跨文化商務(wù)交際unit 10 Understanding East and West Cultures and Their Behaviors

Unit10UnderstandingEastandWestCulturesandTheirBehaviors

ChinesecultureIndiacultureAmericanculture“英文充其量只是我們了解世界的一種工具，而漢語才是我們真正的根。〞

——臺灣詩人余光中AnOverviewAGlimpseofChineseCulture

BriefintroductiontoChineseSymbolsNationalFlagtheunityNationalEmblemComposedofpatternsofthenationalflag,theTian’anmenRostrum,awheelgearandearsofwheat,itsymbolizestheNew-DemocraticRevolutionoftheChinesepeoplesincetheMay4thMovementin1919andthebirthofNewChina.NationalAnthemMarchoftheVolunteerswaswrittenin1935andwasofficiallyadoptedasthenationalanthemofthePRConDecember4,1982.ThelyricsofMarchoftheVolunteersgoesasfollow:Arise,yewhorefusetobeslaves;

LetusamountourfleshandbloodtowardsournewGreatWall!

TheChinesenationfacesitsgreatestperil,

Thethunderingroarofourpeoplewillbeheard!Arise!Arise!Arise!Wearemany,butourheartsbeatasone!

Selflesslybravingtheenemy’sgunfire,marchon!

Selflesslybravingtheenemy’sgunfire,marchon!

Marchon!Marchon!on!NationalCapitalOnSeptember27,1949,BeiPingwasrenamedasBeijingandbecamecapitalofthePRC.Beijingisnotonlythenation’spoliticalcentre,butalsoservesasitseconomic,scientificandculturalheart.LocationandBoundary

What’syourimpressionoftheYangtzeRiver?TheYangtzeRiveristhelongestriverinChina;(6,300km)Itflowsthrough11provinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalities.ItisoneofthemainarteryofwatertransportationbetweeneasternandwesternChina.

What’syourimpressionoftheYellowRiver?TheYellowRiverisChina’ssecondlongestriver;(5,464km)Themostheavilysilt-ladenriverintheworld.TheYellowrivercatchmentareaisanimportantbaseforgrainsinChina.AnythingabouttheGrandCanal?TheGrandCanalisalsocalledJinghangCanal(1,801km)Thecanalwasopentonavigationover1,000yearsago.Itpassesthroughonecity,fourprovincesandlinksfivemajorrivers.YuanmouManandPekingManThefirstprimitivemanknowntohaveexistedinChinaisYuanmouMan,wholived1.7millionyearsago.PekingMan,whoexistedmorethan400,000yearsago,couldwalkupright,makeandusesimpletools,andmakeuseoffire.HistoryDistributionoftheEthnicgroups

56ethnicgroups(Han,91.59%)Accordingtothefifthnationalcensusconductedin2000,thepopulationofallthe55minorityethnicgroupstotaled106,43million,accountingfor8.41percentofthetotalpopulationofChina.Guesswhatethnicgrouparetheyfrom?AGlimpseofChineseCulture

ArtsFamousChineseCalligraphers

inHistoryWangXizhi—thesageofChinesecalligraphy

ThePrefacetoTheLantingCollectionofCalligraphy〔?蘭亭集序?〕

PaintingDoyouknowanyChinesefamouspainters?XuBeihongQiBaishiFourtreasuresofthestudyFourtreasuresofthestudy:brush,ink,paperandinkstoneThebestofeachoftheseitemsisrepresentedby:

Hubrush(湖筆),Huiinkstick(徽墨),Xuanpaper(宣紙),andDuaninkstone(端硯).

BeijingOperaSheng,Dan,Jing,andChou

ThecharactersofBeijingOperaareclassifiedaccordingtosex,age,disposition,profession,andsocialstatus.TherearefourmajorrolesinBeijingOperatoday:sheng(male),dan(female),jing(paintedface,male)andchou(clown).ShengTheshengrolesaregenerallypositiveandcanbedividedintolaosheng(老生:elderlymen),wusheng(武生:militarymen),xiaosheng(小生:youngmen),andwawasheng(娃娃生:children).

DanDanreferstovariousfemaleroles,includinglaodan(老旦),qingyi(青衣),huadan(花旦)，wuadan(武旦)andcaidan(彩旦).JingTheJingisaromantic,exaggeratedBeijingOperarole.Thecharactersaremostlycheerful,honest,gallant(豪俠的),andintrepid(剛毅的)menortreacherous(奸詐的)andcruelmen.ChouThechoucharactersaresharp-witted,clever,humorous,honest,andkindmen.Therearewenchou(文丑:comiccivilianroles)whospeak,act,andsingandwuchou(武丑:arcobaticfightingcomicroles)whoseperformanceinvolvesbothspeakingandacrobaticfighting.Chinesepuppetshowcombineselementsofsong,dance,painting,andsculpture.Inpuppetshows,actorsorspecially-trainedoperatorsmanipulatethepuppetsinperformances.PuppetshowShadowPlayTheperformersmanipulatecolorfulleatherorcardboardfigureswhosesilhouettes〔側(cè)面影像〕arereflectedonascreenbylanternlight.Alightisshoneontoascreen,behindwhichperformersoperatethesilhouetteswhilesingingtotheaccompanimentofmusic.DressandAdornmentCulture

