（高考英語作文煉句）第27篇譯文老師筆記

PAGEPAGE11.中國正在面臨一場減少土地污染的艱難戰(zhàn)斗,土地污染導(dǎo)致了一系列的公共健康危害以及可耕種土地的減少.要取得這場戰(zhàn)斗的勝利,我們必須立刻實施一些緊急措施.Chinaisfacing

anuphillbattle(1.一場艱難的戰(zhàn)斗)toreducelandpollutionwhichhasledtoaseriesof

publichealthhazards

(2.公共健康危害)andshrinking

arableland(3.可耕種土地).Towinthebattle,someurgentmeasureshavetobecarriedoutimmediately.

1-anuphillbattle

詞典釋義：uphill[??p'h?l]

adjective

adverb

■leadingtoahigherplaceonaslope

上坡(的);向山上(的);朝上坡方向(的)?an

uphill

climb向上的攀爬?running

uphill往山上跑Comparedownhillneedingalargeamountofeffort

費力的,艱難的?It'llbean

uphill

struggle/battle/fight

to

getthenewproposalsaccepted.要讓新的提案獲得通過會很困難.

外刊例句：ButTPPfaces

an

uphillbattle

gettingapprovedinsomeparliaments.

()但跨太平洋貿(mào)易伙伴協(xié)定面臨著一場惡斗——它要得到一些議員同意.

替換表達(dá)：anuphilltask

學(xué)生錯誤表達(dá)：(1)

Atough

campaign點評：campaign一般指"宣傳活動”,不可以用atoughcampaign來指"艱苦的戰(zhàn)斗”.

2-publichealthhazard

詞典釋義：hazardUK

['h?z.?d]

US

[-?d]

noun

countable

■somethingthatisdangerousandlikelytocausedamage

危險物,危害物?ahealth/fire

hazard健康／火災(zāi)隱憂?Thebusytrafficentrancewasa

hazard

to

pedestrians.那個繁忙的車輛入口處對行人來說很不安全.

外刊例句：DuringapaneldiscussionlastweekattheHeartRhythm

symposiuminChicago,aphysicianaskedmewhyIwasraisingthealarmover

cybersecurityasa

publichealth

hazard.(TheGuardian)在上周于芝加哥舉行的心律專家座談會上,一位醫(yī)生問我,為什么我會警告大家注意網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全,視其為公公健康危害.

替換表達(dá)：publichealthrisks/threats

學(xué)生錯誤表達(dá)：(1)

Publichealth

dangers/harm點評：一般沒有publichealth

dangers/harm這兩種說法,可以改為常見說法publichealthhazards

3-arableland

詞典釋義：arableUK

['?r.?.bl]

US

['er-]

adjective

■describesfarmingandfarmlandthatisusedfor,oris

suitablefor,growingcrops

適于耕種的,可耕的;耕作的

?arable

farming/farmers/farms/land耕作農(nóng)業(yè)／從事耕作農(nóng)業(yè)的人／適宜墾植的農(nóng)場／可耕地

外刊例句：Ifpotentialwereedible,Africawouldhavethebest-fed

peopleonearth.Thevastcontinenthas60%oftheworld’suncultivated

arableland,mostofitunfarmed.()如果這些潛在作物真能食用,非洲將成為能養(yǎng)活世界上最多人口的大洲.非洲大陸廣闊無垠,有著世界上60%尚未開發(fā)的耕地.

替換表達(dá)：farmable/cultivable/productive/tillableland

Q：老師,anuphillbattletoreducelandpollution中的to可以改為of?我在表達(dá)某名詞的后置定語時,經(jīng)常習(xí)慣性的使用介詞of,這樣是不是錯誤的,應(yīng)該有各個名詞自己的習(xí)慣搭配吧.A：anuphillbattletodosomething是一個固定搭配,不可以寫成ofdoingsomething,一般來說,如果表目的一般用介詞to,而不是用of,關(guān)于名詞的習(xí)慣搭配可以多查詞典,多看詞典例句.

Q：為什么用publichealthhazards而不用publichealthyhazardshealthy是形容詞?A：healthhazard是一個固定說法,可以當(dāng)成特例記住.

