（高考英語作文煉句）第24篇譯文老師筆記

PAGEPAGE11.盡管在空間探索上的投資絕不能被視為是草率的、不必要的,我仍認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)該往減少貧困和饑餓這些手頭上的事情投入更多的財(cái)政資金,而不是將資金投入到探索宇宙偏遠(yuǎn)角落上.Whilemoneyinvestedinexploringspace

bynomeans

(1.絕不)constitutes

(2.被視為)frivolous

(3.草率的)orunnecessaryspending,Ibelievethatgovernmentsshoulddevotemoreoftheirfinancialresourcestoalleviatingpovertyandhunger

closeathand

(4.手頭上的,在時(shí)間或距離上接近的)thantoexploringthefarcornersoftheuniverse.

1-bynomeans

詞典釋義：bynomeans

phrase

usedas

awayofemphasizinganegativestatement

Itwasbynomeansexcellentbutstillbetterthanlast

year.

Iwouldn’tsayIwasanexpert,notbyanymeans.

[mi：nz]

pluralnoun

bynomeans

(also

notbyanymeans)

■notatall

決不,一點(diǎn)都不

?Itisbyno

means

certainthatwe'llfinish

theprojectbyJune.我們能否在六月份前完成這項(xiàng)工程還很難確定.?Thisisn'tthelastwe'llhearofitbyany

means.這絕對(duì)不會(huì)是我們最后一次聽到此事.

外刊例句：Thesenew-oldbooksareshortbut

bynomeans

slight.Noraretheyonlyforhard-coreMurakami

fans.

()這些再版的舊作篇幅不長但絕非空洞之作.它們也并非單純?yōu)榇迳系蔫F桿粉而作.

替換表達(dá)：innoway/notatall/notbyanymeans

2-constitute注意雖然譯為"被視為”,但constitute是主動(dòng)語態(tài).

詞典釋義：constitute

UK

['k?n.st?.tju：t]

US

['kɑ：n.st?.tu：t]

verb

BECONSIDERED

AS

被視作

ADVANCED

[Lonly+

noun][notcontinuous]

formal

■tobeorbeconsideredassomething

是;被看作,被視為?Thislatestdefeat

constitutes

amajorsetbackfor

thegovernment.最近的這次失敗是對(duì)政府的一次重挫.

外刊例句：Justlastmonth,theMayoClinicProceedingspublisheda

studyarguingthattheresultsofnationaldietarysurveys,suchasthose

thatlinksugarydrinkstotype-2diabetes,aresoflawedthatthey

constitute

amajormisuseofpublic

funds.

()Mayo醫(yī)學(xué)雜志就在上月刊登了一則關(guān)于全國飲食調(diào)查的研究,該研究認(rèn)為這個(gè)調(diào)查錯(cuò)誤百出,簡直是嚴(yán)重浪費(fèi)公共基金.而那些把糖分飲料與2型糖料病相聯(lián)系的調(diào)查內(nèi)容便是其一.

替換表達(dá)：beconsidered/viewed/seenas

學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：(1)

Bedefinedas點(diǎn)評(píng)：bedefinedas含義是"被定義為……”,例如：Abudgetisdefinedas'aplanofactionexpressedinmoney

terms'."預(yù)算”一詞定義為"以金錢來表述的行動(dòng)計(jì)劃”.Bedefinedas用在此處不合適.

3-frivolous

詞典釋義：frivolous['fr?v.?l.?s]

adjective

■behavinginasillyandthoughtlesswaywhenyoushould

beserious

愚蠢輕浮的,不嚴(yán)肅的?Ithinkheseesherasa

frivolous

youngwoman.我想他把她看成了輕浮的姑娘.■describesanactivityorobjectwhichissillyornot

importantratherthanusefulorserious

無聊的;不重要的

?Ifeellikedoingsomethingcompletely

frivolous

today.今天我只想做點(diǎn)兒瑣事.

外刊例句：Buther

frivolous

spending—onmultiplestatuesofherself,amongotherthings—pavedthewayfor

acomebackin2012bytheSP.

