（高考英語作文煉句）第31篇譯文老師筆記

PAGEPAGE11.據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織估計,僅在2012年就有超過七百萬人直接死于空氣污染,而這些污染大部分由燃燒化石燃料造成.考慮到核能不產(chǎn)生排放物,要是它能夠被廣泛使用以代替煤炭和天然氣,那么成百萬人的壽命就能大幅延長.TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthatmorethan7millionpeopledied

asadirectresultof

(1.作為……的直接結(jié)果)airpollutionin2012alone,withmuchofthatpollutioncomingfromtheburningoffossilfuels.Giventhatnuclearpowerproducesnoemissions,wereitwidelyadopted

inplaceof

(2.代替)coalandgasmillionsoflivescouldbesignificantly

prolonged(3.延長).

1-asadirectresultof

詞典釋義：result[r?'z?lt]

noun

BECAUSEOF

因為

ESSENTIAL

countable

or

onlysingular

■somethingthathappensorexistsbecauseofsomething

else

結(jié)果;后果?Theroadhasbeenwidened,but

the

result

isjustmoretraffic.道路被拓寬,但結(jié)果車流量卻更大了.?Hisbrokenlegis

the

direct

result

of

hisowncarelessness.他自己的粗心大意直接導致他摔斷了腿.?Itriedtorepaintthekitchenwalls

with

disastrous

results.我試圖重新粉刷一下廚房的墻,結(jié)果卻弄得一塌糊涂.?Toensure

good/thebest

results,useItaliantomatoesandfreshbasil.為了保證做好后口味好／最佳,要用義大利番茄和新鮮的羅勒.asaresultofsth

IMPROVER

■becauseofsomething

因為…;由于…?Profitshavedeclinedasa

result

oftherecent

dropinsales.由于最近銷售量滑坡,利潤下降了.

外刊例句：Asadirectresultof

this,critics

say,thenumberofwomenwhodieasaresultofbotched,amateurterminations

goesup.

()批評者認為,這直接導致了更多婦女因為糟糕的業(yè)余墮胎手術(shù)而死亡.

2-inplaceof

詞典釋義：inplaceofsb/sth

■insteadofsomeone

orsomething

代替,取代?Youcanusemargarinein

place

ofbutterin

somerecipes.有些食譜里,你可以用人造牛油代替牛油.

inplaceofinsomething’splace

phrase

instead

ofsomethingorsomeone

Theideawastoabandonthecommunistmodel,andcreatea

marketeconomyinitsplace.

Inplaceofordinarylightbulbs,youcouldusefluorescent

lamps.

外刊例句：NeilRobertson,theworldchampion,camefrom2-0downwith

breaksof68,101and80tobeatMarkWilliams,twiceworldchampion,3-2and

willwakeuptomorrowasthenewworldNo1,arollingsystemhavingbeen

adopted

inplaceof

asingle

revisionattheendofeachseason.

()世界冠軍尼爾·羅伯森在落后兩盤的情況下,以68、101和80直落三盤以3：2比分逆轉(zhuǎn)兩屆世界冠軍馬克.威廉姆斯,而他明天起來就會成為新的世界排名第一.新的滾動更新排名系統(tǒng)已替代了以前每賽季末才更新一次的舊系統(tǒng).

替換表達：toreplace/insteadof/taketheplaceof/beasubstitutefor

3-beprolonged

詞典釋義：prolongUK

[pr?'l??]

US

[-'lɑ：?]

verb

transitive

■tomakesomethinglastalongertime

延長,拖延?Wewerehavingsuchagoodtimethatwedecidedto

prolongourstaybyanotherweek.我們過得非常愉快,決定再多待一個星期.?Shechewedeachdeliciousmouthfulasslowlyasshecould,prolonging

thepleasure.她細嚼慢咽,盡情地享受每一口美食.

外刊例句：ByfailingtocometogethertodenounceMrMugabe

unequivocally,theyhavenotonly

prolonged

Zimbabwe'sagony;theyhavedamagedthewholeofsouthernAfrica,both

materiallyandintermsofAfrica'sreputation.

()他們未能齊心合力公開檢舉馬伽比,這將不僅使津巴布韋人民承受更長久的痛苦,還將給整個非洲南部地區(qū)帶來物質(zhì)上的和名譽上的損害.