2.通過對可回收物的分類和處理,將它們變成原材料,再將原材料制造成新的產(chǎn)品,回收利用能夠極大降低垃圾填埋場中固體廢物的數(shù)量.By

sortingandprocessing

(1.分類和處理)recyclables

(2.可回收物)intorawmaterialsandmanufacturingrawmaterialsintonewproducts,recyclingcangreatlydecreasetheamountof

solidwastes(3.固體廢物)in

landfills(4.垃圾填埋場).

1-sortingandprocessing

詞典釋義：sort3.VERB

動詞

把…分類;整理

Ifyou

sort

things,youseparatethemintodifferentclasses,groups,or

places,forexamplesothatyoucandodifferentthingswiththem.?He

sortedthematerialsintotheirfolders...他把材料分門別類放進(jìn)了文件夾.?Thestudentsare

sorted

intothreeabilitygroups...學(xué)生們被按照各自的能力分成了3個組.?Heunlatchedtheboxand

sorted

throughthepapers...他打開盒子,把文件整理好.?I

sortedthelaundry.我把要洗的衣服分了類.

process3.VERB

動詞

加工;處理

Whenrawmaterialsorfoods

areprocessed,

theyarepreparedinfactoriesbeforetheyareusedorsold.?...fishwhichare

processed

byfreezing,canningorsmoking...經(jīng)過冷凍、罐裝或熏制處理的魚

?Thematerialwillbe

processed

intoplasticpellets.這些材料將會被加工成塑料小球.?...dietshighinrefinedand

processed

foods.包含很多精制食品和加工食品的飲食

外刊例句：Thegovernment'swasteadvisorybodyWraphasprovideda

￡1.15mloantowardsthedevelopmentofthefacility-anextensionofthe

existingbottle

sortingandprocessing

facility-andanimportantsteptowardsbuildingmuch-neededreprocessing

infrastructureforrigidplastics.

()政府垃圾警報機(jī)構(gòu)Wrap已經(jīng)給提供了115萬英鎊用于該發(fā)展該設(shè)施,即升級現(xiàn)存垃圾分類設(shè)施,而對于建立起新型垃圾再利用設(shè)施來應(yīng)對頑固的塑料垃圾的迫切需求,這將是重要一步.

學(xué)生錯誤表達(dá)：(1)

Sortingand

disposing點評：當(dāng)表示"處理……”時,dispose的搭配應(yīng)該是disposeofsomething(2)

Classification

andprocessing點評：and前面部分應(yīng)該盡量保持詞性和形式一致,這里可以改為classifyingandprocessing

2-recyclables

詞典釋義：recyclable

1.ADJ-GRADED

能被表示程度的副詞或介詞詞組修飾的形容詞

可回收的;可再次利用的

Recyclable

wasteormaterialscanbeprocessedandusedagain.?...aseparatebinfor

recyclable

wasteproducts.一個專門收集可回收廢棄物的垃圾桶nounasubstanceorobjectthatcanberecycled

可回收物品

外刊例句：Itinspectsitstruckstoseewhichbuildingsor

neighbourhoodsarethrowingawaylotsof

recyclables

andgetsitsstafftocontacttheworstoffenderstourgethemtobemore

careful.

()它將對火車進(jìn)行檢測,找出那些樓群和社區(qū)正大量拋棄可回收垃圾,然后收集起這些證據(jù),去聯(lián)系那些嚴(yán)重違反者,督促他們?nèi)永鴷r要更認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé).

替換表達(dá)：recyclablematerials

學(xué)生錯誤表達(dá)：(1)

recoverable

things點評：用詞不準(zhǔn)確,recoverable是指"能追回的;可開采的”,例如：

Travelexpenseswill

be

recoverable

fromthecompany.

差旅費用可到公司報銷.recoverable

oilreserves

可開采的石油資源,這里應(yīng)該改為recyclable

3-solidwastes

詞典釋義：solidUK

['s?l.?d]

US

['sɑ：.l?d]

adjective

NOT

LIQUID/GAS

非液體／氣體

IMPROVER

■notliquidorgas

固體的,固態(tài)的

?Liquidand

solid

wasteiscollectedinthe

tank.液體和固體廢棄物集中在箱罐里.?Freezethemixtureforabout3hoursorsountil

solid.把混合物冷凍三小時左右,直到其變成固體.

waste[we?st]

noun

UNWANTED

MATTER

無用的物質(zhì)

