xiàng)先排除，對(duì)比A、B項(xiàng)，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)A項(xiàng)與B項(xiàng)所表達(dá)意思相近，但A項(xiàng)含有推測(cè)情態(tài)詞may，使得它所表述的語(yǔ)氣比B項(xiàng)更委婉，所以答案應(yīng)該為A項(xiàng)。Q:Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Workinghardisabasicrequirementofallemployees.B.GoodwritingskillsalonehelpyousucceedinanyfieldC.TheonlyqualificationforgettinghiredbyacompanyisgoodcommunicationskillsD.Whiletheimportanceofone’sabilitytocommunicateincreases,hisprofessionalbackgroundmaybecomeincreasinglylessimportant.『個(gè)案解析』：答案：D。選項(xiàng)A（工作努力是對(duì)所有員工最起碼的要求）；選項(xiàng)B（單憑好的寫作技能可使你在任何領(lǐng)域取得成功）、C（被聘任上的唯一條件就是要有良好的表達(dá)技能）都過(guò)于絕對(duì)化；選項(xiàng)D（當(dāng)交流表達(dá)能力重要性上升時(shí)，專業(yè)技術(shù)背景的重要性就可能會(huì)相應(yīng)降低）中“may”表推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使語(yǔ)氣較為平緩，所以有可能是正確答案。4．同形項(xiàng)原則幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)如存在形式與結(jié)構(gòu)上的相似，那它們就互為同形項(xiàng)。同形項(xiàng)組可喻為高爾夫球場(chǎng)上的“果嶺”，而正確答案就是果嶺上的“球洞”。命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個(gè)大命題范圍，然后通過(guò)語(yǔ)言形式的細(xì)微變化來(lái)考察考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項(xiàng)原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項(xiàng)一般存在有正確答案。Thedevelopmentofrapidtransitraillinesincitiesshouldparallel(與……平行)localeconomicdevelopmentandblindconstructionofsuchlinesshouldbeavoided…Itstressedthattheamountofdomesticallymadeequipmentusedinsuchinfrastructureprojectsneedstobeincreased.Q:Therapid-transitraillinesshould______.A.developasquicklyaspossibleB.developwithlocaleconomicdevelopmentC.developafterlocaleconomicdevelopmentD.developwiththeconstructionindustry『個(gè)案解析』：答案為B。經(jīng)語(yǔ)言形式與結(jié)構(gòu)分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)B、C選項(xiàng)形式與結(jié)構(gòu)相似（僅with與after一詞之差）為同形項(xiàng)，所以可先試著排除A、D。再結(jié)合常識(shí)（常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則/下文）：高速路軌的建設(shè)應(yīng)該與地方經(jīng)濟(jì)互相促進(jìn)、同步發(fā)展，最終確定答案為B。檢驗(yàn)：根據(jù)原文中的“parallel”（與…平行）可以確定上述分析結(jié)果正確。5.張冠李戴原則即把文章作者的觀點(diǎn)與他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆起來(lái)，題干問(wèn)的是作者的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的卻是他人的觀點(diǎn)；或者題干問(wèn)的是他人的觀點(diǎn)，卻把作者的觀點(diǎn)放到選項(xiàng)中去。或者是選項(xiàng)的答案并非是題干中主語(yǔ)的行為或觀點(diǎn)，而是文中其他人物的行為或觀點(diǎn)。First,employersshouldtaketheresponsibilityfortheirretiredemployees.Tomakethispossible,apercentageofprofitsshouldbesetasideforthispurpose.Anotherwayofsolvingtheproblemistoreturntheresponsibility,totheindividual.Thismeanseachpersonmustsaveduringhisworkingyearstopayforhisyearsofretirement.Inaddition,thegovernmentcouldtakeresponsibilityforthecareoftheelderly.Thiscouldbefinancedthroughgovernmenttaxestoincreasethelevelofpensions.Q:Accordingtothepassage,howcanthegovernmenthelpimprovelivesofretiredpeople?A.Setasidesomeprofitstohelppeoplewithproblemsaftertheyretire.B.Increasesavingslevelsofpeopleduringtheirworkingyears.C.Increasethediscountsforfoodandtransportfortheold.D.Makeavailablepensionsforthosewhohaveretired.