替換表達：belengthened/extended

Q：后半句的假設(shè)也可以不用虛擬語氣?感覺并不是完全不可能實現(xiàn)啊.A：核能被大范圍使用以代替煤和石油從目前來看還是一個不太可能實現(xiàn)的目標,這里用虛擬語氣比較好一點.

Q：請問peopledieddirectlyofairpollution,mostof

whichcamefromtheburningoffossilfuels,請問這樣用非限制定從寫能不能?mostofwhich表示"這些污染大部分”的意思?A：可以,這樣寫沒問題,句子改寫得不錯!

Wereitwidelyadoptedinplaceofcoalandgasmillionsof

livescouldbesignificantlyprolonged.

[分析]本句的主干部分為millionsoflives

couldbesignificantlyprolonged,這是一個被動結(jié)構(gòu).句首是一個倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),是一個條件狀語從句,在省略連詞if的非真實條件句中需要使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),即將一些助動詞如had、should和be的虛假式were放在句首.

2.核電站產(chǎn)生的能源讓其他清潔能源相形見絀,而且它持久可靠.考慮到這一點,核能是替代化石能源以及滿足我們能源需求的熱門選擇,盡管公眾的反對仍會成為主要阻礙.Theenergyproducedbynuclearplants

dwarfs

(1.讓……相形見絀)othercleanenergysources,anditisaconstantandreliablesupply.

Withthisinmind(2.考慮到這一點),nuclearpoweris

theprimecandidatefor(3.……的熱門選擇)replacingfossilfuelsandmeetingourenergyneeds,althoughpublicoppositionwillcontinuetobe

amajorobstacle(4.主要障礙).

1-dwarf

詞典釋義：dwarf

●●○○○1.VERB

動詞

使顯得矮小;使相形見絀

Ifonepersonor

thing

isdwarfed

byanother,thesecondissomuchbiggerthanthefirstthatit

makesthemlookverysmall.

【語法信息】：beV-ed

【語法信息】：Vn?Hisfigureis

dwarfedbythehugeredMcDonald'ssign...在巨大的紅色麥當勞標志牌下,他顯得很矮小.

?TheUSairtravelmarket

dwarfsthatofBritain.與美國航空旅行市場比起來,英國的航空旅行市場相形見絀.

外刊例句：Butananalysisofthefirst1,000investorstocomplainto

BrooklandsSecurities-abrokerfirmwhichmovedintothefirm'sofficesand

boughtsomeofitsassets-showstheFSCScouldpayoutasmuchas￡300mto

the9,000clientsofthehigh-pressuresalesoutfit,whichwentinto

liquidationlastsummer.Thiswill

dwarf

otherFSCSsinglecompanypayouts.

()但通過分析那最早的1000名抱怨BrooklandsSecurities公司(一家贖買了自身財產(chǎn)的經(jīng)紀人事務(wù)所)的投資者發(fā)現(xiàn),金融服務(wù)補償計劃可以給9000名該高壓銷售公司的顧客發(fā)放3億英鎊補償,而這家公司已于去年夏天宣告破產(chǎn).這筆補償遠比任何一筆單個公司提供的FSCS補償都要高.

替換表達：overshadow/eclipse/outshine/put…intheshade

2-withthisinmind

詞典釋義：withthis

inmind18.PHRASE

短語

以…為目標(或理由、基礎(chǔ));考慮到

Ifyoudosomething

with

aparticularthing

in

mind,youdoitwiththatthingasyouraimoras

thereasonorbasisforyouraction.

【搭配模式】：PHRafterv?Thesefamiliesneedsupport.Withthisin

mind

agroupof35specialistsmetlastweekend.這些家庭需要幫助.為此35位專家組成的小組上周末會面進行了商談.

外刊例句：Withthisinmind,theOakRidge

NationalLaboratoryinTennesseeplannedtohostaweekly"SouthernAccent

Reduction”class,invitingprospectiveparticipantsto"berememberedfor

whatyousay,nothowyousayit”.

()位于田納西州的橡樹嶺國家實驗室考慮到這一點后,計劃舉辦名為"弱化南部口音”的周課,幫助參與者"讓別人注意他們說了什么而非他們的說話方式.”