ADVANCED

countable

or

uncountable

■unwantedmatteror

materialofanytype,oftenthatwhichisleftafterusefulsubstancesor

partshavebeenremoved

廢品,垃圾,廢物,廢料?Britainproduces20milliontonnesofhousehold

waste

eachyear.英國每年產(chǎn)生2000萬噸家居垃圾.?Heopposesanykindofnuclear

waste

being

dumpedatsea.他反對將任何一種核廢料傾倒入海中.?Everyday,30milliongallonsofuntreatedhuman

waste

(=excrement)flowfromCiudadJuarezintotheRioGrande.每天都有3000萬噸未經(jīng)處理的人類糞便從華雷斯城排入格蘭德河.?Oilspillsarecommon,asisthedumpingoftoxic

industrial

wastes.溢油現(xiàn)象很常見,就像傾倒有毒工業(yè)廢料一樣.?TheJapaneserecyclemorethanhalfoftheir

waste

paper.日本人回收他們一半以上的廢紙.

外刊例句：Weareseeingusedbatteries,asbestos,leadandother

potentiallyhazardouswastemixedwiththemunicipal

solidwastes

beingputintothewater.()我們正在尋找廢棄電池、石棉、鉛片,以及其他與各種固態(tài)垃圾混在水里的潛質(zhì)危險廢品.

4-landfill

詞典釋義：landfill['l?nd.f?l]

noun

countable

or

uncountable

■gettingridoflargeamountsofrubbishbyburyingit,or

aplacewhererubbishisburied

垃圾掩埋;垃圾掩埋場

?NinetypercentofAmericanrubbishisdumpedin

landfill

sites.美國90%的垃圾都是傾倒進(jìn)垃圾掩埋場.

例句：Underafederallawpassedin2010allsolidwastemustbe

depositedinmodern

landfills,

linedtostoptoxinsfromsoakingintothesoil.

()根據(jù)于2010年頒布的聯(lián)邦法律,所以固體廢品必須運到現(xiàn)代化垃圾埋堆場處理,并且不能把有毒物質(zhì)倒入土地里.

替換表達(dá)：refusedumps

Q：垃圾填埋場前的介詞我用的at,表小地點,例句用的in是表示垃圾填埋在里面的意思嗎?A：in和at都可以表示地點,但in一般表示大地點,at表示小地點.對于landfill前面的介詞一般是in

Q：waste作為不可數(shù)名詞的時候才有"廢物,廢料”的意思,為什么這里是用的復(fù)數(shù)呢?A：waste表示"廢物,廢料”時可以作可數(shù)名詞,也可以作不可數(shù)名詞,作可數(shù)名詞時可用復(fù)數(shù).例如劍橋詞典例句：Oilspillsarecommon,asisthedumpingoftoxicindustrialwastes.溢油現(xiàn)象很常見,就像傾倒有毒工業(yè)廢料一樣.

3.當(dāng)景區(qū)在被建造和擴(kuò)大的時候,由于以下行為,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)會遭到破壞：樹木被砍伐以此來為建筑物和交通運輸系統(tǒng)讓路,本土物種被奪走了棲息地,缺乏植被有可能導(dǎo)致山體滑坡和其他自然災(zāi)害.When

scenicspots

(1.景區(qū))arebeingbuiltandexpanded,theecosystemisdestroyedastheresultofthefollowingactions：treesarecutdownforbuildingsandtransportation,

indigenousspecies

(2.本土物種)aredeprivedof

(3.被奪走)theirhabitats,andthelackof

vegetation

(4.植被)maybringaboutlandslidesandothernaturaldisasters.

1-scenicspots

詞典釋義：scenic['si：.n?k]

adjective

■havingorallowingyoutoseebeautifulnaturalfeatures

風(fēng)景優(yōu)美的?anareaofoutstanding

scenic

beauty風(fēng)景優(yōu)美的地區(qū)?a

scenic

drive/railway風(fēng)景優(yōu)美的公路／鐵路?We

tookthescenic

route

home.我們回家走了一條風(fēng)景優(yōu)美的路.

spotUK

[sp?t]

US

[spɑ：t]

noun

countable

PLACE

地方

IMPROVER

■aparticularplace

地點;場所

?Thislookslikeanice

spot

forapicnic.看起來這里是個野餐的好地方.

外刊例句：Onthefringesoftown,theLakeGardensattractjoggers

andcycliststosprawlinggreengrounds,linedwithancientraintrees.You

canrentabiketofindthemostscenic

spots.

