王薔《英語(yǔ)教學(xué)法教程》筆記

王薔《英語(yǔ)教學(xué)法教程》筆記王薔《英語(yǔ)教學(xué)法教程》筆記Unit1LanguageandLearningLIHowdowelearnlanguage?Welearnlanguaguntdi汗ei,urnag士$Pc口piehave<H1fc：rcnLpuricMgPeoplelearnbtiqua/ew[升「di汗亡rutr亡江mh〕1PeoplelearnlanguawE*inLjiffurEiitPeoplehatediffurent亡逋pwbihiii*inlati^ua^elearningLearningcanheaffiecLgdbyHiewwyhew】angu*丑￡他itaughtLeairn]ngisLtTcctudbythe ofvucce苫scm已 c為pEctIoachiEY巳,Thus[如challengetonfrontinglangu幅號(hào)聞achin..howinchingmethodologyqadensuresuecestuilearningbyal]theIearnerswhohavemoreilittereiKes(I1u.11theconinionality.1.2Whatarethemajorviewsoflanguage?Structuralview:14g□」ua零代一liiiffluigtic&￥"€□】madeupofvarioussuhsy亂erm:phonology,morphologyskKic(,ilugyandsynhex.Tolearnalangungeisloleam聞vuuabularyandsli-iiuiLini]rules.rrunulion；dview：Lattguagcisalihgli運(yùn)liesysltihaswtjllasam-HnsForUui旭thiiu,LtiirnefSIctiriialanguageinorderiobeabletodothings-withil(useii).Toperformfunctions,learnersneedtoknifwliowtocombinethegramnnaticalrule^andthevocabularytoexpressnotionsthatperformthelUnclions.Interactonalview:Languagei%a匚cmmunicali*七t。。]t*buildupandmabitai]]sociiilrelationsbetweenpeople,learnersneedioknowthenilesof4hnguageundwhere,whenandhowitisappropriatetousethejn.ViewsonLanguageLearning1wbruMlearningtheurits：lJKJ4*5aH：dihuQric&ai1匚cqilccnicdwilhliuwthennindurgwnizis;ntwipf4)rnia(ii>n.Cmididon-or便tuedLhewissemphasizethensitureofhumanandphysicalcontexi,Bchaviorisllhcury■ BfI'.SIinnerAsiimulLis-respon.setheoi7 of psycholooyAudio-lingU&l mcthWTheideaof thismethod is that languageislearnedbyconstantrepetitionandthereinforcementoftheteacher.Mistakeswereimmedlatelycoirectidiandcorrectuiteduceswereimmediatelypruised.B. CngnitivetheoryInfluenccdbyNoamChomslcy(revivalufUructura]linguistics)Language肥anintricatemle-basedsystemA1earneracquireslanguag亡competencewhich?iuibleshimtoproduceliinguage.OneintliLcnli.cili-deuof——niti%'后連ppro31ctitolanguageteachingisLhatstudentsshouldbeallowedtocrciiicihtirownscniencubastdonihcirownundcrsLandingofcertaininles..C. ConstiuictivisttlieoryJcunPiagul(1896——19*0)TheleuimurconyimcismeaningbastdonhisTtmownexperiences葭ndwhaiisalreadyknown.LX SoduvonwriKlhiHi由匚uryVygotsky''ZoneulPtoxirna]DtvdtspmenC^(ZPDi. ^iiffcdding 腳手架)[gainingisbestachievedthrough Ihe dynamic initi'HUion betweentheteacherandtheleartierandbetweenlearners.Whatarethequalitiesofagwidlanguageteaclicr?4goodlanguageteaclierdoesnotsolelydependorhis/heicommiind口「thelanguage.rJ'hereareavarietyofeleJTientthatcormibute^tQthequalitiesofagoodMnguageTtiicher.Theseelemeincanbecategorizedintothreegroup^etliicdcvoticuLprofCNsiunalqu心tyandpci%un±U凱丁lu小L5Howcanonebecomeagoodlanguageteacher?□Wallacc'M"991「rclkciWcmudcl'仃理urrI,L口.9)堂[里€1;Ihii^um乳#汨ujjmcni用tagu2tMariiingtpraAif匕rcfIcU砧口The-Mnitig加芟is鄴：purpn/fu】meparadMjh磯也liiQguiigjnixmOlyreceivg階fuc四討比M包:扔dud以I,I，時(shí)0m以her.UrxperiaicE2一liartiitigihtruceiYudknrwkdgx3一[^田‘血1以懷。