DevelopmentofClothingAsearlyastheZhouDynasty,garmentswerealreadyclassifiedintosacrificialattire,courtattire,armyuniform,mourningattireandweddingattire.ChineseclothingdevelopedrapidlyduringtheWei,Jin,andSouthernandNortherndynasties.DuringtheSuiDynasty,allpoorpeoplehadtowearblackandblueclothes,andonlytherichpeoplecouldwearothercolors.IntheTangDynasty,clothingwasmorevariedthanbeforebecausethestatewasmoreopentotheoutsideworld.CasualwearappearedduringtheSongDynasty,andclothesweresimpleandelegant.Butduringthisdynasty,itbecamefashionableforwomentobindtheirfeetinordertokeepthemsmall.DuringtheYuanDynasty,theMongolianethnicgroup,knownasthepeopleonhorseback,wasinpower.Thesimpleandunadorned(樸素的)styleofclothingwasmainlyacombinationofMongolianandHaninfluences.DramaticchangestookplaceduringtheMingDynasty.Therewasnolimitationtoonestyleandnaturalbeautywasadvocated,thusbringingvigorandvitalitytoclothingculture.DuringtheQingDynasty,clothesbecameelegantandpoised(威嚴的).ArchitectureTimberframework

AncientChinesearchitecturefeaturedtimberframeworkasthesupportingstructure.Wallswerenotloadbearing;theywereonlyusedtoseparatespaces.Thetimberframesupportedmostoftheweightofthehouse,sowindows,doors,andwallswerenotrestrictedtocertainlocations.ThebuildingmaterialsWoodenancientChinesebuildingsandstructureswerethemostcommonbutsomewerebuiltwitheitherredorgreybricks.TheartisticroofdesignAncientbuildingstendtohavehugeroofswithextendedeaves.Thiswastoensureenoughlightingandavoidthedampeningofthewalls.

ThecolorfuldecorationsColoredpaintnotonlyfunctionsasdecoration,butalsoasasignorsymbolofprotection.Initially,paintwasusedonwoodforantisepsiswhilelateritbecameanarchitecturalornament.

Shanxicavedwellings(窯洞)

CavedwellingsarecommoninthenorthwestLoessPlateau(黃土高原)ofChinaandatthemiddleandupperreachesoftheYellowRiver.Thenaturalconditionofdryweather,coldwinterandlimitedtimberleftaroomforthedevelopmentandcontinuityofcavedwellings.Theyarewarminwinterandcoolinsummer.Hakkacastle-likedwellings(客家土樓)

Theoverallbuildingcomplexesareroundorsquare,andsomeinthestyleoflargemansionsorintheshapeoftheEightTrigrams.Thereareusuallythreetofourfloors,butthetallestcomplexeshaveuptosixfloors.Includingthehousesintheyard,

suchabuildingusuallyholdsmorethan50families.Suchabridgemayhavethree,fiveormorezigzags.TheNine-BendBridgeinYuyuanGardenofShanghai’soldtownisatypicalexample.Crossing30metresofthelake,thebridgewindsmorethan100metresbecauseofitsninetwistsandturns.TheRepublicofIndiaIndianCultureWeowealottotheIndians,whotaughtushowtocount,withoutwhichnoworthwhilescientificdiscoverycouldhavebeenmade. -AlbertEinstein

Indiais,thecradleofthehumanrace,thebirthplaceofhumanspeech,themotherofhistory,thegrandmotheroflegend,andthegreatgrandmotheroftradition.OurmostvaluableandmostinstructivematerialsinthehistoryofmanaretreasuredupinIndiaonly.

-MarkTwainLanguagesOfficiallanguages:HindiandEnglish

Hindiincludingitsassociatedlanguagesanddialectsaccountingfor84%ofthepopulationwhileEnglishisusedfornational,politicalandcommercialpurposes.

Currency印度貨幣是盧比(Rupee)。1盧比=100派士(Paise)紙幣面額:1、2、5、10、20、50、100及500盧比。硬幣面額:5、10、20、25及50派士;1盧比及2盧比1元＝5.7092盧比按當前匯率兌換結(jié)果印度盧比當前匯率人民幣100:15.4Indian

HolidaysVedicCivilizationIndus&SaraswatiCivilizationsRiseofJainism耆那教and

BuddhismMauryanPeriod孔雀王朝GoldenAgeofIndianArts&SciencesMuslimInvasionsTheMughalEmpire莫臥兒王朝PortugueseInvasionTheBritishEast-IndiaCompanyTheBritishEmpireIndia'sFreedomStruggleIndependenceModernIndia2021VisionABriefHistoryofTimeTheRepublicofIndiaMissWorld泰姬陵TajMahal

India’sgreatesthistoricalmonumentCapitalCity：NewDelhi(新德里)蓮花廟LotusTemple靈曦堂NATIONALANIMALNationalFlower-LotusIndianReligion83% Hindu11% Muslim3% Christian2% Sikh<1% Buddhist5% Jain(古蘭經(jīng)標準印刷本)(古蘭經(jīng)手抄本)MuslimIndianGodsShiva:ShivaisthegodofDestruction.HeisalsothegodofDance.