『個(gè)案解析』：從上述節(jié)選的文段我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)A是employers該做的，選項(xiàng)B是theindividual應(yīng)做的，選項(xiàng)C屬于無(wú)中生有，只有選項(xiàng)D符合題目的要求，是government應(yīng)采取的措施。再如，在介紹科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)或新科研成果時(shí)，把可能當(dāng)作現(xiàn)實(shí)，把可能出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題設(shè)置為已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題，把未然當(dāng)作已然。Mobilephoneuserswillbeabletochangetheirdeviceswirelesslyforthefirsttimefrom2012.Fuhitsu,theJapanesetechnologycompany,hascreatedasystemabletochargemultipleportableelectronicdevicessuchasmobilephones,digitalcamerasandlaptopcomputerswithouttheneedforcableconnections.Q：Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Thesystemchargeswirelessatadistanceofseveralkilometers.B.Repeateduseofplug-inbatteriesdoesnoharmtocellphones.C.Wirelessrechargingtechnologyisavailableatmosttrainstations.D.Chargingpositionsvarydependingondifferentportabledevices.『個(gè)案解析』：本題答案為D。干擾項(xiàng)C運(yùn)用了“故意夸張法”，它的干擾因素就是把可能當(dāng)作現(xiàn)實(shí)，把無(wú)線充電在2012年的可能性理解為現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成功地在很多的火車站使用。文中的“Mobilephoneuserswillbeabletochangetheirdeviceswirelesslyforthefirsttimefrom2012.”“ScientistsatFujitsuLaboratoriesareplanningtocommerciallysellproductswiththenewwirelesschargingsystemasearlyas2012”實(shí)際上都是將來(lái)時(shí)，而不是已經(jīng)成功地投入使用了。6.偷梁換柱原則干擾項(xiàng)用了與原文相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分相似的單詞，卻在不易引人注意的地方換了幾個(gè)詞匯，造成句意的改變。例如，LOSANGELES—HearttroubleiskeepingElizabethTaylorhospitalizedinLosAngelesforsometime,butherpublicistsaysthe78-year-oldactressisOKandhasbeenvisitingwithfamilyandfriends.TaylorspokeswomanSallyMorrisonsaidinastatementTuesdaythatthetwo-timeOscarwinneriscomfortableatCedars-SinaiQ：WhatcanweknowaboutElizabethTaylorfromthenews?A.Shehasbeensufferingfromheartillnessforsomeyears.B.Shewillgobackhomeinadayortwo.C.Sheisfeelingquitewellinhospital.D.ShewillreceiveherOscarAwardinthehospital.『個(gè)案解析』：此題中的答案C就是屬于偷梁換柱的選項(xiàng)，此選項(xiàng)與原文的第二段的第一句的后半部分，...thetwo-timeOscarwinneriscomfortable與Sheisfeelingquitewellinhospital有部分相近的意思,但把comfortable偷換成了feelingquitewell，意思上還是有區(qū)別的。故根據(jù)第三節(jié)第一句話Taylorisbeingtreatedforsymptomsofheartfailure,aconditionsherevealedinNovember，所以正確答案為A。7．望文生義原則這一干擾方法一般用于對(duì)句子或詞語(yǔ)含義的考查，即利用某個(gè)詞或句子的字面意義代替目前定語(yǔ)境中的具體意義。