1]】uiiE飛nwnEMpeii臼忙ei空Thepracliuu目3gu(2)enii*Pseudopractice:shi?rtpenodgfLimeasgi^neJLodoteaching;practiceaspanofpile'spre-servic-巳ducaticm,UEuallymxk「【heeu隴『viskm3"i口熨「口加作TherealclaEwntHiiteachii咽wlia1次tcadiurundu”油方idiurhe/shefkishesfmmaleducation李丁舊曲仃3hcnMitfrom口也ctciiftheykeeponreflectingonwhattheyImvebeendoingGo疆1:Unit2ComniunicativePrinciplesandTaskabasedlanguageteaching2AHowislanguagelearnedi口classroomsdifferentfromlanguage口$edinreallife?LanguageusedinreallifeLanguagetaughtintheclassroomlbperformcertaincomnnuntcativefunctionsTofocusonforms（structuresorpatterns）Useallskills,bothreceptiveskillsandproductiveskillsTofocusoroneortwolanguageskillsandignoreothers.UsedinacertaincontextToisolatelanguagefrom在context22What依rommunicutivccompetence?Tobridgethegapl）etweeiiclassroomlanguageteachingandreal-liklanguageusetonesolLitionistoadoptCLJ\thegoalot'whichistodevelopsttud^nts7ccmmunicativecompetence.Ddinition:Cummuni血血compm控neeincludeboththeknowledgeaboutthelanguageandtheknowledgeabouthowtouse[helanguageappropriatelyincommunicanvesituationsFivecompontinsofcomtnutiicativecompaence（Hedge2000）Lingui^Iktompttence（語(yǔ)言能力）ThtkflOWltdg^Mlaagu哪il陽(yáng)匕心劭rm破nd面的1-g.Pragmaticcompeteiwe（語(yǔ)用能力）Theappropriateu.setrihnguageinsocialcontext.Discourscompetence （語(yǔ)篇能力）fMu'sdbilitytocreatecoherentwrittentextorconvErsaLionaxdtheabilitytounderstandthemStrategiccompeknce （策略能力）Strategicf；oneemployswhenthe氏iscomjnunicationbreakdowndue及l(fā)ackofresources.Fluency’ 《流利性）One飛al>ilitytoMinkuniuof?|）eechtngetlierwith憎cili【yandwithoutsti^inorniappopriatcslownessorundue（過(guò)分的，不適當(dāng)曲）hesitation1231mplkationsforteachingandlearningTeachingmustenablelearnerstogvasp【hefiveGomponsnisofcommunicauvccompetence,butiioLjlblihtlingui^lictumpdulw*24PrinciplesofCLT1lirceprintipk^算口翡IhyRidiardandRudgcdCiXrElltTitalitinprinciple：invulvcrtalc-onimunitalionTaskp(rinciple；Carryoulmeaningful(a.sksMcaningftilness-principle：Meaninglulhngu<igcloihcIcEirncrHuwjuiproposes<iwt<ikumlastrongverNonufCLT:Weikvet^iohLcEirntrsIItslEicquirclanguage<iuastmuluralyysLem<indthenlearnhwwLicomniunicAtion.Strongversionlarguageibacquiredthroughcomnmtiication'1(Howicc,19帛4:279)215MajorActivityTypesofCLTAsequen%ofa匚[ivhiEJ;iepicsenlet!inLitilew-iiod(1981'36)Pre-coitihiuiiicativeactivities/StruUuraJact!viti^s/QLiasi-cummunicativeactivities炎似.「準(zhǔn)「T(為n】niimitativeactivities (PP22-23)FunctionalcctmmuiiiciLtioTiacdviLiesSocialinicraclijonai;l]vi(it;sSixCriteriaforevaluatingcomniunicativeclassroamactivities(mainfeaturesotcommunicativeactivities?)Commuiliciiliv-i;puipOStComBnuni-catiwdesireCoikeikinotformV^reiyot1g髀圈1? Noteacherintervention? Nomaterialscontrol1JWhatis LanguageTeaching?TBLT在aiurthcrdevelopmentofCLT.Ilsharesihcsamebeliefinihcuseoflanguagemreallil*but討】工黨部theimportancetocombineform-fotused1cachingwitlicommuniration-focuscdIcEiching.」FourcomponentsofataskApUTpoweAcontextAprocessAproduct2.7.2Exercists,Exeirise-屈ksandtuslu2.8DifferencesbetweenPPPandTBLT1Thewaystudcntf；uteandeKpericncfhnguageinTBLfisradicallydifferentfromPPRtFteeoflaogu處ccontrol布Agenuineneedtouselanguagetocommunicaie*AITccu:chilli回cOfiikas+ApprupriaLaicss&ncuGKyolhnguage「nrmingeneralnulproductionofadngklurm*AgttuititiitxdfotAccuracy鮑dHi面cy2.TBLcanpruviduucumexifb「y/mmarluiuhiiig需ndfori史tb暹cdiwli向ics.PPPisdifferedindiisaspecu■ Alask-cslaHi由cdconicxiEiwm用累dco 田忸lyze,叩【Umpiyerepeal,manipulatea>4applyAmorevaiiedexpt?sureto口皿旬language[卻嗯腳即氏!