()湖濱公園坐落于城鎮(zhèn)邊緣,眾多慢跑者和自行車手慕名而來,在草地上休息,欣賞古老的雨林植物.你大可租車一輛去尋找美景.

替換表達(dá)：resort/touristattraction

學(xué)生錯誤表達(dá)：(1)

scenery

districts點評：沒有scenery

districts的說法,這里可以改為scenicspots(2)

sceneryspot點評：同樣沒有sceneryspot的說法,這里應(yīng)該改為scenicspots

2-indigenousspecies

詞典釋義：indigenous

[?n'd?d?.?.n?s]

adjective

■naturallyexistinginaplaceorcountryratherthan

arrivingfromanotherplace

當(dāng)?shù)氐?本土的,土生土長的

?Arethereanyspeciesoffrog

indigenous

to

thearea?

這個地區(qū)是否有本地品種的青蛙??Sowhoarethe

indigenous

peopleofthisland?

那么誰是這塊土地的原住民?

species['spi：.?i：z]

(pluralspecies)

noun

countable

IMPROVER

■asetofanimalsorplantsinwhichthemembershave

similarcharacteristicstoeachotherandcanbreedwitheachother

(動植物的)種,物種?Mountaingorillasarean

endangered

species.山地大猩猩屬于瀕危物種.?Overahundred

species

of

insectarefound

inthisarea.這一地區(qū)有上百種昆蟲.?figurative

humorous

WomenfilmdirectorsinHollywoodarearare

species.女性電影導(dǎo)演在好萊塢屬于稀有物種.外刊例句：Accordingtothecentre'smanager,Dutch-bornMarijcke

Jongbloed,only

indigenousspecies

willqualifyforthisNoah'sarkofarescueproject.()據(jù)荷蘭裔的中心管理者M(jìn)arijckeJongbloed所言,僅本地物種有資格呈上該計劃的"諾亞方舟”.

替換表達(dá)：nativespecies

3-bedeprivedof

詞典釋義：deprive[d?'pra?v]

verb

transitive

ADVANCED

■totakesomething,especiallysomethingnecessaryor

pleasant,awayfromsomeone

奪走,搶走,剝奪?Heclaimedthathehadbeen

deprived

of

his

freedom/rights.他聲稱本身自由／權(quán)利被剝奪.?Youcan'tfunctionproperlywhenyou're

deprived

of

sleep.如果被剝奪了睡眠,人體就無法正常運作.

外刊例句：ChildrendetainedinanadultprisoninVictoria

weredeprivedof

theirhumanrights

andfacedriskstotheirmentalhealth,asupremecourtjudgehasfound.()一位最高法院法官發(fā)現(xiàn),關(guān)在維多利亞成人監(jiān)獄的孩子遭受人權(quán)剝奪,面臨精神健康危險.

替換表達(dá)：bestrippedof

學(xué)生錯誤表達(dá)：(1)

aredeprived點評：deprive的搭配是deprivesomebodyofsomething,這里應(yīng)該改為be

deprivedof(2)

capture點評：用詞不當(dāng),capture是指"捕獲”.(3)

carryoff點評：用詞不當(dāng),carryoff是指"成功完成(某事)”,例如：He'sgottheexperienceandtheauthoritytocarryitoff.他的經(jīng)驗和威望足以做成這件事.

4-vegetation

詞典釋義：

vegetation[?ved?.?'te?.??n]

noun

uncountable

■plantsingeneralorplantswhicharefoundina

particulararea

(總稱)植物;植被,植物群落?Therailwaytrackwillhavetobeclearedof

vegetation

ifitistobeusedagain.那條鐵路如果要重新啟用,就得清除沿線的草木.?Muchoftheregion'snative

vegetation

hasbeendamaged

bydeveloperswhoarebuildinghotelsalongthecoast.該地區(qū)很多本地植物都被那些沿海岸建造飯店的開發(fā)商破壞了.

外刊例句：Peatforestscanbeasmuchas200timesmoredamagingto

theatmospherewhenburntthanothertypesof

vegetation,bothbecausetheystoremorecarbonandbecausemore

ofitisreleasedasmethane,anespeciallyharmfulgreenhousegas.