()但她總花錢在些無聊事情上,比如像其各種雕像等,而這也就導(dǎo)致了SP在2012的卷土重來.

替換表達(dá)：reckless

學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：(1)

cursory點(diǎn)評(píng)：cursory的常見搭配是cursoryexamination/inspection草率的檢查,例如：a

cursoryexaminationoftheevidence對(duì)證據(jù)草草的審查,一般不能與spending搭配.(2)

impetuous點(diǎn)評(píng)：impetuous更多指行動(dòng)或語言沖動(dòng)草率,例如：Shemightlivetoregretthisimpetuousdecision.她可能會(huì)一輩子為這個(gè)魯莽的決定感到后悔.Impetuous不能用來修飾spending

4-closeathand

詞典釋義：athand

phrase

close

toyouandeasytoreach

Helpisalwaysathandifyouneedit.

close/nearathand：

Ialwayskeepmycalculatorcloseathand.

Thesaurus：

nextto,neartoandnotfarawaysynonym

Main

entry：

hand

12.PHRASE

短語

(空間或時(shí)間上)接近的,不遠(yuǎn)的

Ifsomething

is

athand

,nearathand,or

closeat

hand,itisverynearinplaceortime.

【搭配模式】：PHRafterv?Havingtherightequipmentat

hand

willbeenormouslyhelpful...手頭上有合適的設(shè)備將會(huì)幫上大忙.

?Realizingthathisretirementwasnearat

hand,helookedforsomeadditionalincome.意識(shí)到自己快要退休了,他想要掙些外快.

外刊例句：Iceland’spopularitywithtouristsdoesn’tmeanthat

solitudeishardtofind.Headwesttoitsfjordsandsplendidisolationand

natureare

closeathand.()冰島極受旅游者歡迎,但這并不意味著無法在此感受到清靜.往冰島西面峽灣走去,你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自然的清靜近在咫尺.

替換表達(dá)：withinreach

Q：老師,請(qǐng)問我的表達(dá)"cannotabsolutelybetreatedas”中的副詞absolutely所在的位置正確嗎,而且這能修飾cannot表達(dá)出"絕不能”的意思嗎?謝謝!A：cannot表達(dá)的語氣已經(jīng)很絕對(duì)了,再加上absolutely不太合適.建議把a(bǔ)bsolutely去掉,改為cannotbetreatedas

Q：關(guān)于moreof,than與more,

ratherthan的區(qū)別?本翻譯的后半句我用的是putmorefinancialcapital

in...ratherthanputmoneyin...,用的是ratherthan句型,與譯文相比是有點(diǎn)啰嗦,譯文用的是devotemoreoftheirfinancialresourcesto...thanto...這種比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu),譯文用的是moreof,我不知道這是一種什么用法?兩種用法的than與ratherthan可以互換嗎?

A：原句還原后是governmentsshoulddevotemoreoftheir

financialresourcestoalleviatingpovertyandhungercloseathandthan

(devotetheirfinancialresources)toexploringthefarcornersofthe

universe.

句子本質(zhì)上是more…than…的比較結(jié)構(gòu),中間的moreofsomething只是一種常見用法,含義是"更多的……”,例如：Perhapsnextyear

moreof

us

willbeabletoaffordholidaysabroad.也許到明年我們中會(huì)有更多的人有錢出國度假了.

不建議將句子寫成putmorefinancialresourcesin...ratherthanputmoneyin...因?yàn)楹苌儆衜ore…ratherthan…的結(jié)構(gòu).

Whilemoneyinvestedinexploringspacebynomeans

constitutesfrivolousorunnecessaryspending,Ibelievethatgovernments

shoulddevotemoreoftheirfinancialresourcestoalleviatingpovertyand

hungercloseathandthantoexploringthefarcornersoftheuniverse.

