《信息科學(xué)類專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》課件第18章

Lesson18HowCloseareArtificialNosestoDevelopmentandWhatarethePotentialUses?(第十八課人工嗅覺(jué)的發(fā)展及其應(yīng)用)

Vocabulary(詞匯)ImportantSentences(重點(diǎn)句)QuestionsandAnswers(問(wèn)答)Problems(問(wèn)題)

StevenSunshineisvicepresidentofresearchandbusinessdevelopmentatCyranoSciences,Inc.,astartupcompanydevelopinga“nosechip”.Heoffersthefollowinganswer.Universitiesandcompaniesareputtingconsiderableeffortintoimprovingtheunderstandingofhowthehumannoseworksandonsimulatingolfactionelectronically.Becausethefivesensesaresoimportanttoourinterpretationoftheworldaroundus,wecanexpecttoseecontinuedprogressoverthenextdecadeinenhancingandextendingoursensorycapabilitiesthroughnewchemicalandelectronictechnologies.[1]

Thehumannoseusesacomplexsystemofinterconnectedreceptorsandneurons,whichconductsignalstothebrainforinterpretation.Thesignalsfromthesenervestraveldirectlytothelimbicsysteminthebrain.Whenanaromaissensed,themoleculesfromthevaporinteractwithnumerousreceptors,causingthemtosendasignaltothebrain.Thepatternofsignalsisrecognizedandinterpretedbythebrainbasedonpriortraining.

Anelectronicnoseworksinasimilarfashion.Anarrayofchemicalsensorsisusedtomimictherangeofproteinreceptorsinthehumannose.Eachofthesesensorsismadetoresponddifferentlytodifferentodors.Thesignalsfromthesesensorsareconnectedviaelectronicstoamicroprocessororcomputer.Theelectronicsreplacestheneuronsintheolfactorylimbicsystemandthecomputerormicroprocessoractsasthebrain.Thesignalsthatgetsenttothecomputercanbeinterpretedusingspecialpatternrecognitionsoftware.

Forexample,wedonothaveaspecificSwissCheesereceptorinournosebutwhenwesmellSwissCheese,numerousreceptorsinthenosearestimulated.Thisinturncausesnumerouslimbicsystemolfactoryneuronstofire,sendingacomplexpatternorelectricalsignaturetothebrain.[2]IfwehavesmelledSwissCheesepreviouslyandstoreditsspecificelectricalsignature,werecognizethearomathatournosehassensedasSwissCheese.Thefirsttimeweencounterasmell,wemustbetaughtwhatthis“fingerprint”issothatwecanrecognizeitinthefuture.Thehumannoseisclearlymoresensitivetosomesmellsthantoothers.Whilethismayinpartbeevolutionaryinnature,itisalsopossibletolearntosmellcertainsubstances.

AtCyranoSciences,Inc.wearecommercializinganelectronicnosetechnologyinventedattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Thistechnologyinvolvesanarrayofsensorscomposedofpolymersthatarefilledwithconductiveparticles.Whenthesesensorscomeincontactwithavapor,thepolymerexpandschangingtheresistanceofthecomposite.Thischangeinresistanceistransmittedtoacomputerandthepatternderivedfromthesensorarrayisusedtodeterminethetype,quantityorqualityoftheodorthatwassensed.Thistypeofinformationisusefulinawiderangeofindustriesincludingthechemical,automotive,medical,petroleum,food,andfragrances.

Onespecificapplicationofinterestisnon-invasivemedicaldiagnostics.Priortotheinventionofsophisticatedmedicalequipment,smellwasacommondiagnostictool(e.g.DiabetesMellitusliterallymeans“sweeturine”).Whilesmellisstillusedasasecondarydiagnostictoolinsomeillnesses,thelackofareliableandobjectiveanalyticaltoolhaspreventeditswidespreadusageinmodernmedicine.[3]Adependableelectronicnosemayallowforaresurgenceintheuseofsmellinthenon-invasivediagnosisofdisease.

Anotherpossibleapplicationoftheelectronicnoseisinareaswherehumansordogsarecurrentlyusedtoidentifysmells.Dogsarecommonlyusedtodetectexplosivesorcontrabandagriculturalgoodsinairports.CyranoSciencesandtheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyarejointlyinvestigatingtheuseoftheelectronicnoseforlandminedetection.Othersareworkingonsimilarsystems.

