土木工程專業(yè)英語 試卷及答案 考卷三

土木工程專業(yè)英語模擬考卷三（考試時間：90分鐘）Part1.VocabularyPleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoEnglish（15X1’）1.預應力混凝土結構2.承載力3.型鋼4.有限元分析5.集中荷載6.傳感器7.剪力墻8.信號處理9.曲率10.隨機變量11.自重12.彎矩圖13.相對位移14.優(yōu)化方法15.簡諧運動PleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoChinese（15X1’）1.vibrationcontrol2.steamcuring3.structuraldamping4.modulusofelasticity5.momentofinertia6.moderateearthquake7.interstorydrift8.constantmoment9.well-designed10.strengthorsafetymargin11.jacks12.unitstrain13.internalforces14.neutralposition15.sustainedloadsPart2.TranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(5X3’)Itscompressivestrength,likethatofnaturalstones,ishigh,whichmakesitsuitableformembersprimarilysubjecttocompression,suchascolumnsandarches.Inthefrequency-domainmethod,itisassumedthattheloadingisperiodicandhasbeenresolvedintoitsdiscreteharmoniccomponentsbyFouriertransformation.Itmaybeevidentthatforanyarrangementofappliedloads,atendonprofilecanbeselectedsothattheequivalentloadsactingonthebeamfromthetendonarejustequalandoppositetotheappliedloads.Thestructuralframeworkdesignistheselectionofarrangementandsizesofstructuralelementssothatserviceloadsmaybesafelycarried,anddisplacementsarewithinacceptablelimits.Thetermimpactasordinarilyusedinstructuraldesignreferstothedynamiceffectofasuddenlyappliedload.PleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(5X3’)1.偏心預應力通常比同心預應力更有效。因為結構生命周期里可能出現的最大荷載不確定，因此它可以被考慮為一個隨機變量。設計一個給定的橋梁中，要么是將一個卡車的荷載加到整個結構上，要么是將車道荷載施加到結構上。作用在一個結構上的活荷載在設計時應該考慮將其布置在最大效應處，必要時應考慮包括部分布置，隔跨布置或者全跨布置的情況。被動系統(tǒng)包括許多可以增強結構阻尼、剛度、強度的材料和裝置。Part3.ParagraphTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese(3X8’)1.Liveloadsconsistchieflyofoccupancyloadsinbuildingsandtrafficloadsonbridges.Theymaybeeitherfullyorpartiallyinplaceornotpresentatall,andmayalsochangeinlocation.Theirmagnitudeanddistributionatanygiventimeareuncertain,andeventheirmaximumintensitiesthroughoutthelifetimeofthestructurearenotknownwithprecision.Theminimumliveloadsforwhichthefloorsandroofofabuildingshouldbedesignedareusuallyspecifiedinthebuildingcodethatgovernsatthesiteofconstruction.2.Structuraldesignmaybedefinedasamixtureofartandscience,combiningtheexperiencedengineer’sintuitivefeelingforthebehaviorofastructurewithasoundknowledgeoftheprinciplesofstatics,dynamics,mechanicsofmaterials,andstructuralanalysis,toproduceasafeeconomicalstructurethatwillserveitsintendedpurpose.3.Deadloadisafixed-positiongravityserviceload,socalledbecauseitactscontinuouslytowardtheearthwhenthestructureisinservice.Theweightofthestructureisconsidereddeadload,aswellasattachmentstothestructuresuchaspipes,electricalconduit,air-conditioningandheatingducts,lightingfixtures,floorcovering,roofcovering,andsuspendedceilings;thatis,allitemsthatremainthroughoutthelifeofthestructure.PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish(2X8’)高強度混凝土通常具有較高的彈性模量。這意味著在施加預應力時初始彈性應變的減小，以及蠕變應變的減小，其大致與彈性應變成比例。這導致預應力損失的減少。2.通常，高強混凝土通常有更高的彈性模量。這意味著施加預應力下初始彈性應變減小，并且徐變應變減小，而徐變應變是與彈性應變近似成比例的。這就使得預應力損失減小。PrestressedconcretestructureCarrying/BearingcapacityStructuralsteelFiniteelementanalysisConcentratedloadSensorShearwallSignalprocessingCurvatureRandomvariableSelf-weightMomentdiagramRelativedisplacementOptimizationtechniquesSimpleharmonicmotion振動控制蒸汽養(yǎng)護結構阻尼彈性模量慣性矩中震層間位移角固定彎矩設計良好的強度和安全界限千斤頂單位應變內力平衡位置持續(xù)荷載PAGE4PAGE1.像天然的石頭一樣，它的抗壓強度很高，所以適合于做受壓構件，如柱和拱。2.在頻域方法，假設荷載是周期的，并且通過傅里葉變換分解成離散的簡諧成分。3.很明顯的是，對于任意形式分布的外荷載，可以選擇一個合適的預應力線的外形使得通過預應力線作用在梁上的荷載與外荷載相等且反向。4.結構框架設計是選擇結構單元的尺寸和順序的過程，由此工作荷載可以安全的加載并且位移也在可接受的限制內。沖擊這個術語應用在結構設計中通常是指在一個突然施加的荷載下結構產生的動力響應。1.Eccentricprestressisusuallymuchmoreefficientthanconcentricprestress.2.Sincethemaximumloadthatwilloccurduringthelifeofastructureisuncertain,itcanbeconsideredarandomvariable.3.Indesigningagivenbridge,eitheronetruckloadingisappliedtotheentirestructure,orthelaneloadingisapplied.4.Liveloadwhenappliedtoastructureshouldbepositionedtogivethemaximumeffect,includingpartialloading,alternatespanloading,orfullspanloadingasmaybenecessary.5.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.活載主要由建筑使用荷載以及橋梁交通荷載組成。它們可能整體或局部分布，也可能完全沒有，也可能改變作用位置。對于給定的時間，它們的大小以及分布是不確定的，甚至結構的整個壽命周期中活載的最大值也是無法準確知道的。建筑樓板以及屋頂的最小設計活載可在相關場地建筑設計規(guī)范中查得。結構設計可以定義為藝術和科學的結合，再加上有經驗的工程師基于靜力學，動力學，材料力學和結構分析方面合理的知識而對于一個結構行為的直觀感受，來設計一個能夠達成它的預期目的的安全經濟的結構。靜荷載是一種固定位置的重力荷載，這么叫是因為它在當結構服役的時候方向總是指向地球。結構的重量被認為是靜荷載，還有結構的附屬物，例如管子，電子導管，空調和暖氣管，照明設備，樓板，屋蓋和吊頂，也就是說所有在結構生命周期內一直存在的東西。High-strengthconcretenormallyhasahighermodulusofelasticity.Thismeansareductionininitialelasticstrainunderapplicationofprestressforceandareductionincreepstrain,whichisapproximatelyproportionaltoelasticstrain.Thisresultsinareductioninlossofprestress.Ordinarily,concreteofsubstantiallyhighercompressivestrengthisusedforprestressedstructuresthanforthoseconstructedofordinaryreinforcedconcrete.High-str