LEC術(shù)語大賽官方測試練習(xí)試卷附答案

LEC術(shù)語大賽官方測試練習(xí)試卷附答案1.bodycorporate【注：官方題庫中表述為“bodycorporation”是錯誤的，應(yīng)為bodycorporate；但是，考試中可能還是以“bodycorporation”的面目出現(xiàn)】（）[單選題]*A.acorporationsellingbodiesB.acompanybelongstotheinvestorhimself/herselfC.Anentity(usu.abusiness)havingauthorityunderlawtoactasasinglepersondistinctfromtheshareholderswhoownitandhavingrightstoissuestockandexistindefinitely(正確答案)D.abusinessentitywhichisnoindependentofitsinvestors,suchasapartnership答案解析：bodycorporate=corporation法人Anentity(usu.abusiness)havingauthorityunderlawtoactasasinglepersondistinctfromtheshareholderswhoownitandhavingrightstoissuestockandexistindefinitely.—Alsotermedcorporationaggregate;aggregatecorporation;bodycorporate;corporatebody.兩種含義：(1)法人：該詞的最初含義是指法人，即在法律上被認(rèn)為是單一法律實(shí)體的、由個人組成的團(tuán)體或一系列某一職位持有人。為了與自然人〔naturalperson〕相區(qū)別，法人有時(shí)又被稱為「擬制的人」〔artificialperson〕、「法律上的人」〔juristicperson〕或「團(tuán)體人」〔corporateperson〕。法人與組成法人的所有個人在法律上的區(qū)別是，它有自身的法律人格，可以以自己的名義提起訴訟與被訴、擁有財(cái)產(chǎn)、進(jìn)行交易、承擔(dān)責(zé)任。在英國，最早被承認(rèn)為法人的是市鎮(zhèn)、大學(xué)與教職。在15世紀(jì)，法人與組成法人的成員開始被認(rèn)為是相互獨(dú)立的。在16世紀(jì)末到17世紀(jì)初，一些商業(yè)企業(yè)開始被創(chuàng)設(shè)為法人形式，例如，東印度公司〔EastIndiaCompany〕、皇家非洲公司〔RoyalAfricanCompany〕與哈得遜河灣公司〔Hudson'sBayCompany〕即是通過特許狀而成立的法人。在英國法中，法人分為集合法人〔corporationaggregate〕與獨(dú)體法人〔corporationsole〕兩類。(2)公司：在美國，該詞通常在此義項(xiàng)上被使用，即指根據(jù)法律授權(quán)而可以以獨(dú)立于股東的人格實(shí)施行為，并可以永續(xù)存在的一個實(shí)體(通常是商業(yè)實(shí)體)。在英國，該詞多被用以指「市政法人」〔municipalcorporation〕，即從事民用業(yè)務(wù)的市政當(dāng)局。英國對應(yīng)于「公司」義項(xiàng)者通常用「company」。2.causeofaction（）[單選題]*A.thethingthatinducesapersontoactinacertainwayB.Agroupofoperativefactsgivingrisetooneormorebasesforsuing;afactualsituationthatentitlesonepersontoobtainaremedyincourtfromanotherperson(正確答案)C.Theprinciplethatanindividualisprohibitedfromdenyingorallegingafactbecauseofthatindividual’spreviousconductallegationordenial.D.Incoroniallaw,thedisease,injuryorcomplicationcausingdeath.答案解析：causeofaction訴因；訴訟理由：指原告起訴的根據(jù)。具體指原告起訴尋求司法救濟(jì)所依據(jù)的事實(shí)，如侵權(quán)行為和損害后果等，有時(shí)也可指依據(jù)這些事實(shí)所提起的訴訟的一部分。3.caution（）[單選題]*A.awarningthatisgivenbythepolicetosomebodywhohascommittedacrimethatisnottooseriousB.awarningorapieceofadviceaboutapossibledangerorriskC.carethatyoutakeinordertoavoiddangerormistakes;thefactofnottakinganyrisksD.Awarningissuedtoasuspectedpersonthatanythingheorshesaysmaybeusedinevidenceagainsthimorher(正確答案)答案解析：caution(用于香港法，類似于美國法上的Mirandarule)-警誡詞執(zhí)法人員(警察及海關(guān)人員等)在拘捕疑犯時(shí)，提醒疑犯保持緘默的權(quán)利的警告說話。