Itissaidthathedancedtheworldintocreation.Vishnu:Vishnuisthoughttobethesupremegod.Itissaidthatwhentheworldisindanger,hewouldcometoearthindifferentform.Brahma:Brahmaissaidtohavecreatedtheworld.

Hehasfourheadsandfourarms.

ItissaidthateverythingisbornofBrahmaandhiswife.Lakshmi:LakshmiisthewifeofVishnuandisthegodofmoneyandfuture.Shesitsonalotusflower.JammaMasjidThebiggestmosqueinIndiaJantarMantar–1716Modernisticstructurestoobservethemovementofstars古天文臺CherrapunjiWettestplaceonearthIndianclothesIndianclothesareverycolourful.Eachstatehasitsownspecialcostumes.WomentraditionallywearSaris,SalwarkhameezandGhagracholi,buttheyalsowearwesternstylessuchasskirts,dressesandpants.Menhavetheirtraditionalcostumesaswell,butnowmostwearalightskirtandpantsjustasinwesterncountries.

7ClassicalDanceformsTraditionalMusicofIndiaHindustanimeansclassicalmusicofNorthIndiaCarnaticmeansclassicalmusicofSouthIndiaTraditionalElements

ofIndianMusicMelody(raga)Drone(harmony)Rhythm(tala)IndianInstrumentsStringWindPercussionIndia’sPeopleandtheMusicalInstrumentsofIndiaAreVeryDiverse!India,thelandof“Unitythroughdiversity!〞IndianFood

MostIndiancuisinesarerelatedbysimilarusageofspices.Often,Indiancookingisdistinguishedbytheuseofalargervarietyofvegetablesthanmanyotherwell-knowncuisines.

FOODCULTURE

Partofcountries’culturalidentityIndia’sPeopleEatManyFoodsRiceVegetablesSeafoodMeat-however,cowsareconsideredsacredbyHindus,manyofwhomarevegetarianMasala-spicesTea-commondrinkArrangedMarriagesAnarrangedmarriageisamarriagewherethemaritalpartnersarechosenbyothersbasedonconsiderationsotherthanthepreexistingmutualattractionofthepartners.Thishabithasbeenverycommoninnoblefamilies,especiallyinreigningones,atthescopeofcombiningandperhapsenforcingtherespectivestrengthsoftheoriginalfamiliesofthespouses.

Arelevantpartofhistoryhasbeeninfluencedbytheseunions.TheUnitedStatesimportsoilfromSaudiArabia,carsfromJapan,TVsfromKoreaandWhiskeyfromScotland.SowhatdoweimportfromIndia?Weimportpeople,reallysmartpeople."IndianpeopleMahatmaGandhiFatherofthenationEmbodimentofNon-ViolenceSwamiVivekanandaChampionofhumanitarianismGreatIndianMathematicianPostulatedandproved3,542theoremsRamanujamRabindranathTagore1913–NobelPrizeinLiterature1930-NobelLaureateinPhysicsWorkonscatteringoflightandRamaneffectC.VRaman1979–NobelPrizeinPeaceMotherTeresa1968-NobelLaureateinMedicine

WorkoninterpretationofthegeneticcodeHarGobindKhoranaBollywoodBollywood

BollywoodistheinformalnamegiventothefilmindustryinIndia.ThewordBollywoodwascreatedbyblendingBombayandHollywood.In1899thefirstIndianfilmwasscreened.Famousfilmsare:MonsoonWedding,BrideandPrejudice,Lagaan,Veer-Zaara

Yoga-

MadeinIndiaOrigin–5000BCtraditionalphysicalandmentaldisciplinesoriginatinginIndiaForyourmindandsoulINDIANVALUES,ATTITUDESANDBEHAVIORS,1.Cooperation

2.GroupHarmonyMostIndianshavealowegolevel.3.Modesty4.Patience

TohavethepatienceandabilitytowaitquietlyisconsideredagoodqualityamongIndians.5.IndifferencetoSaving,WorkEthic

ConductrulesinIndia–

customsandtraditions

"Namastegreeting"Ifyousittingtogetherwithlocalsontheground,thentakeplacencross-legged.Innocaseshowwithyourshoe-solesonotherpeople.Preferablywiththerighthandtoeat.IfIndiansshakewiththeheadwhilenodding,Thenthatmeansasmuchas"yes","o.k.","itspossible".

Progressduringthelast20yearsPoverty(incidence)1980s 1990s 2000