[分析]本句的主干部分為Ibelievethat…,這是一個(gè)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu),由that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作謂語believe的賓語,該賓語從句也是一個(gè)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu),其主語是governments,謂語是shoulddevote,賓語是moreoftheirfinancialresources,狀語是to

alleviatingpovertyandhungercloseathand,表明financial

resources投入的對(duì)象,其后是由than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句.逗號(hào)之前是由While引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句,這是一個(gè)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu),moneyinvestedin

exploringspace是主語,其中investedinexploringspace是過去分詞短語作定語,修飾money,bynomeans作狀語,constitutes作謂語,frivolousorunnecessary

spending作賓語.

2.在過去十年左右的時(shí)間里,幾乎計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的每一個(gè)領(lǐng)域都有巨大的進(jìn)步.與機(jī)器翻譯相關(guān)的領(lǐng)域比如人工智能和語音識(shí)別以前是被嘲笑的對(duì)象,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)被應(yīng)用在突破性項(xiàng)目的核心部分里面了.Therehavebeenenormousstepsmadeinalmosteveryfieldofcomputingtechnologyinthelastdecadeorso.Fieldsrelatedtomachinetranslationsuchasartificialintelligenceandvoicerecognitionhavegonefrom

subjectsofmockery

(1.被嘲笑的對(duì)象)tobeingutilized

attheheartof

(2.處于……的核心)ground-breaking

(3.有突破性的)projects.

1-subjectsofmockery

詞典釋義：subject2.N-COUNT

可數(shù)名詞

(批評(píng)、學(xué)習(xí)、調(diào)查的)對(duì)象

Someoneorsomethingthatis

the

subjectof

criticism,study,oraninvestigationisbeingcriticized,

studied,orinvestigated.

【搭配模式】：Nofn?Overthepastfewyears,someofthepositionsMr.

Meredithhasadoptedhavemadehimthe

subject

ofcriticism...在過去的幾年里,梅雷迪思先生所采取的某些立場(chǎng)使他成為了批評(píng)的對(duì)象.

?He'snowthe

subject

ofanofficialinquiry.他現(xiàn)在是官方調(diào)查的對(duì)象.

mockeryUK

['m?k.?r.i]

US

['mɑ：.k?-]

noun

uncountable

■whenyoumocksomeoneorsomething

嘲笑,譏笑;模仿?Bill's

mockery

ofhisdad'stwitchwasabitcruel,

butitmadeuslaugh.比爾模仿他爸爸肌肉抽搐的做法有點(diǎn)殘忍,不過我們都被逗笑了.

外刊例句：His

useofhigh-flowneconomicjargonintelevisioninterviewsmadehima

subjectofmockery.()他在電視采訪中使用高大上的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)術(shù)語,卻讓自己淪為笑柄.

替換表達(dá)：amockery,asubject/objectofridicule

2-attheheartof

詞典釋義：heartUK

[hɑ：t]

US

[hɑ：rt]

noun

CENTRE

中心

ESSENTIAL

onlysingular

■thecentralor

mostimportantpart

中心;中央;重點(diǎn);要點(diǎn)?Thedemonstratorswillmarchthrough

the

heart

of

thecapital.示威者將游行穿過首都的中心地區(qū).?Adisagreementaboutboundariesis

atthe

heart

of

thedispute.爭議的焦點(diǎn)就是邊界問題.?Let'sgettothe

heart

ofthematter.讓我們考慮一下最關(guān)鍵的事情.

外刊例句：Promisestoputvictims

attheheartof

thejusticesystemsoundgoodbutcanhavea

hollowring.()承諾把對(duì)受害者的考慮作為司法系統(tǒng)的核心聽起來很好,不過卻缺乏實(shí)際可能.

替換表達(dá)：atthecoreof

學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：(1)

Intheheart

of點(diǎn)評(píng)：intheheartof一般指處于地理位置上的最中心,而不是抽象含義上的"處于某事物中心”,例如：ahouseintheheartofLondon倫敦市中心的房子,句子里面應(yīng)該使用attheheartofsomething(2)

inthecore

partof點(diǎn)評(píng)：沒有inthecore

partof的搭配,應(yīng)該改為atthecoreof

3-ground-breaking

詞典釋義：groundbreaking

1.ADJ

形容詞

開創(chuàng)性的;創(chuàng)新的;革新的

Youuse

groundbreaking

todescribe

thingswhichyouthinkaresignificantbecausetheyprovidenewandpositive

ideas,andinfluencethewaypeoplethinkaboutthings.