替換表達：consideringthis

3-theprimecandidatefor

詞典釋義：3.

beaprimecandidate/target(forsth)

tobethepersonorthing

thatismostsuitableormostlikelytobechosenforaparticularpurpose是(某事物)的首選目標：?Theschoolisa

primecandidateforclosure.這所學校最有可能關(guān)閉.?Oldpeoplearea

primetargetforthieves.老年人是竊賊的首選目標.

prime[pra?m]

adjective

[before

noun]

IMPROVER

■mainormostimportant

首要的,主要的;基本的

?Thisisa

prime

example

of1930s

architecture.這是20世紀30年代建筑風格的一個重要范例.?the

prime

suspectinamurderinvestigation謀殺案調(diào)查中的主要嫌疑犯?a

prime

sourceofevidence證據(jù)的主要來源?Thepresidentisa

prime

(=likely)

target

fortheassassin'sbullet.總統(tǒng)是這名刺客的主要目標.

外刊例句：Atitsmostfar-reaching,lifethatevolvedinthelake

fromthesimpleorganismsthatdrainedintoitmillionsofyearsagocould

showuswhatwemightfindinthewaterydepthspredictedtoliebeneaththe

icycrustofEuropa,oneofJupiter'smoonsand

theprimecandidatefor

findinglifeonanotherworld.()在其最深處,生命從那數(shù)百萬年來吮吸湖中營養(yǎng)的簡單有機物進化而來,這讓我們明白：我們將可能在位于"歐洲”冰面地殼地下的水中找到什么.這是木星的眾多衛(wèi)星之一,也是探索其他世界生物的首要選擇之一.

學生錯誤表達：(1)

hotpick點評：沒有hotpick這一用法,這里應該改為theprimecandidatefor

4-amajorobstacle

詞典釋義：

obstacleUK

['?b.st?.kl]

US

['ɑ：b-]

noun

countable

■somethingthatblocksyousothatmovement,goingforward

oractionarepreventedormademoredifficult

障礙;阻礙;妨礙?Thebiggest

obstacle

inourwaywasatreetrunkin

theroad.我們路上最大的障礙是橫在路上的一棵樹.?Thisdecisionhasremovedthelast

obstacle

to

thehostages'release.這個決定清除了釋放人質(zhì)的最后障礙.

外刊例句：ButevensomeveteranobservershopetheIRA'sunexpected

offeronMay6thtoopenarmsdumpstoforeigninspectorshasremovedthe

last

majorobstacle

toprogress.

()但即使是極富經(jīng)驗的觀察者也希望,隨著愛爾蘭共和軍于五月六日對外國檢查人員公共其隱藏軍火庫,和平進程的最后阻礙能隨之而消去.

替換表達：themainstumblingblock(tosth)/themainimpediment(tosth)/

amajorhindrance

學生錯誤表達：(1)

mainobstruction點評：obstruction通常指指對生意、法律或政府的阻撓,妨礙,例如：MrGuestrefusedtolettheminandnowfacesacriminalchargeof

obstruction.格斯特先生因為將他們拒之門外,現(xiàn)在面臨妨礙公務(wù)的刑事指控.Obstruction用在該語境中不合適.

3.在過去的大約一個世紀中,全球人類的生活水平大幅度提高.然而,當今全球性的污染比以往任何時候都嚴重,環(huán)保組織在持續(xù)表達對于我們周圍的自然環(huán)境遭受破壞程度的憂慮.Overthepastcenturyorsotherehasbeenanenormousimprovementinlivingstandardsacrosstheglobe.However,worldwidepollutiontodayismoreseriousthanithaseverbeenand

environmentalgroups(1.環(huán)境保護組織)continuetoexpress

dismay(2.憂慮)atthelevelofdamagedonetoour

naturalsurroundings(3.周圍的自然環(huán)境).

1-environmentalgroups

詞典釋義：environmental

●●●●○1.ADJ

形容詞

自然環(huán)境保護的;生態(tài)環(huán)境保護的;環(huán)保的

Environmental

meansconcernedwith

theprotectionofthenaturalworldofland,sea,air,plants,andanimals.