『ms口mpre喝圖eeiedforLehjner-treeselectionoflanguageTBLcycleleadlipinhluencytoaccuracy[+fluency)InTBLInte鴕itudskillspracticed29HuwtodesigntAsks?Step1Tliinkaboutstudents'necd!iti.nreirdsi^.iindabiliLiesSup2BraiiiHluimpossibletasksSeep3EvaluatethelistStep4Chwucthelunguugciicm^Sup5Prepanritnatcrials2,10CLTandTBIJTintheChinesecontext口ProblemswithCITITheveryfirstandforcefulargument唔wheLlieritiscultiinillyappiopriateThesecondoiobkm3C【t用1眥wthedesign(tiesvliabusfor僧i而唯nunwsemtheclassroom.Thethirdproblemisthatwhethersuchanapproachissuitablefora]]ageleveloflearnersorallcompetencelevelofle^merx.■Cmsti'ainLsotTBLTThefirstisitmaynotbeefrectiveforprese血gnewlanguageibeniEThesecundcun血dmisTimeasleachcrshave匕preparetask-busedaciiviiiesverycarcl'ully.ThethirdisthecultureoflearningTheforth卜Levelol'dillkuhyUnit33.1AbriefhistoryofforeignlanguageteachinginChina小Aphasetilrcstaratioh* Aph瞇0f聊iddevelopmem[1986-1992)4Aphaseafreform(1993-20(10)舟Apha舲ofinnovationfrom20003.2DesigningprincipleslortheNationalEnglishCurriculumI)Ail】】Wreducanngall$qid己仇片曲(LEtnph&siieqy^liiy-DrieiKededueariQii21Pinmotelearnfr-centeredness+andrespectindividualdifferences.Developcompclczitc-bascdotijctiives,and皿。wIkxibilLiyandadapabiliiy.Payclo-seaiteniiuiilathelearningprocess,iindadvocateexpenentiallearning<mdptirlitipalion.AttachpardculArimportance⑷f(wàn)ormative睛船胤】】卅〔，andgivesped由attonionmitedcvelopmuniofcompetetice.Optimizelearningresource^andnwucimizeopporiuniHesIbrItaruiiigandusingthelanguage.3.3GoalsandobjectivesofEnglishlanguageteachingThenewcurriculumisdesignedtopromotestudents'overalllanguagesabilitytwhichiscomposedoffiveiiiteiTelaredc；oniponenis+namely,hnguigegkill&Mugungcknowledgeaffect^leaningswmcgicsandculturalunderstanding.Eachcomponeniistunherdividedintoatewsub-caicgories.Language住achingisnvlongeraimedonlyftjrdevelopinglanguageskillsandknowledgebutexpandedtodevelopingleaniersJpositiveattitude,confidenceaswellasstrategiesforlife-longleadingalongwithax^s-culuiradknowledge,awarenessandcapabilities^Theoveralllanguageabilityrequiredinthe2001NationalEnglishCuniculujnincludesthefollow]ngaspeds血i期鷲」硬wkd%skills,kuniijiE蛇【油盟it右affectsandculturalunders伯制出鼻34DesignoftheNatlanalEnglishCurriculum

3.5ThestandardsfordifferentlevelsofcompetenceNinecompetence-basedlevelsLevelsLevel8小聞7 ?ForseniorhighschoolleaversLevel6Level5 rForSthgraders 'Level4Level33幅12 rFor6thgraders Le^lL _ 尺3.6ChalltngesfacingEnglishlanguageteachersUigHl］酬部格亡teachtrsarttxptc-tedtochangeLkirv記aboutI卻gu嗯uwhichisnotusyjttenioflingui皿knowledgebu【ameansforcommuniciiQian.E喟l(fā)i曲languagetcadiersarcexpected⑴change(heirtraditionalrokofaknowledgen^nsminei'idamulti-roleeducator.J)English值nguagcteachersareeiipeeled2.前小口】七由sk-ba舐dadviU部&ndpEthe就uikn史MthccetituiofkaininE.EnglishkinguageteachersmeexpeeLedlousemoretormiiiveassessnieTiiinadditiontousing