【搭配模式】：usuADJn?...his

groundbreaking

novelonhomosexuality.他關(guān)于同性戀題材的開創(chuàng)性小說?...groundbreaking

research.創(chuàng)新研究

外刊例句：Haringwasa

ground-breaking

streetartistinspiredbysocialactivismandprogressivepolitics,asmuch

ashisidentityasanopenlygaymaninthe1980s.()哈林是位極富創(chuàng)新精神的街頭藝術(shù)家,他深受政治運(yùn)動(dòng)者和進(jìn)步政治家鼓舞,而且他還于80年代公開了自己的同性戀身份.

替換表達(dá)：pioneering

Q：請(qǐng)問老師,同樣在表達(dá)形容人作為"對(duì)象”這個(gè)含義時(shí),subjects和objects是否可以互換呢?A：可以互換.另外在本句中使用subjects/objectsofmockery都可以.

Q：mockery本身就可以表示為嘲笑的對(duì)象,笑柄,再用subject就重復(fù)了吧,直接說mockery,可以吧?A：subjectofmockery是一個(gè)常見固定表達(dá),可以記起來.這里直接用amockery也是可以的.

Therehavebeenenormousstepsmadeinalmosteveryfield

ofcomputingtechnologyinthelastdecadeorso.

[分析]本句是一個(gè)therebe結(jié)構(gòu),其主語是enormousstepsmadeinalmosteveryfieldofcomputingtechnology

inthelastdecadeorso,其中,madeinalmostevery

fieldofcomputingtechnologyinthelastdecadeorso是過去分詞短語作定語,修飾steps,其前enormous是形容詞作定語,修飾steps.其謂語是havebeen.注意在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中,there是一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞,它占據(jù)了原來主語的位置,從而是真正的主語退居其后,承擔(dān)了大量的信息,成為信息的核心.

Fieldsrelatedtomachinetranslationsuchasartificial

intelligenceandvoicerecognitionhavegonefromsubjectsofmockeryto

beingutilizedattheheartofground-breakingprojects.

[分析]本句是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu),其主干是Fields…h(huán)avegonefrom…to…,主語是Fieldsrelatedtomachinetranslationsuchasartificial

intelligenceandvoicerecognition,其中relatedto

machinetranslationsuchasartificialintelligenceandvoicerecognition是過去分詞短語作定語,修飾Fields,這里面又有suchas引導(dǎo)artificialintelligenceandvoicerecognition作hasartificialintelligenceandvoicerecognition,其中relatedtomachinetranslation的同位語,本句的謂語是have

gone,其后是from…to…結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語,表明與機(jī)器翻譯相關(guān)的領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的變化.

3.目前的機(jī)器翻譯仍然處于很低的水平,甚至達(dá)不到能威脅人類翻譯工作的程度.即使電腦程序能設(shè)法給出優(yōu)質(zhì)的翻譯,讀者仍然缺乏能夠完全理解其含義的必要的文化知識(shí).Currentmachinetranslationisstill

ataverylowlevel

(1.處于很低的水平)andhasnoteven

comecloseto

(2.接近)threateningthejobsofhumantranslators.Evenifacomputerprogramcouldsomehowproducea

quality

(3.優(yōu)質(zhì)的)translation,thereaderwouldstilllackthenecessaryculturalknowledgetobeabletounderstanditfully.

1-beataverylowlevel

詞典釋義：level['lev.?l]

noun

countable

ABILITY

能力

ESSENTIAL

■someone'sability

comparedtootherpeople

(與他人相比的)能力,水準(zhǔn),級(jí)別

?acourseforadvanced

level

students面向高級(jí)別學(xué)生的課程?Studentsatthis

level

requirealotof

help.處于這種程度的學(xué)生需要大量的幫助.?Theexamcanbetakenatthree

levels.這種考試分為三個(gè)級(jí)別.