【搭配模式】：ADJn?...economicand

environmental

legislation.經(jīng)濟和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護法規(guī)

?...the

environmental

claimsbeingmadeforsomeproducts...要求一些產(chǎn)品注重保護生態(tài)環(huán)境的主張?Environmentalgroupsplantostagepublicprotestsduring

theconference.環(huán)境保護組織計劃在會議期間組織公眾抗議活動.

group2.N-COUNT

可數(shù)名詞

集體;群體;團體

A

group

isaset

ofpeoplewhohavethesameinterestsoraims,andwhoorganizethemselvesto

workoracttogether.

【搭配模式】：ususuppN?...theMinorityRightsGroup...少數(shù)民族權(quán)益團體?Membersofanenvironmental

group

arestagingaprotestinsideachemicalplant.一個環(huán)保組織的成員正在一家化工廠里舉行抗議活動.

外刊例句：TheCommonwealthBank’sfirstclimatepolicystatementhas

beencriticisedby

environmental

groups

andsparkedonegrouptolodgeashareholderresolutiontoforce

thecompanytoimplementitsstatedcommitmenttotheParisagreement.

()英聯(lián)邦銀行的氣候政策宣言已遭環(huán)保組織批評,而且,在此刺激下,另一組織也舉行股東投票大會以強迫該銀行履行其要遵守巴黎協(xié)定的諾言.

替換表達：greengroups

學生錯誤表達：(1)

environment

protectionorganization點評：environment

protection這一說法不常見,environmentprotectionorganization應該改為environmentalgroups/organizations

2-dismay

詞典釋義：dismay[d?'sme?]

noun

uncountable

■afeelingofunhappinessanddisappointment

沮喪,灰心,失望?Aidworkersweresaidtohavebeen

filledwith

dismay

bytheappallingconditionsthattherefugeeswerelivingin.據(jù)說援助人員看到難民所處的惡劣生活環(huán)境時都感到非常沮喪.?Thesupporterswatched

in/with

dismay

as

theirteamlost6-0.球隊的支持者們郁悶地看著自己的球隊以０比６的比分輸?shù)袅吮荣??Shediscovered,

to

her

dismay,thatherexam

wasawholemonthearlierthanshe'dexpected.她郁悶地發(fā)現(xiàn)考試比她預料的早了整整一個月.

外刊例句：Unbidden,manyexpress

dismay

athisinflammatoryquestioningoftheNaziHolocaust,citingthisasan

exampleofanticsthatachievenothingforIran.()出乎意料的是,許多專家對其煽動人心的納粹災難質(zhì)疑感到失望,把它作為一個反面例子——一場于伊朗局勢毫無意義的鬧劇.

替換表達：anxiety/worry

3-naturalsurroundings注意在表示"n-環(huán)境”時,surroundings是復數(shù).

詞典釋義：naturalUK

['n?t?.?r.?l]

US

[-?-]

adjective

NOTARTIFICIAL

非人為的

ESSENTIAL

■asfoundinnatureandnotinvolvinganythingmadeor

donebypeople

天然的,非人為的;非人造的?a

natural

substance自然物質(zhì)?Peoplesaythatbreast-feedingisbetterthan

bottle-feedingbecauseit'smore

natural.人們認為母乳喂養(yǎng)比用奶粉喂養(yǎng)好,因為母乳更為天然.?Hediedfrom

natural

causes

(=becausehe

wasoldorill).他是自然死亡.?Floodsandearthquakesare

natural

disasters.洪水和地震是自然災害.

ESSENTIAL

■describesanabilityorcharacteristicthatyouwereborn

with

(能力)天生的;(特性)固有的?natural

beauty自然美?a

natural

talentforsports運動天賦?She'sa

natural

blonde(=Herhairisnot

artificiallymadealightercolour).她天生一頭金發(fā).

ADVANCED

■describesfoodordrinkwhichispureandhasnochemical

substancesaddedtoitandisthereforethoughttobehealthy

(食物或飲品)天然的,純的,無添加劑的?natural

mineralwater天然礦泉水?natural

ingredients天然成分

surroundings

●●○○○1.N-PLURAL

復數(shù)名詞

環(huán)境

Whenyouaredescribingthe

placewhereyouareatthemoment,ortheplacewhereyoulive,youcanrefer

toitasyour

surroundings

.