tests.En^litihliinguagv門*di+niarvixpcGlcdlyusemydtrn inleching,trq削ii唱myrvcHecliveresoLircesforlearningandtbru?jingthelanguage.Unit4.L酰onPlanning備課4.1 whyisLessonPlanningImportantAk?sunplanis日f(shuō)rarTitworkofakssoninwhichtcachicrsm-kcqd'Hus匚比,19口11苫iibuuiwhaitheyhopetoachieveaidliow[heywouldliketoachieveit.PioperDoltonphn但essentiultorbodinoviceindexperiencedteachers.Lun^uageteachersbenefittionile^onplanninginu[lumberofways.Makesteacher^awar^ thenimsandlanguagecorLentsofthelesson,soastoplantheaciiviiicsandchmu朧[hetechniquesaccordingly;2HHelpsreiichersdistinguishthevariousstagesofalessenandseetherelationshipbetweenthem叩thattheactivitiesntdifferentdifficultylevekcanbeirringedprop^i'lyandtheIe鼎《ncanmoveriinootlilyIrcvinone$忸2已toanother:Givesteacherstheopportunitytoanticipatepotentialproblemssothattheycanbeprepiued:GivesLcdchRr占is&p,nwvittunc%wnlidynccinRuNeisteacrliers'awarenessofthe[etchingaichneeded;Planningis^goodpracticeEindasignofprofessionalism.Te眥huisbenefitfromproperlessonplatminanumberofotherways：口Toenableiheurachertoimproveclasslimin^;□Lessonplansarcahounaidiocontinuingdcvdoprncni(planC-今praclicc(-frcflection)PrinciplesforGoodLessonPlanningAim;therealisticgoalstbi-thelesson;whatstudentsLireabletodobytheendoftlie底Variety:difterenttypeuofactivities;awideselectionofmaterials;Flexibility:prcp：iringsumtextryandiihernativctasksandaciiviiicsLearnability!(hecontentsandtadcsplannedshouldbewithinthelearningcapabilityMihcstudenisDoingthings由白【arehey0ndort汨o*iQsiudems,copingabilitywill由由1irmotivation(Sctiumann,1999)Linkage:thestages皿ddiestepswithineachstjgeurulinkedwithone；m仇恥工whutarenmcroplanningandmicroplanning?MacroplanningPhntiingoveralongperiodoftiinewhichisoftendonehyagroupofteachers,itprovidesageneralguidanceforlanguageteachesMicroplanningPhnnmgforaspecificunitoralesscnhwhichusuallylastsfromonetotwoweeksorfortytofiftyminutesrespectively.Microplanningisoftenanindividualauiviiyanddilfereiiiteachersmayhavedifferentwaysofwiltingtheirownlessonplans.□M恥由planninginvolvesthefbllov-ing3Knowingabouitheprofes-sionKnowingabuuitheinslitulionKnowingabuuithe1tamersKnowingabuuiihecun'iculuiTi/s^lkibiiyKnowingabuuiiheS^lbuokKnowingnboui[beohjcciw/Alesionplanusuallyh的thefollowingcomponents:>B帆kgi'Q/nditiformiilion>Teachingaims>TeathingcotnenundsJdllf>^tageiiandprocedui'es>Teachingaids>Endntlessonsumnwy>Opiwnal;icriviiifisandAssignmentAAHerlessonrcfluuliunCnit5ClassroomManagement5.1WhatisMa制roonimanacunuht?CI;i4」i\>ce儂E出xcmcrll貓ihcv/ayicHchci■&urgattiztwhutgoesuninihi：clasvoom.