執(zhí)法人員在沒有給予疑犯警誡詞的情況下所錄取的供詞，可能不會被法庭接納為有效的證供。Mirandarule〈美〉米蘭達(dá)規(guī)則：聯(lián)邦最高法院在1966年米蘭達(dá)訴亞利桑那州〔Mirandav.Arizona〕一案中確立的規(guī)則，要求警察對其拘留或逮捕的犯罪嫌疑人在訊問前必須告知其享有某些憲法性權(quán)利，包括：１有保持沉默權(quán)；２其所作的任何陳述可能成為對其不利的證據(jù)；３有權(quán)要求律師在場；４如無力聘請律師而又有此要求時(shí)，得于訊問前為其指定律師。如果犯罪嫌疑人未被告知上述權(quán)利或犯罪嫌疑人未有效地放棄上述權(quán)利，則此種情況下進(jìn)行訊問所得的任何陳述不得在庭審時(shí)用作對嫌疑人不利的證據(jù)。4.certifiedcopy（）[單選題]*A.anofficialdocumentthatmaybeusedtoprovethatthefactsitstatesaretrueB.acopyofadocument,orderorrecordofthecourt,orotherpublicoffice,signedandcertifiedasanexactduplicatebytheofficerofthecourthavingcustodyoftheoriginal.(正確答案)C.anofficialdocumentprovingthatyouhavecompletedacourseofstudyorpassedanexamD.havingsuccessfullycopiedatrainingdocumentforaprofession答案解析：核證副本：指經(jīng)律師或其它合資格人士核證的文件副本，核證副本都有核證人的簽署和核證日期，以確認(rèn)該副本進(jìn)行了核證，除特別聲明必須用文件正本的情況外，核證副本一般都視為有效的文件。5.chamber（）[單選題]*A.ajudge’soffice(正確答案)B.aroomusedforstoringpreciouslegalbooksC.amemberofagroupofpeopleinBritaininthe1830sand1840swhosupportedthePeople'sCharter.D.apriestorotherChristianministerwhoisresponsibleforthereligiousneedsofpeopleinaprison,hospital,etc.orinthearmedforces答案解析：辦公室：訴訟律師和法官的辦公室，稱為“Chamber”。訴訟程序中有部份的聆訊是在法官的辦公室中進(jìn)行的，稱為內(nèi)庭聆訊“hearinginchambers”,內(nèi)庭聆訊只準(zhǔn)許當(dāng)事人及其法律代表出席。6.ChargeisNOT（）[單選題]*A.toaccusesomeoneofanoffenseunderlaw.B.toinstructajuryastothelaw.C.anofficialclaimmadebythepolicethatsomebodyhascommittedacrime.D.ahorsethatasoldierrodeinbattleinthepast(正確答案)答案解析：收費(fèi)，控罪，抵押，押記：Charge可以是名詞，也可以是動詞，它包含了多個不同的解釋：1.是提供服務(wù)的收費(fèi)，例：LegalCharge律師收費(fèi)；2.是刑事控罪，例：Thiscasehasmorethanonecharge這案件包含多于一項(xiàng)的控罪；3.是借貸的抵押，例：Thecompanychargeditspropertyfortheloan這間公司以其物業(yè)作為借款的抵押；4.是對法定債務(wù)人的物業(yè)的押記，用以償還有關(guān)的法定債務(wù)。5.指示：在大陪審團(tuán)〔grandjury〕開始詢問案情之前法官向其所作的有關(guān)其職責(zé)的說明，或指在小陪審團(tuán)〔petitjury〕聽審?fù)戤叀⒆鞒霾枚ㄖ胺ü傧蚱渌鞯恼f明，其內(nèi)容為概括總結(jié)案情、需要陪審團(tuán)考慮的問題、對于爭議問題陪審團(tuán)應(yīng)適用的法律規(guī)則及證明責(zé)任與要求等。對于法官的指示陪審團(tuán)必須遵從。7.claim（）[單選題]*A.tosaythatsomethingistruealthoughithasnotbeenprovedandotherpeoplemaynotbelieveitB.ademandformoney,property,oralegalremedytowhichoneassertsaright;esp.,thepartofacomplaintinacivilactionspecifyingwhatrelieftheplaintiffasksfor.(正確答案)C.apersonwhoisreceivingmoneyfromthestatebecausetheyareunemployed,etc.D.astatementinwhichapersonsaysofficiallythattheydonotclaimtherighttodosomething答案解析：申索/訴訟請求：民事訴訟的傳票中，原告須要將其向被告申索的事由詳細(xì)列明，稱為StatementofClaim或ParticularsofClaim。