英國經(jīng)濟經(jīng)典案例

2024/12/1311EconomyoftheUK

2024/12/1322

Historicalorigin

GreatCharter

Time:

InJune15,1215Purpose:Toprotectthepoliticalindependenceandeconomicinterestsofthefeudalaristocracy保障封建貴族的政治獨立與經(jīng)濟權(quán)益primarycoverage:1.Tolimitkingship2.Toprotectthepolitical、economicandjudicialprivileges〔司法特權(quán)〕ofthechurchandtheseculararistocracy〔世俗貴族〕arenotinfringed3.Toprotectknights,freefarmersandcitizens'interests2024/12/1333Itmakesthebudwhichbredintradeandindustrialstructureoffeudalsocietycangrowupinincompatiblemother(母體〕,andhasafar-reachinginfluenceontheemergenceanddevelopmentoffutureBritishcapitalism2024/12/1344ForteenthCentury——theplague

〔黑死病〕

PlagueYersiniapestis〔鼠疫耶爾森氏菌〕isainfectiousdisease〔感染性疾病〕whichspreadbyfleas,arewidelypopularamongwildrodents，isa

naturalfocusinfectiondisease〔自然疫源性疾病〕.2024/12/1355***GreatdisasterfortheUK***PromotethetransformationofBritisheconomytomodernmodeDuetopopulationdecline,resultinginadropindemandforfood,fallingprices,andthelackoflaborleadstorisingwagecosts.Allofthesemaketraditionalaristocraticlandowners(傳統(tǒng)貴族〕faceseriousdifficultiesintheireconomicdevelopment.Partofaristocraticlandownersmakeadjustmentsintimeandchangethemodeofoperation,renttheirmanortoindividualfarmersandgiveuprentservitude(勞役制地租),Englandestatedevelopmenthascometoanend2024/12/1366MiddleofthefifthcenturyThesystemoftheslavesandWhelanserfs(維蘭農(nóng)奴)botharedisappearSomefarmerscontractmoreland,managemoreagriculturalwiththetendencyofcapitalism,andhaveexcesscashtolendoutotherpovertyfarmers,graduallyformedyeomanfarmer(約曼農(nóng)〕.1.Yeoman‘smeaninginMiddleEnglish(中古英語)istheyoungpeopleandtheattendants2.Itistheadvancedpeasantclass(農(nóng)民階級〕2024/12/1377LatefifteenthCentury——

Enclosuremovement〔圈地運動〕Duringthe14thand15thcenturies,intheprocessofdisintegrationoftheserfsystem,theBritishemergingbourgeoisie〔新興的資產(chǎn)階級〕andnewnobility〔新貴族〕throughviolencetodrivepeasantsfromtheland,occupyingpeasantlandandpublicland,deprivedoffarmerslanduserightsandownership,restrictionorcancellationoftheoriginalcommoncultivatedland〔共同耕地權(quán)〕andlivestockright〔畜牧權(quán)〕,toforciblyseizeandoccupyland,intoaprivateranchandlargefarm.Thisisthe"enclosuremovement"inBritishhistory.2024/12/1388Politicalimpact1.Theownershipoflandhaschanged.2.Britishclassrelationshiphaschanged3.Promotethedevelopmentoftheindustrialrevolution〔工業(yè)革命〕2024/12/131010In1584,theBritishestablishedthefirstcolonyinNorthAmerica-Virginia(accordingto:Virginiaforthevirginmeaning,becauseQueenElizabethunmarried〕In1588,theBritishdefeatedHollandInvinciblefleet〔荷蘭無敵艦隊〕,expandingtheroadforoverseasexpansionIn1600,theUnitedKingdomestablishedEastIndiaCompanyIn1607,theBritishoccupiedthefirstcolonyinIndiaIn1609,1610,1619,Britainsetupit’sownbusinessstationinGambia,SuratandMadras(蘇拉特、岡比亞、馬德拉斯)In1619,DutchEastIndiaCompanybeatBritishEastIndiaCompany2024/12/131111CharlieThi查理一世wasexecutedin1649,theUnitedKingdomannouncedtheoccasionoftheRepublic,thesituationhaschanged.Thebourgeoisieurgently資產(chǎn)階級demandstoopenupnewoverseascoloniesandbroadenoverseasmarketsTheBritish“protectorate〞duringtheperiodofCromwell〔克倫威爾〕madetheseacontrolstrategyBritishnavalpowerfarmorethanHolland航海條例〔NavigationActs〕1651ThisisdoneinBritainforHolland‘sdefianceofcombatreadiness,butalsoaproductoftypicalmercantilism重商主義ThisOrdinance條例inthevariousmodelsareclearlyaimedatalargenumberofintermediariesandmaritimeHolland,itisaseriouschallengetoHolland2024/12/131212ThefirstAngloDutchwar(1652~1654)ThesecondAngloDutchwar(1665~1667)ThethirdAngloDutchwar(1672~1674)Waroutcome：Britainbegantobecomethedominantmaritime海上霸主2024/12/131313Britishslavetrade英國黑奴貿(mào)易