(6S)thegoalofclu.ssroommatiagetneniistocreateanatniosphureconduciveto(YiSftJlinterasingEnglishinmcsininglu]ways(Gebhard,1996).Efficientclussrootn[iianageniLinl:canbeavhieveiLwhen[hefollo-wui^sisconjuiunsareniec.ITheteuclLtrplaysappropriateroles.2rThetenclierprovidescleareritistructiims.工Studentsaregroupedi口waysuicablefbrthelearni[喔activiiies,4.Thei'eisdi^ciplincaswellasharmnnyinthecks軋5rTheteacKer導(dǎo)appropriatequestions.6.Thestudents'errorsaretreatedpi'nperly52Whatrolesdocstheteacherplay?Conirallcr(wluiloIcam;huwto learn)Assessor(correctinginistakes：organizi?堪feedback)Organistrr(iitudenLS,auiviiies)Promptei(whendon'tknowwhaitodo...)rftrticipftne<in時(shí)activities)Resource-providerTu；kIwt『roleswrestatic.The#01電》」亡wiihthulevel□□merit口f什哈vodutf□N」w「。1「苫:□TuavhurdsfidliltHorCreateapositivelearningenvironment,usevariousstrategicstowiivaielearnerabguidestudentsinplanningandassessingtheirlearninganddeveloptheirlearningstrategies...TeacdiErax即adeActivateJitudcutE'priorknowledge:findindividuulinterestsandexploreputenLialcapabiliiies;acknowledgeandrespectindividualcift'erenues;giveeachequalopportunityinlearning;evaluatesiudenis,developmsitfkirl/finmunh11-roundpespectig,,□丁總配he「a"ruiieaiichefObservenproblem,reflect口nihcrcasuna,chinkabuulpossiblesolutions,implenicnithesolnLionsaddevilusU(heresults...0；HuvjnuchLunirulneedcJ?Aripr-priateUcqtuc也sumiHl■iffurent跟tiviHusneedaditifereutdugre第ofconirpLThegjiurc匚辦mm口nMalivc；macliMq,Ihn憶依nutUru】"uccdi。二Whatdoesthetuachrrdim，*：as騏型口r?C>ri€￡linHmiqnkE占■TheuorrecLingMuuldbe義：川怕，noth*i1$h.Cr.￡*iiii±ii1gfe己UbachTIe怕edbsickNimdilbefocusedonitudent/gyccesscrprov「dsothata如ucesj-orienteJl-arninMaimGipturEcanhecrait上山Q:Hnwhjor期口i肥?Ekik)rcih>乳匚MMiy”whiiiihc乳cih/iivhg-iriMLihelike.anlicijHicdpg坦ems:匚ligriidUuctionEgiv?史ii 匕理s[withT?dq]non$traLjon)Dunii<iihcamivilv;overhearwhal1Judcnt占ar〉suvin」retiVy*3坨口rMc屈nulv?QrkilrriMcdback0:Whenlu口田rnpi?Wrh^nMudutnstiltnuLsurehwlu，kiriagHniN'iLy,ur聯(lián),跑1【口dunull,u』whaiiixjiitiytieja.,.Whenzntudinldouyn'treemtobercadt拈ranari>，er,...WheuMudi：-：iilini5c3wiihivery&h<jrL乳口方曾叮，..0二wh'tu[XmiMDiKCin時(shí)耐亡1111年<:《廿而七苫"■MnnMwinp±parti5口*tingchanwn由￡itNe什即且nawhaityaa口加寸即騰小血口口牝afloodchanceterstudentstopractiseEnglishwithasuperior..(J:Wh&t山)youHiinknfHiein野and-mugm&iiRhM?Alihuughthu加詞ubmuEmithW施buunwidelycriHc晟d,血[的血)hiijjl2欣在「匚(1.goodmidcfmHen:ini】L性對(duì)刈優(yōu)用「thRstudent&J53Howtogiveelectivecl然由mom加如nieti。陽(yáng)？CM相口口卬iiiBiruciio口后「€佗「uuhe印收u「E】￡iia鴕【駛匚帕喀口騏【u叫^nizeoi?即idMemiinw.1.ToLisi;simpleih：5lTuctiuii&aridmake!hirmsuitIhccompfchui^iurtlevelofllie微dciM2PTousethem&ther-tongueonlywheniiisnecessary：GivesiudcnblimelugelusedlulisicEiicig陽(yáng)Englishi閘rue而％Usebody區(qū)峨增ptoassistim胡皓widi吧；Modelthetajik/zi.ctivitybeforeletLingxtudentsintogroupsorpairxTeachersarenocexpeocdcodoallihecallinginHa限Tip：Demonstrationisusuallyffloreeffectivethanword出54Whatartthedifferentwaysforstudentgrouping?