()泥炭森林若遭遇火災(zāi)將給氣候帶來200倍于其他種類植物的損害,主要因為它們存著大量炭,以及因為炭燃燒時會生成危險的溫室氣體甲烷.

學(xué)生錯誤表達(dá)：(1)

deforestation點評：deforestation是指"砍伐樹林,毀林”,這與"缺乏植被”含義不同.

Q：indigenous和native怎么區(qū)分?A：indigenous和native是近義詞,但indigenous是一個更為專業(yè)的詞匯,它專門指本土植物/物種/居民等.在話題作文中經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)indigenouspeople(原住民)這個表達(dá).

Q：expand和extend都有擴(kuò)大的含義,在此應(yīng)該都可以使用吧A：expand和extend是近義詞,但extend側(cè)重于在長度上的擴(kuò)大(比如把道路修得更長),而expand側(cè)重于全方位的擴(kuò)大,因此這里用expand會更好.

4.由于空氣質(zhì)量差,大城市的哮喘以及其他肺部疾病的發(fā)病率要比農(nóng)村地區(qū)高很多.通過減少廢氣排放,改善空氣質(zhì)量,這些疾病的發(fā)生率會降低,城市居民的生活質(zhì)量也會提升.Duetothelowqualityofair,

theoccurrenceof

(1.……發(fā)生的幾率)asthmaandotherlung-relatedailmentsisconsiderablyhigherinlargecitiesthaninruralareas.Bycutting

exhaustemissions

(2.廢氣排放)andthus

ameliorating

(3.改善)airquality,theincidenceofthesemedicalconditionscanbereducedandthequalityoflifeimprovedforurbandwellers.

1-theoccurrenceof

詞典釋義：occurrence

●○○○○1.N-COUNT

可數(shù)名詞

發(fā)生的事情;事件

An

occurrence

issomethingthathappens.

【語域標(biāo)簽】：FORMAL正式?Complaintsseemedtobeaneveryday

occurrence...似乎每天都有投訴.?Thefoodqueueshavebecomeadaily

occurrence

acrossthecountry.排隊購買食品的長龍已成了全國各地每日可見的景象.2.N-COUNT

可數(shù)名詞

發(fā)生;出現(xiàn)

Theoccurrenceof

somethingisthefactthatithappensorispresent.

【搭配模式】：theNofn?Thegreatest

occurrence

ofcoronaryheartdiseaseisinthoseover65.65歲以上者是冠心病的最高發(fā)人群.

例句：Atthattime,

the

occurrenceof

non-biologicallybasedphysicalsymptoms,suchasa

paralysedarmorleg,waswidespread.

()非生理性的身體癥狀在那時,比如四肢麻痹,普遍發(fā)生.

替換表達(dá)：theincidenceof

學(xué)生錯誤表達(dá)：(1)

Theincident

of點評：incident是指"事件”,這里應(yīng)該改為theincidenceof(……的發(fā)生率).(2)

thesuffering

rateof點評：沒有sufferingrate的說法,這里可以改為theincidence/occurrenceof(3)

incidence

rate點評：incidence和rate的語義重復(fù)了,這里可以去掉rate

2-exhaustemissions

詞典釋義：exhaustUK

[?g'z?：st]

US

[-'zɑ：st]

noun

uncountable

■thewastegasfrom

anengine,especiallyacar's,orthepipethegasflowsthrough

(引擎排出的)廢氣;(尤指汽車的)尾氣;排氣管?Car

exhaust

isthemainreasonforthe

city'spollution.汽車排出的廢氣是造成城市污染的主要原因.

emission[?'m??.?n]

noun

uncountable

■whengas,heat,light,etc.issentout

(氣體、熱量、光線等的)排放,散發(fā),射出?TheGreenPartyhavecalledforasubstantialreductionin

the

emission

ofgreenhousegasesbytheUK.綠黨要求英國切實減少溫室氣體的排放量.countable

■anamountofgas,heat,light,etc.thatissentout

排放物;散發(fā)物?carbondioxide

emissions二氧化碳的排放

外刊例句：AseparaterulingmadeinMrObama'sfirsttermwillclean

up

exhaustemissions

from

vehicles,thesecond-biggestsourceofemissions.

()奧巴馬在其第一任期時頒布的獨立法令將清理作為第二大廢氣排放來源的汽車廢氣排放.

學(xué)生錯誤表達(dá)：(1)