8.concurrentsentence（）[單選題]*A.Incontractlaw,suchconditionswhichmustbemetbythecontractingpartiessimultaneously.B.Concurrencebetweenliabilitiesforbreachofcontractandliabilitiesfortort.C.Asentencewhichisservedatthesametimeasanothersentenceforanotheroffence.(正確答案)D.Thejudgmentthatacourtformallypronouncesafterfindingacriminaldefendantguilty答案解析：合并判決：刑事案中的被告犯了兩項(xiàng)或以上的罪名同時(shí)成立，但各項(xiàng)罪名的判刑同時(shí)執(zhí)行，例如第一項(xiàng)罪的判刑是一年監(jiān)禁，而第二項(xiàng)罪的判刑是監(jiān)禁兩年，兩項(xiàng)罪合并判決，被告只需要被服刑兩年。9.consecutivesentence（）[單選題]*A.Asentence(i.e.atermofimprisonment)whichisservedattheexpiryofanothersentence.(正確答案)B.Concurrencebetweenliabilitiesforbreachofcontractandliabilitiesfortort.C.Incontractlaw,suchconditionswhichmustbemetbythecontractingpartiessimultaneously.D.Thejudgmentthatacourtformallypronouncesafterfindingacriminaldefendantguilty答案解析：連續(xù)判決：刑事案中的被告所犯的不同罪行，是以連續(xù)判決執(zhí)行，則被告需要分別服刑，例如一項(xiàng)罪被判了兩年，另一項(xiàng)罪則被判了三年，被告便需要連續(xù)服刑五年，才會被釋放。10.consideration（）[單選題]*A.isoneoftherequirementsoftortliability.B.theactofthinkingcarefullyaboutsomethingC.somethingthatmustbethoughtaboutwhenyouareplanningordecidingsomethingD.something(suchasanact,aforbearance,orareturnpromise)bargainedforandreceivedbyapromisorfromapromisee;thatwhichmotivatesapersontodosomething,esp.toengageinalegalact.(正確答案)答案解析：considerationn.對價(jià)：合同成立的誘因；致使締約方締結(jié)合同的原因、動機(jī)、代價(jià)或強(qiáng)迫性的影響力；一方當(dāng)事人獲得的權(quán)利、利益、利潤或好處，或另一方當(dāng)事人所遭受的損失或承擔(dān)的義務(wù)。這是有效合同存在并對當(dāng)事人有法律約束力的基本且必須的要素。對價(jià)是英美合同法的重要概念。其引入是基于以下的原因：按照傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)，合同是一項(xiàng)或一組這樣的允諾〔promise〕：它或它們一旦被違反，法律就會給予救濟(jì)。而要使允諾成為一項(xiàng)法律能為之提供救濟(jì)的允諾，即成為有法律約束力的合同，則受允諾人〔promisee〕必須向允諾人〔promisor〕提供某種與該諾言相對應(yīng)的回報(bào)，這種回報(bào)就被認(rèn)為是對價(jià)。11.ValuableConsideration（）[單選題]*A.Pastconsideration.B.Determinationoftheworthofrealorpersonalproperty.C.Legalconsiderationhavingsomeeconomicvalue,inordertomakeacontractenforceable.(正確答案)D.Aperson'sstatementunderoathorpenaltyofperjurythatcertainstatementsoffactinadocumentorcourtpaperaretrue.答案解析：LEC2016/5第4題。ValuableConsideration意為“有值對價(jià)”或“有效對價(jià)”,指根據(jù)法律規(guī)定屬于有效的對價(jià)，它既可以是對一方當(dāng)事人給予某種可用金錢衡量的權(quán)益，也可以是另一方承受某種可用金錢衡量的損害、責(zé)任或放棄行使權(quán)利。12.ValuableConsideration（）[單選題]*A.Legallybindingduetohavingbeenexecutedincompliancewiththelaw.B.Determinationoftheworthofrealorpersonalproperty.C.Aperson'sstatementunderoathorpenaltyofperjurythatcertainstatementsoffactinadocumentorcourtpaperaretrue.D.Legalconsiderationhavingsomeeconomicvalue,inordertomakeacontractenforceable.