■Wholeclisswork,pa"'work,groupwork,individualstudy1.Wholeclasswork□Allthestudentsareunderthecontrolof(heteacher,doing(hesameaedvityalthesamerhythmandpace.Pairwork□Studtillsworkinpairsunantxtrciscoruisk.Groupwork□Studentsworkinsmallgroupsuf3-5studcnis.Individualstudy□StudentsworkuniheirownatthHrownspeed.Q:HowIogroup?(Groupingmethods)LWholeclassworkisnormallyusedwhenpresuming獻(xiàn)nduxphiiningnewkinguugcorntwinformalonanditsh(Kildbeusedwiselybytheteachers.2.SuccessfulgroujVpiirworkdepend!；onskillfulorganization3*Thebiggestproblemforgroupworkisthe虻leuionotgreupmembers,4.Whileteachersai'eenconrageinusepairwokandgroup^nrktoprovidemorepracticechiuice,individualstudyshouldnotbetorgolten.T>,pesofstudentgroupingandtheirHdvantag明anddisiidvantagesinP314(task%IgroupingAd'MLlfig曙□isadvmiaEesgroupingAd\'印tags?DisadvantagesTTbg皿印>AllEhc山嶼3arc僅ini切E國(guó)［i晦；>±oodHindcIciREronne被her;，mmibnub怔業(yè)曲0閶pra^iw“51nldepghi&vclinic<haiicc舊印商k；第SamuspccslforLiilTcren^和defl⑻wNenauazutimloflb?wholes］昌總；/Noienoughconimunicszion'GroupwotkGtnmmiDicaiiDQi口itsrealsense：Mortdynamicthanpairwork;prcniDtin^sclf-irlidiice；The3ams3Thoseinpairworic；semesrudentsmightdominateDifficultL口group:比tiift-orkMoi?diMiE冊(cè)rpractice:匕口的山國(guó)HpopensLloq:ReLnKingalnucfrpbere:鷺Lidemm邛aw；nfromtbe出此Ufliignaftivetengu明Tndix-idiiEilsmdyNooilsidspressure:Siudyalown.ipeed:Lessdynamicdas5ra口m;Noco-operation.：55DisciplineinthelanguageclasKroomQ:Whardoesdisciplinemean?Disciplinereferstoacockofconductwhichhindsateacherandagroupotstudentst-ogethei'yaihailearningcanbemurccffttLivc.Q:Dufsdisciplineguaranteeet't'cctiveleaming?No.Theremightbelinkkarningeventhedu%詰verydi^iplincd.Altlhr0J?i山羯ipli】片長(zhǎng)?笈鑄Sfity,iti$il飆乩卻指"金加cmiJHOH 式悟Miv。^總chorcughlyindiseiplinedatmospherewillsurelyyieldnolearningatall.(79)Q:Howtomaintaindiscipline?R79AlthoughdisciplineisufiendiscussedLOgclhcrwithclassroommiina^emtni,Ckssroomnuuiagetiieiuskillsarenotsufficieiuifdisciplinetobeachieved-ratliei\avariety時(shí)tachurtbehaviorconb'ibuietodisciplinesuchastheteacher^choiceofmethodology,LheirMierper皿nJrtiaiiotiship^with$wdetirs：(heirp%parati<Hit>飾e舊冊(cè)0凡r?4孰巧/5【飛matlvation,whichcanbeenhancedbyWeteacheraction,isextremelyimporuntforUi&cip］ine.VhcnstLideiitsareengagedinlearning,theywillbediscipline1(79)□Ssareclearaboutlearningpurpose;Ssareabletodotheworkbinfinditchillenging:Ssareemotionallytphysicallyandintellectuiillyinvolvedbythetasks;Thep“scMwliu%varietysiiulstruemreof[heworkandiiaiviiiesgcncruiecuri-usiiyandinterest;Sshdi'cuppoelunicicHlo比kquestionsantitryuulidt-as;Sscanseewhaitheyh^vcachievedandhowtheyfiadmadtpru^ntiy；SsgelareelingofsatistacLiunandenjoymem(Turnthework.Q;Whyi匚auyesdisciplineprubluma?■Avapin曲「icssoii(*品badpunning,uq3Pmemtailsrowork}■Undearinslm(;iians■[批koiteacherattendon■Thetea.cherconcentratesonlengthyexplanationsoneindividualsotinttheothersgetbored■WorkistooeasyortoochallengingQ:WhatjTkea^ure^canwetaleforuiidkciplincdactsandIxullyb-ehivingvudemj;?