管理信息系統(tǒng)（第11版）課件：Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems

EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsSTUDENTOBJECTIVESEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsWhatethical,social,andpoliticalissuesareraisedbyinformationsystems?Whatspecificprinciplesforconductcanbeusedtoguideethicaldecisions?WhydocontemporaryinformationsystemstechnologyandtheInternetposechallengestotheprotectionofindividualprivacyandintellectualproperty?Howhaveinformationsystemsaffectedeverydaylife?VIDEOCASESANDLEARNINGTRACKSEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsLearningTracksDevelopingaCorporateCodeofEthicsforITVideoCasesCase1:WhatNetNeutralityMeansforYouCase2:FacebookPrivacyCase3:DataMiningforTerroristsandInnocentsInstructionalVideo1:ViktorMayerSch?nbergeronTheRighttoBeForgottenContentPiratesSailtheWebProblem:PiratedcontentcoststheU.S.economy$58billionayear,includinglostjobsandtaxes.Solutions:SearchenginealgorithmstopreventpiratedcontentappearingonsearchenginesCrawlersfindpiratedcontentandnotifycontentusers.NewproductsandservicestocompetewiththeappealofpiratedcontentEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsContentPiratesSailtheWebNBCusescrawlerstofindunauthorizedcontentandblockvideosonYouTube;InternetserviceprovidersslowWebaccessandenforcepenaltiesfordownloaders.DemonstratesIT’sroleinbothenablingandpreventingcontentpiracyIllustratesthevalueofnewIT-enabledproductstocountertheappealofpiratedcontent.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsContentPiratesSailtheWebEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsUnderstandingEthicalandSocialIssuesRelatedtoSystemsRecentcasesoffailedethicaljudgmentinbusinessBarclay’sBank,GlaxoSmithKlineInmany,informationsystemsusedtoburydecisionsfrompublicscrutinyEthicsPrinciplesofrightandwrongthatindividuals,actingasfreemoralagents,usetomakechoicestoguidetheirbehaviorsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsUnderstandingEthicalandSocialIssuesRelatedtoSystemsInformationsystemsandethicsInformationsystemsraisenewethicalquestionsbecausetheycreateopportunitiesfor:Intensesocialchange,threateningexistingdistributionsofpower,money,rights,andobligationsNewkindsofcrimeEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsAModelforThinkingAboutEthical,Social,andPoliticalIssuesUnderstandingEthicalandSocialIssuesRelatedtoSystemsSocietyasacalmpondITasrockdroppedinpond,creatingripplesofnewsituationsnotcoveredbyoldrulesSocialandpoliticalinstitutionscannotrespondovernighttotheseripples—itmaytakeyearstodevelopetiquette,expectations,lawsRequiresunderstandingofethicstomakechoicesinlegallygrayareasEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsUnderstandingEthicalandSocialIssuesRelatedtoSystemsFigure4-1Theintroductionofnewinformationtechnologyhasarippleeffect,raisingnewethical,social,andpoliticalissuesthatmustbedealtwithontheindividual,social,andpoliticallevels.Theseissueshavefivemoraldimensions:informationrightsandobligations,propertyrightsandobligations,systemquality,qualityoflife,andaccountabilityandcontrol.TheRelationshipAmongEthical,Social,PoliticalIssuesinanInformationSocietyEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsFiveMoralDimensionsoftheInformationAgeInformationrightsandobligationsPropertyrightsandobligationsAccountabilityandcontrolSystemqualityQualityoflifeUnderstandingEthicalandSocialIssuesRelatedtoSystemsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsKeyTechnologyTrendsThatRaiseEthicalIssuesDoublingofcomputerpowerMoreorganizationsdependoncomputersystemsforcriticaloperationsRapidlydecliningdatastoragecostsOrganizationscaneasilymaintaindetaileddatabasesonindividualsNetworkingadvancesandtheInternetCopyingdatafromonelocationtoanotherandaccessingpersonaldatafromremotelocationsaremucheasierUnderstandingEthicalandSocialIssuesRelatedtoSystemsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsKeyTechnologyTrendsThatRaiseEthicalIssuesAdvancesindataanalysistechniquesProfilingCombiningdatafrommultiplesourcestocreatedossiersofdetailedinformationonindividualsNonobviousrelationshipawareness(NORA)CombiningdatafrommultiplesourcestofindobscurehiddenconnectionsthatmighthelpidentifycriminalsorterroristsMobiledevicegrowthTrackingofindividualcellphonesUnderstandingEthicalandSocialIssuesRelatedtoSystemsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsUnderstandingEthicalandSocialIssuesRelatedtoSystemsFigure4-2NORAtechnologycantakeinformationaboutpeoplefromdisparatesourcesandfindobscure,nonobviousrelationships.Itmightdiscover,forexample,thatanapplicantforajobatacasinosharesatelephonenumberwithaknowncriminalandissueanalerttothehiringmanager.NonobviousRelationshipAwareness(NORA)EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsEthicsinanInformationSocietyBasicconceptsforethicalanalysisResponsibility:Acceptingthepotentialcosts,duties,andobligationsfordecisionsAccountability:MechanismsforidentifyingresponsiblepartiesLiability:Permitsindividuals(andfirms)torecoverdamagesdonetothemDueprocess:Lawsarewellknownandunderstood,withanabilitytoappealtohigherauthoritiesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsEthicsinanInformationSocietyEthicalanalysis:Afive-stepprocessIdentifyandclearlydescribethefacts.Definetheconflictordilemmaandidentifythehigher-ordervaluesinvolved.Identifythestakeholders.Identifytheoptionsthatyoucanreasonablytake.Identifythepotentialconsequencesofyouroptions.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsEthicsinanInformationSocietyCandidateEthicalPrinciplesGoldenRuleDountoothersasyouwouldhavethemdountoyou.ImmanuelKant’sCategoricalImperativeIfanactionisnotrightforeveryonetotake,itisnotrightforanyone.Descartes’RuleofChangeIfanactioncannotbetakenrepeatedly,itisnotrighttotakeatall.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsEthicsinanInformationSocietyCandidateEthicalPrinciples(cont.)UtilitarianPrincipleTaketheactionthatachievesthehigherorgreatervalue.RiskAversionPrincipleTaketheactionthatproducestheleastharmorpotentialcost.Ethical“NoFreeLunch”RuleAssumethatvirtuallyalltangibleandintangibleobjectsareownedbysomeoneunlessthereisaspecificdeclarationotherwise.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsEthicsinanInformationSocietyProfessionalcodesofconductPromulgatedbyassociationsofprofessionalsForexample:AMA,ABA,AITP,ACMPromisesbyprofessionstoregulatethemselvesinthegeneralinterestofsocietyReal-worldethicaldilemmasOnesetofinterestspittedagainstanotherForexample:rightofcompanytomaximizeproductivityofworkersversusworkersrighttouseInternetforshortpersonaltasksEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsSomeReal-WorldEthicalDilemmasTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsUsinginformationtechnologytoreducesizeofworkforceVoicerecognitionsoftwareMonitoringworkersactivitiesonthecomputerFacebooksellssubscriberinformationtoadvertisersEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsInformationRights:PrivacyandFreedomintheInternetAgeTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsPrivacy:Claimofindividualstobeleftalone,freefromsurveillanceorinterferencefromotherindividuals,organizations,orstate.Claimtobeabletocontrolinformationaboutyourself.IntheUnitedStates,privacyprotectedby:FirstAmendment(freedomofspeech)FourthAmendment(unreasonablesearchandseizure)Additionalfederalstatues(e.g.,PrivacyActof1974)EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsFairinformationpractices:SetofprinciplesgoverningtheuseofinformationBasisofmostU.S.andEuropeanprivacylawsRestatedandextendedbyFTCin2009toprovideguidelinesforbehavioraltargetingUsedtodrivechangesinprivacylegislationCOPPA,Gramm-Leach-BlileyAct,HIPAATwomajordivisiveissuesOpt-inpolicyNationalDo-Not-TracklistsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsFTCFIPprinciples:Notice/awareness(coreprinciple)Websitesmustdisclosepracticesbeforecollectingdata.Choice/consent(coreprinciple)Consumersmustbeabletochoosehowinformationisusedforsecondarypurposes.Access/participationConsumersmustbeabletoreview,contestaccuracyofpersonaldata.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsFTCFIPprinciples(cont.)SecurityDatacollectorsmusttakestepstoensureaccuracy,securityofpersonaldata.EnforcementMustbemechanismtoenforceFIPprinciples.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsEuropeanDirectiveonDataProtection:Companiesmustinformpeopleinformationiscollectedanddisclosehowitisstoredandused.Requiresinformedconsentofcustomer.EUmembernationscannottransferpersonaldatatocountrieswithoutsimilarprivacyprotectionProposednewchangeswouldrequiredallcompaniesoperatinginEuropetocomplywithuserconsentrulesU.S.businessesusesafeharborframework.Self-regulatingpolicyandenforcementthatmeetsobjectivesofgovernmentlegislationbutdoesnotinvolvegovernmentregulationorenforcement.