外刊例句：Butinpoorercountries,wheremostruralpeopleconsume

andtravelverylittle,therelationshipisoftenreversed.Onlywhenthey

movetotownsandcitiesdothepoorcometorelyonfossilfuelsandjoin

theconsumereconomy,albeitoften

ataverylowlevel.(TheGuardian)然而,這種關(guān)系在更為貧困的國家則經(jīng)常顛倒了,因?yàn)槟抢锏泥l(xiāng)村地區(qū)人群大多很少消費(fèi)和游玩.這些窮人只有搬到了城鎮(zhèn)才會(huì)依賴化石燃料和成為消費(fèi)者經(jīng)濟(jì)的一員,不過其程度仍然很低.

替換表達(dá)：beoflowquality

學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：(1)

remainsto

thelowerlevel點(diǎn)評(píng)：搭配不當(dāng),這里應(yīng)該改為remain

atalowlevel(2)

under/inthe

lowlevel點(diǎn)評(píng)：介詞使用不當(dāng),under/in應(yīng)該改為at,此外the應(yīng)該改為a(3)

atarather

lowstandard點(diǎn)評(píng)：應(yīng)該改為ofarather

lowstandard,即machinetranslationisstillofa

ratherlowstandard

2-comecloseto

詞典釋義：comeclose(to)

phrase

tobe

similartooralmostasgoodassomeoneorsomething

He’s

notasgoodasAmis,buthecomesclose.

外刊例句：How

complexcellsevolvedisamystery.Anewideamay

comecloseto

thetruth()細(xì)胞復(fù)雜的演變?nèi)匀幻造F重重.此新想法或許能讓我們更接近真相.

替換表達(dá)：comenearto

學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：(1)

taketheplace

of點(diǎn)評(píng)：taketheplaceof是"替代……”的意思,用在這里不合適.

3-quality

詞典釋義：qualityUK

['kw?l.?.ti]

US

['kwɑ：.l?.t?i]

adjective

[beforenoun]

■ofahighstandard

優(yōu)質(zhì)的,優(yōu)良的,高級(jí)的

?Thisisa

quality

product.這是高級(jí)產(chǎn)品.?mainlyUKThestoryreceivedlittlecoverageinthe

quality

papers

(=moreseriousnewspapers).內(nèi)容嚴(yán)肅的報(bào)紙幾乎沒有報(bào)導(dǎo)這一則新聞.[afterverb]

informal

■verygood

很好的?Thatgigwas

quality.那場(chǎng)演奏會(huì)很精彩.

外刊例句：However,asthisisbuiltupon,a

quality

psychologicalconnectionorattachmentrelationship

conducivetolearningandattunedinteractionisdevelopedandstrengthened.

()然而,隨著其確立起來,一種有利于學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)人際關(guān)系的良好心理聯(lián)系或親密關(guān)系就此發(fā)展和壯大起來.

替換表達(dá)：extremelygood,high-quality

Q：老師,請(qǐng)問remaintothelowerlevel,remainthelower

level和remaintobethelowerlevel正確嗎?A：remain的常見搭配是remaintobedone或者remainadj.但不可以寫成remaintosomething,因此這里remainthelowerlevel和remaintobethe

lowerlevel都是有問題的.可以參考朗文詞典中對(duì)于remain詞條的解釋和例句.

4.翻譯通常只能表達(dá)出接近原意的大概,因此對(duì)有些人來說,學(xué)習(xí)外語總是必要的.一般人可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)的機(jī)器翻譯很有用,但這種翻譯機(jī)器不太可能會(huì)替代語言學(xué)習(xí).Atranslationisoftenjustarough

approximation

(1.大概,近似值)of

theoriginalmeaning(2.原意)andsoitwillalwaysbenecessaryforsomepeopletolearnforeignlanguages.

Theaverageperson

(3.一般人)might

findaqualitymachinetranslatorratheruseful(4.發(fā)現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)的機(jī)器翻譯很有用),butitisunlikelythatsuchtranslatorswilleverreplacelanguagelearning.