Deodorants,soaps,perfumesandwinesareallconsumerproductsdevelopedwiththehelpofhumansensorypanels.Replacingoraugmentingthehumanapproachwithanobjectiveelectronicnoseiscurrentlyunderinvestigation.Thistoolwouldnotonlybeusefulinthedevelopmentofnewproductsbutalsoforqualitycontrolinthemanufacturingenvironment.Manymanufacturingfloorsareequippedwithautomatedvisualinspection.

Aninexpensiveandreliablenose-on-a-chipmayallowforautomatedaromainspectionduringthemanufactureofmanyproducts.Indeed,theymaydoforsmellwhattheclosedcircuittelevisioncamerahasdoneforvision.Ifinterestcontinuesatitscurrentrate,smellingdeviceswillsoonbecomeubiquitousinoursociety.1.?olfactionn.嗅覺(jué)。

2.?sensoryadj.感覺(jué)的,感官的。

3.?neuronn.[解]神經(jīng)細(xì)胞,神經(jīng)元。

4.?limbicadj.邊的,緣的，分支，主干的。

5.?aroman.芳香,香氣,香味。

6.?moleculen.[化]分子,些許。Vocabulary

7.?vaporn.水汽,水蒸氣,無(wú)實(shí)質(zhì)之物vi.蒸發(fā),自夸vt.使蒸發(fā)n.自夸者。

8.?proteinn.[生化]蛋白質(zhì)adj.蛋白質(zhì)的。

9.?odorn.氣味,名聲。

10.?evolutionaryadj.進(jìn)化的。

11.?polymern.聚合體。

12.?compositeadj.合成的,復(fù)合的n.合成物。

13.?petroleumn.石油。

14.?fragrancen.芬芳,香氣,香味。

15.?non-invasiveadj.非入侵的。

16.?diagnosticsn.診斷學(xué)。

17.?DiabetesMellitusn.[醫(yī)]糖尿病。

18.?resurgencen.蘇醒。

19.?contrabandn.違法交易,違禁品,走私adj.禁運(yùn)的,非法買賣的。

20.?deodorantn.除臭劑adj.除臭的。

21.?ubiquitousadj.到處存在的,(同時(shí))普遍存在的。

[1]Becausethefivesensesaresoimportanttoourinterpretationoftheworldaroundus,wecanexpecttoseecontinuedprogressoverthenextdecadeinenhancingandextendingoursensorycapabilitiesthroughnewchemicalandelectronictechnologies.

因?yàn)槲骞俑杏X(jué)對(duì)于理解我們周圍的世界是如此的重要，可以期待，通過(guò)新的化學(xué)和電子技術(shù)，在十年后我們可以看到在加強(qiáng)和擴(kuò)展我們的感覺(jué)能力方面會(huì)有持續(xù)的進(jìn)步。句中because引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。ImportantSentences

[2]Thisinturncausesnumerouslimbicsystemolfactoryneuronstofire,sendingacomplexpatternorelectricalsignaturetothebrain.

這又引起無(wú)數(shù)的邊緣系統(tǒng)嗅覺(jué)神經(jīng)元開始工作，發(fā)送復(fù)雜模式或電子信號(hào)到大腦。句中sending分詞短語(yǔ)作句子的狀語(yǔ)。

[3]Whilesmellisstillusedasasecondarydiagnostictoolinsomeillnesses,thelackofareliableandobjectiveanalyticaltoolhaspreventeditswidespreadusageinmodernmedicine.

盡管嗅覺(jué)在一些疾病中仍然被用做輔助的診斷手段，然而缺乏可靠和客觀的分析工具阻礙了它在現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)中的廣泛應(yīng)用。secondary，輔助的。

(1)?Inthesecondparagraph,thehumannoseisacomplexsystemwhichconsistsof().

A.?interconnectedreceptorsandneurons

B.?signalstothebrainforinterpretation

C.?thelimbicsysteminthebrain

D.?BandC.QuestionsandAnswers

(2)?Inthethirdparagraph,anelectronicnoseworksinthefashionof().

A.?differentsensorsaremadetorespondtosameodors

B.?allthesensorsaremadetorespondtosameodor

C.?eachofthesesensorsismadetoresponddifferentlytodifferentodors

D.?noneabove

(3)?Inthefourthparagraph,“tolearntosmellcertainsubstances”isbasedon().

A.?thefirsttimeweencounterasmell,wedonotneedtomemorizeit

B.?thefirsttimeweencounterasmell,wemustbetaughtwhatthiswhatthis“fingerprint”is

C.?thehumannoseisclearlymoresensitivetosomesmellsthantoothers

D.?whenwesmellsomething;numerousreceptorsinthenosearestimulated

(4)?Thepossib