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsInternetChallengestoPrivacy:CookiesTinyfilesdownloadedbyWebsitetovisitor’sharddrive.Identifyvisitor’sbrowserandtrackvisitstosite.Supercookies(Flashcookies)Webbeacons(Webbugs)Tinygraphicsembeddedine-mailmessagesandWebpagesMonitorwhoisreadinge-mailmessageorvisitingsiteSpywareSurreptitiouslyinstalledonuser’scomputerMaytransmituser’skeystrokesordisplayunwantedadsGoogleservicesandbehavioraltargetingEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsFigure4-3CookiesarewrittenbyaWebsiteonavisitor’sharddrive.WhenthevisitorreturnstothatWebsite,theWebserverrequeststheIDnumberfromthecookieandusesittoaccessthedatastoredbythatserveronthatvisitor.TheWebsitecanthenusethesedatatodisplaypersonalizedinformation.HowCookiesIdentifyWebVisitorsTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsTheUnitedStatesallowsbusinessestogathertransactioninformationandusethisforothermarketingpurposes.Onlineindustrypromotesself-regulationoverprivacylegislation.However,extentofresponsibilitytakenvaries:StatementsofinformationuseOpt-outmodelsselectedoveropt-inOnline“seals”ofprivacyprinciplesMostprivacypoliciesaredifficulttounderstandEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsInteractiveSession:TechnologyBigDataGetsPersonal:BehavioralTargetingReadtheInteractiveSessionandthendiscussthefollowingquestions:Whyisbehavioraltrackingsuchanimportantethicaldilemmatoday?Identifythestakeholdersandinterestgroupsinfavorofandopposedtobehavioraltracking.Howdobusinessesbenefitfrombehavioraltracking?Dopeoplebenefit?Explainyouranswer.WhatwouldhappeniftherewerenobehavioraltrackingontheInternet?TheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsTechnicalsolutionsE-mailencryptionAnonymousbrowsingtoolsCookiepreventionandmanagementBrowserfeatures“Private”browsing“Donottrack”featureForthemostpart,thesesolutionsfailtopreventusersfrombeingtrackedfromsitetositeEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsPropertyRights:IntellectualPropertyTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsIntellectualproperty:intangiblepropertyofanykindcreatedbyindividualsorcorporationsThreemainwaysthatintellectualpropertyisprotectedTradesecret:intellectualworkorproductbelongingtobusiness,notinthepublicdomainCopyright:statutorygrantprotectingintellectualpropertyfrombeingcopiedforthelifeoftheauthor,plus70yearsPatents:grantscreatorofinventionanexclusivemonopolyonideasbehindinventionfor20yearsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsChallengestointellectualpropertyrightsDigitalmediadifferentfromphysicalmedia(e.g.,books)EaseofreplicationEaseoftransmission(networks,Internet)EaseofalterationDifficultyinclassifyingsoftwareCompactnessDifficultiesinestablishinguniquenessClosedenvironments(Amazon,Kindle)DigitalMillenniumCopyrightAct(DMCA)EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsAccountability,liability,controlComputer-relatedliabilityproblemsIfsoftwarefails,whoisresponsible?Ifseenaspartofmachinethatinjuresorharms,softwareproducerandoperatormaybeliable.Ifseenassimilartobook,difficulttoholdauthor/publisherresponsible.Whatshouldliabilitybeifsoftwareseenasservice?Wouldthisbesimilartotelephonesystemsnotbeingliablefortransmittedmessages?EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsSystemquality:dataqualityandsystemerrorsWhatisanacceptable,technologicallyfeasiblelevelofsystemquality?Flawlesssoftwareiseconomicallyunfeasible.Threeprincipalsourcesofpoorsystemperformance:Softwarebugs,errorsHardwareorfacilityfailuresPoorinputdataquality(mostcommonsourceofbusinesssystemfailure)EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter4EthicalandSocialIssuesinInformationSystemsQualityofLife:Equity,Access,andBoundariesTheMoralDimensionsofInformationSystemsNegativesocialconsequencesofsystemsBalancingpower:althoughcomputingpowerdecentralizing,keydecisionmakingremainscentralizedRapidityofchange:businessesmaynothaveenoughtimetorespondtoglobalcompetitionMaintainingboundaries:computing,Internet