——Britainistheworld'slargestslavetradecountry大海的深處，泥濘的沙里，躺著被人遺忘了的，鎖著鐵鏈的人骸，在死沉沉的黑暗里，閃爍這不幸的奴隸的白骨，他們從漆黑的巨浪里，大聲呼喚“我們是證人〞！2024/12/131414BackgroundAftertheopeningofthenewroute〔新航路開辟〕,thefirstPortugal,Spainembarkedonthepathoftheexpansionofthecolony,theUnitedKingdom,FranceandHollandalsotooktheroadofcolonialplunder.Triangulartrade三角貿(mào)易SlavetradersfromEurope,sailedtoAfrica,inAfricathroughvariousdirtywaytocaptureblack,theyputslavestransportedtotheAmericas,theblackslavessoldtoAmericanplantationowners,thenthegoldintheAmericasandindustrialrawmaterialsshippedbacktoEurope.Thisiscalled"triangulartrade",thefirstoftheslavetradewerethePortuguese,buttheBritishcamefrombehindtobecometheexecutivesofthe"triangulartrade".2024/12/1315152024/12/131616

Britainisthefirstcountrytobanblackslavetrade.BroughtalotofwealthtotheUK,thepowerofthebourgeoisie資產(chǎn)階級

expandedquickly,andacceleratedtheoutbreakofBritishbourgeoisrevolution英國資產(chǎn)階級革命andindustrialrevolution工業(yè)革命Impact2024/12/131717EighteenthCentury——

TheBritishIndustrialRevolution

英國工業(yè)革命

Paraphrase釋義：ReplacingmanuallaborwithmachineproductionBackground：1.Establishmentofconstitutionalmonarchy君主立憲制inBritain2.Enclosuremovement3.Overseastradeandcolonydevelopment4.Theoreticalinnovationofclassicalmechanicsandthermodynamics經(jīng)典力學(xué)與熱力學(xué)的理論創(chuàng)新2024/12/131818ThefirstindustrialrevolutionMark：ThesteamengineasapowermachineandwidelyusedTime：EighteenthCentury40's~19century60'sMajorcountries：UnitedKingdom,France,UnitedStates,etc.Relatedperson：Stephensun,WattNewenergy：engineandmodifiedsteamengine動力機和改進蒸汽機Characteristic：SteamageMajorinventions：SteamlocomotiveandJeannetextilemachine珍妮紡織機和蒸汽機車2024/12/131919TheprocessofrevolutionIn1733,themechanicKeayinventedthe“shuttle〞飛梭,greatlyimprovingthespeedoftheweaving,inshortsupply.In1765,Hargreavesinventedthe"Jeannetextilemachine"In1785,Wattinventedthemodifiedsteamengine改進型蒸汽機,humanenteredtheeraofsteamIn1807,AmericanFultoninventedasteampoweredsteamer

蒸汽汽船andtrailedsuccessfulIn1814,theBritishStephensuninventedthesteamlocomotive蒸汽機車In1825,Stephensundroveatrainwith34smallcarsandsuccessfullytestdriveBeforeandafter1840,theBritishlargemachineproductionbasicallyreplacedthetraditionalfactoryhandindustry，Theindustrialrevolutionbasicallycompleted2024/12/1320202024/12/132121SecondindustrialrevolutionTime：NineteenthCenturyseventy'sMajorcountries：America,Germany,Britain,France,Japan,Russia,etc.Relatedperson：SIEMENS,Edison,Baer,etc.Characteristic