【搭配模式】：oftpossN?Schumacheradaptedeffortlesslytohisnew

surroundings.舒馬赫非常輕松地適應了新環(huán)境.?...apeacefulholidayhomeinbeautiful

surroundings.環(huán)境優(yōu)美寧靜的度假屋

外刊例句：Eachoneofthosefailedcommitments–likeprotectingthe

greenbelt,protectingbiodiversity,establishingecologicallycoherent

marineconservationzonesorsupportingenvironment-friendlyfarming–erodes

thebenefitsprovidedbyour

natural

surroundings

justalittlemore.

()每一個沒有履行的承諾,如保護綠化帶、保護生物多樣性,建立海洋生態(tài)保護區(qū),和建立綠色耕作模式,都將更進一步損害自然給予我們的好處.

替換表達：thenaturalenvironment

學生錯誤表達：(1)

environment

surrounding點評：surrounding是形容詞,要表示"自然環(huán)境”,應該用surroundings,此外,沒有environmentsurroundings的說法,應該改為natural

surroundings(2)

ouradjacent

naturalarea點評：adjacent是指建筑物臨近的,毗鄰的,例如：Westayedinadjacentrooms.我們住在毗連的房間里.adjacent用在語境中不合適.(3)

surrounding

naturalenvironment點評：surrounding

naturalenvironment表達不夠自然,這里可以改為naturalsurroundings

Q：dismayatthelevelof,這里的at應該理解為與dismay搭配還是與thelevelof搭配?為什么不用別的介詞on之類的?A：at是跟前面的dismay搭配的,dismayatsomething是一個固定說法,例如柯林斯詞典例句：The

ministersexpressed

dismayat

the

continuedpracticeofethniccleansing.部長們表達了對持續(xù)進行的種族清洗的憂慮.

Q：damagedoneto是一個什么樣的用法呢這里用done是為什么呢?A：這里相當于expressdismayatthelevelofdamage(whichis)

donetoournaturalsurroundings,donetoournatural

surroundings這一部分是后置定語.

However,worldwidepollutiontodayismoreseriousthanit

haseverbeenandenvironmentalgroupscontinuetoexpressdismayatthe

levelofdamagedonetoournaturalsurroundings.

[分析]本句是一個由and連接的并列句,前一分句的主干是worldwidepollutiontodayismoreserious,其后是一個由than引導的比較狀語從句.后一分句的主干是environmentalgroups

continuetoexpressdismay,其后是由at引導的介詞短語作狀語,其中donetoournaturalsurroundings是過去分詞短語作定語,修飾damage.

4.在近些年來環(huán)境保護組織表達了對于食物里程增加的擔憂.他們指出,如果一箱蘋果產(chǎn)自本地的生產(chǎn)商而不是從地球的另一端空運過來,那么這對于環(huán)境的破壞顯然會小很多.Inrecentyearsenvironmentalgroupshaveraisedconcernsovertheincreasein

foodmiles(1.食物里程).Theyarguethatifaboxofapplesis

sourced

(2.產(chǎn)自……)fromlocalproducersratherthan

flownin(3.從……空運過來)fromtheothersideoftheworld,thenclearlylessdamagewillbedonetotheenvironment.

1-foodmiles

詞典釋義：foodmiles

pluralnoun

■thedistancebetweentheplacewherefoodisgrownor

madeandtheplacewhereitiseaten

食物里程(食品從種植地或生產(chǎn)地,到被食用的地方間的距離)

外刊例句：Thelackofcommentontheimpactthattensofthousandsof

foodmiles

haveontheenvironment

willraisetheireofothers.

()對于千萬里食物里程對環(huán)境帶來的影響甚少談及,這將導致其他人感到憤怒.

學生錯誤表達：(1)

foodmileage

/themilesofourfoodtravels點評："食物里程”應該采用通用說法food

miles(2)

lengthof

food點評：表達不準確,這里應該改為food

miles

2-issourcedfrom

詞典釋義：source2.VERB

動詞

尋找(產(chǎn)品或原料的)貨源

Inbusiness,ifapersonorfirm

sources

aproductoraraw

material,theyfindsomeonewhowillsupplyit.

【語法信息】：Vn

【語法信息】：V-ed

【語法信息】：AlsoVfromn

【FIELD標簽】：BUSINESS商?Togethertheytraveltheworld,sourcingclothesforthe

small,privatelyownedcompany...他們一道走遍世界各地,為那家私營小公司尋覓服裝貨源.

?About60percentofanavera