□Harmer(1yX3)p.KlActiminediatel51,.Stoptheclass.S.RearrangethescjiKChangetheactivity.TalkLusiudcnlsafterclass.Crtalcuevdeulbchaviar■Ur's(1.996^adviceDealwithilqmi亡Uy.Don?ttakethingsperscuul1y,DonTtusethreats.5.6Howtomakequestioningmoreeffective?nQuestionbshouldbecloselylinkedcotheItemingobjectivesitithelesson：Que^ionsshouldbestagedsothatthelevelchallengeinirfanesasthelessenproceeds;Tlieieshouldberbalancebetweenclosedandupen+1ower-ordcr社ndlii^lier-orderqueslions；Waittimeisimpciiiintto鬻11。酬studentstothinkthro-ughtheiranswers;口Ssshouldbepru^idtduppertuniLicsloa^ktheirownqmtMionsaiulseekLhcurownanswers;□Asecureand「EkLxmdatmosphereoftrustisneed-eelandss\opinionsandideasarevalued.562Whattypesofq時(shí)sHoiisarethert?(Classiflcaiionofquestions)I,。州cdandlo明nqucslion%;2PDisplayuwdgenumequ門tion.%：Luwcr-urdurandhigh-orderquestions;4PBloomijtaxonomy分類系駢Nutt』L1982)CijKnowledge②C^mprelitilsion..'.IApplication?④Analysis⑤Synthesis@Evaluntion5.7DealingwitherrorsQ:Whatarcerrors?HowarctheydifTcrcntfromTnistnkps?Amistakerefersto'&performariceenor[Iniiseitherarandomgu亡與$orm飛】ipottongue',andLisafailurepcrfutrrnaiitcl口猛knownsy&lcm”(Brawn,2000;US-119)口AnerrorImsdirectrdaiionwiihthelearner\languagecompetence.Iirroriidonotresulifiomcaruk帛siiussiiorli^iLation,butlackofknowledgein(heta^ctlanguage.□Amistakecanbesclt^vorrected:anerrorcannotbe.Q:Howtodealwitherrors?【ndealingwitherrorsundnii立aku*weneedtobeclearwhetlierthetaskoractiviiyisfocusingonaccuracyorfluency.Q:Whentocorrecterrors?Generally,itisbestnettointermptstudentsduringHu-encyworkunicescommunicationbrctikydown.Leiatrivialmistakepassifmostofthelanguageisright.口FhSOnitcummohrriibUkcSTt^keaiiOLcinmiiid1111mlandt-oiTcclthtsluckm飛pcrlbrrriaiKx.Q:Howtocorrecterrors?Differentwaysand(euhniques:■Directtciichercorrctliun■Indirectteachercorrection■Selt'-COTrecLi.()n■Peercorrection■Wholeclat!；coiTectioiiQ:Whichtechniquestouse?Afiageneralrule,indirectteachercorrectionisencouragedratherthandirwt01Kscoavoiddaniagingss'sdt-esteemandcontldeuce.InpracticeHsclt-correctionisencouragc<lbeforeteiichercorrectionorpeercorrectioikejjp.tflrmi^tkke!；.Jhewholeclasscorrectionisusedform<ii[ierrortypes{c.g.TheBigTen)SunnnaryLRoksoftheteacher;caiiLmlkr,口吊部吊席?i,organiserprompter,pailicipant,refsourc-c-provider,facilitator,guidc1ru紀(jì)arrher,clc.2..Classraominstruct!w\弓:simple;suitdieIevelof盯iidcnisGrouping:wholecl第gwurks學(xué)口叩wurk,pairwork,individualstudyDiscipline:(cengagelearning;帕兜中口面肌加川做叫"臉府如巾(及凱曲和u力出阮ipliiwdcci*5..Qiiccdoni「唱：diffeivmclassificaiion&questioning[echmcpes6..Enorcorrect!on：errorandmi5mlic:diri'eicmwaysandtech而qu禽forcorrcctingerrorsUnit6TeachingPronunciatiunCriHcadPeriod1470辦日g34:abiologicallydeterminedperiodoflifewhenlanguagecanbeaut|uncdmureeasilyandbeyondwhichtimelimgua^tisincreasingdilfkulL【口atquirc.66The「oleofpronuncitninii□DebateSideA:studentsdi?notneedtolearnpronunciatioTibecausepionunciationwilltakecareofitselfasthesiudemsdevelopoveralllanguageutility,SideB:［^iluieinpronunciLiLionisagreathindrancetolanguagelearning.Vivwvo「Leach:ngprcmuiiciaticmvsln□TheLearnerswhohavumoreexposuretoEnglishneedlessfocusonpi'oimjicidtiontlianthosewhoonlykiirnEnglish:n(heclass.