：Electricalage2024/12/132222TheprocessofrevolutionIn1866,theGermanSIEMENSinventedthegenerator.Inthe80‘s,theGermanKarlFriedrich

Benz,successfullyproducedacardrivenbyanengine內(nèi)燃機驅(qū)動的汽車Inthe70's,BaerinventedthephoneInthe90‘sItalianMarconiinventedwirelesstelegraphy無線電報2024/12/1323232024/12/132424WhataretheIndustrialRevolutionconsequences？1.Replacedmanuallaborwithmachineproduction大機器生產(chǎn)代替手工勞動2.Createdtremendousproductivity創(chuàng)造了巨大的生產(chǎn)力3.LetBritainbecametheworld'sfactory2024/12/132525TwentiethCentury----

economicdeclineandEconomicadjustment2024/12/132626TheadjustmentandinterventionofgovernmenttoeconomyafterthewarTheoccurrenceofthegreatcrisisofthecapitalisminthe1930s，Marshalleconomictheorywashit〔Advocate“l(fā)aissez-faire〞主張自由放任〕，Keynesianism凱恩斯主義cameintobeing〔Advocatestateintervention〔主張國家干預(yù)〕.Thestatemonopolycapitalism國家壟斷資本主義wasgreatlydeveloped.2024/12/132727Between1950and1973,Britain’sGDPgrewatanaverageannualrateof3%.Growthwashamperedbychronicbalanceofpaymentdeficits.Theterm“Britaindisease〞英國病isnowusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdecline.2024/12/132828Theendof1973witnessedthefirstoilshock石油危機.Asaresulttherateofinflationroseto16%in1974.Inthe1970samongthedevelopedcountriesBritainmaintainedthelowestgrowthrateandthehighestinflationrate.2024/12/132929Fivemajoreconomicdisastersofthe20thcentury2024/12/1330302024/12/1331312.Thedevaluationof1949

1949年，英鎊大幅貶值Britainpaidahigheconomicpriceforvictoryinthesecondworldwar.Thecountrywasflatbrokeanditsindustrialbase,batteredbysixyearsofconflict,neededtobeconvertedbackintocivilianuse.TheAttleegovernment(艾德禮政府)negotiatedaloanwiththeAmericans,butwasforcedbyWashingtontomakesterlingconvertiblewiththedollarinreturn.BritainwasunabletocompetewiththemuchmoreproductiveUSeconomy,andthisresultedfirstinthecrisisof1947,followedbythedevaluationofthepoundfrom$4.03to$2.80twoyearslater.Labourwonageneralelectionin1950,butonlyjust,andwasoustedfrompowerin1951.2024/12/1332323.Thedevaluationof19671967年英鎊再次貶值TheUKperformedlesswellthanitsmainrivalsintheso-calledGoldenAgeofthe1950sand1960s.Growthwasstrongandjobsplentiful,butBritainfoundithardtocompetewiththeUnitedStates,FranceandGermany.TheLabourgovernmentofHaroldWilson(哈羅德·威爾遜)cametopowerin1964withanambitiousNationalPlandesignedtoaccelerateBritain'sgrowthrate,butmadetheblueprintstillbornbyrefusingtodevaluethepoundimmediately.Instead,Wilsonandhischancellor,JamesCallaghan(威爾遜和首相詹姆斯·卡拉漢),imposedausteritymeasurestokeepthepound'sexchangerateat$2.80beforegivingupthefightinNovember1967.Consumersweresqueezedsothatresourcescouldbedivertedtoexports,andWilson–tohissurprise–lostthe1970election.2024/12/1333332024/12/1334342024/12/133535ThefeatureineconomyoftheUK----privatization(私有化〕

MainpointA.SocialsituationbeforetheprogramB.PrivatizationprogramwascarriedoutC.Theresultoftheprogram2024/12/1336361.Beforetheprivatizationpolicy…..(before1979)Manyenterprisesandbusinesswerestate-owned國有,suchassteel鋼,telecom,gas,aerospace航空航天工業(yè)，bankofEngland,oilbusiness,transportservice……2024/12/133737However,problemsappeared…..a.Greatlosses(虧損〕b.Highcostofproductionc.Highratesofinflation(通貨膨脹〕d.Lowlaborproductivity(勞動生產(chǎn)率〕〔thelaborproductivitywas40%lowerthanitwasinprivateenterprisethen)e.Slowgrowthineconomy…