1-approximation

詞典釋義：approximation

UK

[??pr?k.s?'me?.??n]

US

[-?prɑ：k-]

formal

noun

countable

■aguessofanumberthatisnotexactbutthatisclose

粗略估計(jì);近似值?Couldyougivemea

rough

approximation

of

howmanypeoplewillbecoming?

你能告訴我要來的大概人數(shù)嗎??Whathesaidboreno

approximation

whatsoever

to

thetruth(=wasnotatalllikethetruth).他的說法跟實(shí)際情況風(fēng)馬牛不相及.

外刊例句：Morethananyotherman,BorisYeltsinmovedtheRussian

peoplefromtyrannyto

arough

approximation

offreedom.Forthathewasoneoftheauthenticheroesof

the20thcentury.(TheGuardian)鮑里斯·葉利欽比其他人都更大程度地讓俄羅斯人民脫離了極權(quán)統(tǒng)治,享受到了粗略的自由.因此,他可以說是一位百分百的20世紀(jì)英雄.

學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：(1)

drawarough

outlineof點(diǎn)評(píng)：outline是指"要點(diǎn),綱要”,例如：abroadoutlineofthecommittee'splans委員會(huì)計(jì)劃的一個(gè)粗略綱要,drawaroughoutlineof用在這里不準(zhǔn)確.(2)

skeleton點(diǎn)評(píng)：skeleton指"框架,架構(gòu)”,例如：Theskeletonofmybookiswritten/Mybookisinskeletonform-

nowIjusthavetoaddthedetails.我的書已經(jīng)有了架構(gòu)——現(xiàn)在我只需要添加細(xì)節(jié)了.Skeleton用在此處不恰當(dāng).

2-theoriginalmeaning

詞典釋義：original[?'r?d?.?.n?l]

adjective

FIRSTMADE

原先的

ESSENTIAL

[before

noun]

■existingsincethebeginning,orbeingtheearliestform

ofsomething

起初的;原先的;最早的?Isthisthe

original

fireplace?

這是原先的壁爐嗎??Thegardenshaverecentlybeenrestoredtotheir

original

glory.這些園林最近恢復(fù)了原先的輝煌.

外刊例句：But

theoriginal

meaning

ofMayDayreappearedatthedarkestmomentsoftheNaziera,as

whenitwascelebratedintheWarsawghettowhichlaunchedanuprising

againsttheregime.

()但國際勞動(dòng)節(jié)的原始意義再次于最黑暗的納粹統(tǒng)治時(shí)期體現(xiàn)出來,華沙猶太人區(qū)在那時(shí)慶祝了這個(gè)節(jié)日,發(fā)動(dòng)了一場(chǎng)反抗納粹政權(quán)的暴動(dòng).

學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：(1)

realmean點(diǎn)評(píng)：mean做名詞時(shí)沒有"含義”的意思,這里應(yīng)該改為originalmeaning

3-Theaverageperson

詞典釋義：averageUK

['?v.?r.?d?]

US

[-?-]

adjective

USUAL

一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

ESSENTIAL

■typicalandusual

普通的;平常的;中等的;一般的

?The

average

personinthestreetisalot

betteroffthantheywerefortyyearsago.再普通再一般的人也要比40年前富裕多了.?astudentof

average

ability才智平平的學(xué)生?Thefoodwasfairly

average

(=not

excellent,althoughnotbad).那里的食物很一般.

外刊例句：Thissurveyshows64%ofGuardianreadersarein

employment,whichis20%morelikelythan

theaverageperson

intheUKandinlinewiththelevelamongreadersof

otherqualitynewspapers.(TheGuardian)該研究表明,64%的衛(wèi)報(bào)讀者有工作做,比平均英國人高20%,與其他同樣高質(zhì)量的報(bào)刊讀者持平.

替換表達(dá)：ordinarypeople

學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：(1)

ordinary

person點(diǎn)評(píng)：person是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),使用時(shí)前面一般要加限定詞,這里可以改為ordinarypeople(2)

normalpeople

點(diǎn)評(píng)：normalpeople是指身體和心理上沒有健康問題的正常人,例如：Statisticsindicatethatdepressedpatientsaremorelikelyto