例如：Astudyinvolving8,500teenagersfromallsocialbackgroundsfoundthatmostofthemareignorantwhenitcomestomoney.Thefindings,thefirstinaseriesofreportsfromNatWestthathasstartedafive-yearresearchprojectintoteenagersandmoney,areparticularlyworryingasthisgenerationofyoungpeopleislikelytobeburdenedwithgreaterdebtsthananybefore.Universitytuitionfees(學(xué)費(fèi))arecurrentlycappedat￡3,000annually,butthiswillbereviewednextyearandtheGovernmentisunderenormouspressuretoraisetheceiling.Q：Thephrase“toraisetheceiling”inparagraph2probablymeans“______”.A.toraisethestudentsloansB.toimprovetheschoolfacilitiesC.toincreasetheupperlimitofthetuitionD.tolifetheschoolbuildingroofs『個(gè)案解析』：一看到ceiling這個(gè)詞同學(xué)們可能立即會(huì)想到“天花板，頂棚；最高限度，上限”這些含義，這樣就會(huì)不自覺(jué)中將答案限定在了B、D中，而在短文theGovernmentisunderenormouspressure這一語(yǔ)境中ceiling顯然指的是“最高限度，上限”，故答案應(yīng)在A、C中，再根據(jù)本文是講的政府部門對(duì)學(xué)生提供貸款而不是學(xué)費(fèi)，故正確答案為A。8.無(wú)中生有原則干擾項(xiàng)往往是生活的基本常識(shí)和普遍接受的觀點(diǎn)，但在原文中并無(wú)相關(guān)的信息支持點(diǎn)，這種選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置往往與問(wèn)題的設(shè)問(wèn)毫不相干。此外，干擾項(xiàng)也可能就是與所閱讀的文章內(nèi)容沒(méi)有任何聯(lián)系。例如，Inthefirstcase,whenwedon’ttelltheclerk,acoupleofthingswouldhappen.Deepdowninsidewewouldknowourselvesasatypeofthief.Intheprocess,wewouldlosesomepeaceofmindandself-respect...Q：Theauthorthinksthatkeepingsilentabouttheunchargeditemisequalto_______.A.lyingB.stealingC.cheatingD.advertising『個(gè)案解析』：此題中的選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)C就是屬于我們生活中普遍接受的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為在商店拿了東西卻沒(méi)有付款是“說(shuō)謊”或“欺騙”，但原文中卻用了“atypeofthief”,所以答案應(yīng)是B。9．魚目混珠原則這種干擾法常用于考查文章有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)的題目中，即選項(xiàng)中表達(dá)的意思正誤并存，而且錯(cuò)誤只是局部有誤。甚至干擾項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的意思根本就沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤，只是內(nèi)容不完整、不全面罷了，嚴(yán)格起來(lái)講，后面這個(gè)情況在沒(méi)有最佳答案項(xiàng)的情況下可以被選作正確答案。例如，...Lastweek,JangreleasedhernewalbumDreamofAsia.TheleadingtrackontheCDisOurDream,aduetdedicatedtotheBeijingOlympics.Q：Theunderlinedpart“dedicatedto”inPara2probablymeans________A.especiallyintendedfor

B.devotedtoC.showingherpersonalcharmto

D.makinggreatprogressin『個(gè)案解析』：選項(xiàng)B看起來(lái)好像與dedicatedto有密切的關(guān)系，如不加以分析，僅是望文生義的話，那么，我們就會(huì)掉進(jìn)命題者為我們?cè)O(shè)置的陷阱里。其實(shí)，由前文aduet和后文theBeijingOlympics的意思，我們不難猜測(cè)“dedicatedto”應(yīng)該是aduet是特別為奧運(yùn)會(huì)所設(shè)計(jì)的，答案應(yīng)為A。10．偷換概念原則這種干擾方法的命題思路是，在對(duì)原文進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換或解釋的過(guò)程中，通過(guò)改變一些詞匯或表達(dá)方法，使改變后的意思與原文意思發(fā)生微妙或較大的改變。WhofirstconceivedtheideaoftheFestivalofHongKong?Towhomdidhepropose?Howdidheconvinceothersofthefeasibilityofsuchafestival?HowwastheFestivaltoldtothepeopleofthe“PearloftheOrient”?Putitinanotherway:whatpurposedidthefestivalserve?Thepurpose,asstatedinthenewspaperwasadoubleone:togiveHongKongpeopleasenseofsecurityafterthedisturbanceof1967andtomakeyoungpeopleandworkingpeopleawareoftheneedforabitoffunandenjoymentinthegrindingworkoftheirdailylives.Q:ThepurposeoftheFestivalofHongKongis________.A.tofurnishnewspaperwithnews

B.toattracttouristsfromabroadC.toprovidereliefforworkers

D.toenablepeopletorealizethatlifei