Atthattime,awomancameontothestage,whichbroughtaturningpointintheUK’shistory.2024/12/133838steeltelecomTheywerestate-owned2024/12/133939MargaretHildaThatcher

Bornin1925ThefirstfemaleprimeministerinUK’shistoryThefirstfemaleprimeministerinEurope2024/12/134040Shecarriedoutanextensiveprogramofprivatizationthroughoutthe1980s.Manystate-ownedenterprisesbecameprivatelyownedunderthispolicy.State-ownedprivatelyowned2024/12/134141TheneweconomicprogrammedadoptedbyMrs.Thatcherwasbasedonthenewclassicalschoolofthought新的古典思想學(xué)派理論.Privatizationderegulationandmarketliberalizationreplacedpricesandincomescontrolandstateinterventionism政府的干預(yù)主義.2024/12/134242State-ownedprivatelyownedMainreason1.Needsoftaxcuttopromoteeconomicdevelopmentandincreasetheefficiencyofcompany需要減稅促進經(jīng)濟開展和提高企業(yè)的效率2.Difficultyinfinanceofthegovernment3.Otherpeoplethinkthatithadsomerelationwiththefightamongtheparties.2024/12/134343TheeffectofThatcherismTheBritisheconomygraduallyrestorevitality,basicrestrainthedeclineoftheeconomy,getridoftheimageofthe“sickmanofEurope〞“歐洲病夫〞(fromtheyearof1979to1989,Britain'seconomicgrowthratehasmorethantheGerman,French,Italian,andlatermorethanJapan,afterenteringthe1990s,theBritisheconomyisdoingbetter,thelevelofemploymentthanotherEuropeancountries,TheunemploymentrateismuchlowerthanGermanyandFrance,andtheinflationrateiswithin2.5%,andthefiscalpositionishealthierthanothermajorEuropeancountries.BritainjoinedtheEuropeancommunites歐洲共同體inJanuary1,1973.2024/12/134444Britishsocialsecuritysystem2024/12/134545In1601,“poorlaw〞濟貧法marksthepromulgationofBritainbegantoestablishthesocialsecuritysystemTheBeveridgereport貝弗里奇報告of1942laidtheideologicalfoundationfortheestablishmentoftheBritishwelfaresocialsecuritysystem.2024/12/1346ThehistoryoftheUKwelfaresystemActfortheReliefofthePoor,1601?濟貧法?AmendmentofthePoorLaw,1834?新濟貧法?PensionsAct1908?養(yǎng)老金法案?ActfortheUnemployed,1934?失業(yè)法?Thefirst“welfarestate〞,1950Thehistoryofwelfaresystem2024/12/1347ThepresentoftheUKwelfaresystem1.Childrenandpregnant

womenwelfare2.Disabilityandsickbenefits3.Retirementbenefits4.Widowwelfare5.Unemploymentbenefits6.low-incomeearnerswelfare7SocialFund2024/12/1348Childrenandpregnant

womenwelfare

2024/12/1349Bigfamily2024/12/1350Disabilityandsickbenefits1)Thecareallowance〔照料津貼)

2)accidentaldisabilitybenefits〔工作意外傷殘福利〕

3)disabilitylivingallowance〔傷殘生活津貼〕

4)DisabilityWorkingAllowance〔傷殘工作津貼〕

5)SevereDisabilityAllowance〔嚴(yán)重傷殘津貼〕

6)invalidcareallowance〔傷殘照料者津貼〕

7)shouldnotwork-relatedbenefits〔不宜工作福利〕

8)Statutorysickseriesoffourdaysormoreofthewage〔法定患病福利〕2024/12/1351Retirementbenefits

Basicretirementbenefits,morethantheretirementage,(femaleover60,male65)andinlinewiththeNationalInsuranceconditionstoset.Peopletotakecareofminorchildrencangetotherbenefits.2024/12/1352Widowwelfare

Thewidowofgold,herhusband'sdeath,noteligibleforpensionwidow,thewidowofthelowageof60yearsofage,theamountof￡1,000.(寡婦金，丈夫去世時沒有資格領(lǐng)取退休金的寡婦，寡婦的年齡低過60歲，金額為1000英鎊)

2)