□AdultlearntnneedmoretocusonprominciLitioiibecausetheyai-emorelikelytombstitiueEngliEhsoundswiLhsoundsfrom(heirnativehiigunge.□TheteachingofproniuiciaHonshouldfocusonthe富^bililytoidentifymidproduceEnglishsouikI^ihemsdvcs.(prormncialionvs.phonclivy)□Ssshouldnutbeledtofocusonreadingandwritingphonetictranstriptsofwords,esp.foryoungstudems□Phoneticrides;arehelpfulfor與與todevelopMMhtyiocopewithEnglishpronunciitionimdtheyshouldbeinirMu.ccd機(jī)asuiliibkstage.□Stressandintonationareimportantandshouldbetaughtfromtheverybeginning.6.2ThegoalofteachingpronunciationThegoalofteachingpronuindaiioni<nottoteachlearnerstoachieve斌perfectimiutionofanativeaccenthutsiniplytnwetihuItaruur?;tcpHrrHninc。accural-lyEtinLL.Mhh*heea&il#endeomfoTtabZuomixuhLiHLeicuiher曰:一TherealisticgoaKof(cachingpronunciationi$asfallowing:口Consistency:thepionuncimien蜘聞1dbe塌tiooiHandnami'akTnielligibiiHiy:theprcnunciaiicmshouldbeimderstaiKl^blc(cthelisteners;Commutiicaiivctllkiuicv:thepronunciiitijn由uuldhelpcwny版巾0相型【向［isinundizdbythespeaker.6JWhataspectol'pronunciationdoweneedtotench?Proiiuncialionisaniimbrelhtermcoveringmanyaspect^besidesoundmdphonesymbols,suchassires.s.imutiiidun,andrhyihm,ofcourse,LhcscaspectsarcnutisulatedIromeachulhcr,nilher,theyareinierrdcited.Q:Howtoachievegoodpronunciation?口Practicerr12k區(qū)perfeiinBoihtnuiiLariicalp山仃i*andmwi［蠟tUIpi'MdcuarebenctiuMl.6.4PractisingsoundsfLhtsomemethodsofpracticingsounds.)Mechanicaldrilling■luringjnddemotivateng:Uisimportuittocombinedrillingpronuncinrionexerciseswitli.more】1記皿晡口11工crciw罔tliattoeusonwhatsveraspectotpronunciationisthetbcusofthelesson.FwusonasoundFcxjus-onhindividualrounds lIw^c^uund\hMart<Lil1kuhtolearnPerceptionpractice□WhjitisihegoalofpercepTionprattice?[3evelfipingthestudetits7abilitytoid-niifYand由由>叫.用1betwetndifferentsounds.□Itxamplesofperceptionpractice：Usingminimalpairs(withone^ouncJdifference):will/welkshiji/sheep:light/nightWhichorder:hearttear,ear■SanifM'ditlcivnt?|met],OddoneoutCompletionPrtHluctioilpracticeThegoyIulproductionpractice代119@加哩迎dc【H4nbiliiyk?pj@lucc2Lmd±.I.Listenandrepeat(practiceindii^dualsoundsHindividualwordstgroupsofword*stiHtnceji{mechanicalimiitiiiun)2rFillindieblanks(insentenceswnkwordswh.ithkiontuincertainsounds).MakeUp專{usirigaidmatiyfromthiigivthwordsaspossiblit).Usemeaningfulcontext{coperformineaninglulla^kssuchasrolt-phy).5hUsepictures(toprixlucemeaningfiiI]anguage).Usetonguetwisters(lopraciitcpronum:iaiiuii).65Practisingstressandiiihmation□Twotypesofstress:■w^rd-l-ve?？谄呒覫tisveryimportanttos[「e陰Iliepropersyllableinmulti-syllabicwords.口Thebe5tstrategyi§Loemphasizetheimportanceoflearningthestressaspurtoflearning凱word.Phr——1匚中匚1or苫crHcncu-lcy」ltilrc**Eachphraseor職]Huntshasonesyllablewhichreceivesgreatei'c*rmorepivnihieiitstress【hantliecmhers.Somephriisesur舐nicns&mayhaveonesuessedsyllable,whileuihcrbmayhave5-6熨圮罵eUsyllables.65」Teachingmethodsofstress■The