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2015/11第4題。ValuableConsideration“有效對價(jià)、充分對價(jià)”,指根據(jù)法律規(guī)定屬于有效之對價(jià)，它既可以是對一方當(dāng)事人給予某種可用金錢衡量的權(quán)利、利益，也可以是另一方承受某種可用金錢衡量的損害、責(zé)任或放棄行使權(quán)利，與道德對價(jià)(goodconsideration)相區(qū)別。選項(xiàng)D。13.contemptofcourt（）[單選題]*A.isonlyregardedasatortnotacrime.B.wordsoractionswhichimpedeorobstructtheadministrationofjusticeorcreateasignificantriskthatthecourseofjusticewillbeseriouslyimpededorprejudicedoradisregardforthecourt’sauthority.(正確答案)C.abuildingcontainingtheofficesofacountygovernmentD.theplacewherelegaltrialstakeplaceandwherecrimes,etc.arejudged答案解析：藐視法庭：是一種嚴(yán)重的罪行，可以被判罰款或監(jiān)禁。藐視法庭包括不遵守法庭命令、違反對法庭作出的承諾，妨礙司法公正等行為。14.contributorynegligence（）[單選題]*A.IntheUS,aplaintiff'sownnegligencethatplayedapartincausingtheplaintiff'sinjuryandthatissignificantenough(inafewjurisdictions)tobartheplaintifffromrecoveringdamages.(正確答案)B.Theprinciplethatonewhotakesontheriskofloss,injury,ordamagecannotmaintainanactionagainstapartythatcausestheloss,injury,ordamage.C.Aintent-basedlegaldefensethatconstitutesabartoliability.D.IntheUS,aplaintiff'sownnegligencethatproportionallyreducesthedamagesrecoverablefromadefendant.答案解析：contributorynegligence合過錯；混合過失；與有過失；促成的過失；可歸責(zé)于己的過失：它是指原告本身的疏忽，并且在其訴稱的由于被告過錯而導(dǎo)致的損害中，原告的過失亦構(gòu)成致?lián)p原因的一部或全部。在普通法上，只要有證據(jù)證明原告本身由于某種過失直接并且嚴(yán)重地造成了其所受的損害，被告的責(zé)任即可全部免除，故其成為損害賠償之訴中被告的完全抗辯〔completedefence〕。在因事故而致的訴訟中，若原告的過失是構(gòu)成事故發(fā)生的真實(shí)、有效原因——通常是在原告有避免事故發(fā)生的最后機(jī)會的情況下——那么，無論被告的行為如何具有過錯，原告亦無法勝訴。故A對。B為assumptionoftherisk（自甘風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）。C中的“intent”（故意）錯，它其實(shí)是anegligence-basedlegaldefense。D為comparativenegligence（比較過失）?！咀⒁猓涸谟F(xiàn)代法上，contributorynegligence已經(jīng)等同于美國法上的comparativenegligence，不再是完全的抗辯了?！?5.copyright（）[單選題]*A.hasnothingtodowiththerighttocopy.B.shouldnotbesimplydeemedastherighttocopy.C.apropertyrightinanoriginalworkofauthorshipfixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression,givingtheholdertheexclusiverighttoreproduce,adapt,distribute,perform,anddisplaythework.(正確答案)D.apersonalrighttouseone’sownportraitandname.答案解析：版權(quán)：Therighttocopy;specifically,apropertyrightinanoriginalworkofauthorship(includingliterary,musical,dramatic,choreographic,pictorial,graphic,sculptural,andarchitecturalworks;motionpicturesandotheraudiovisualworks;andsoundrecordings)fixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression,givingtheholdertheexclusiverighttoreproduce,adapt,distribute,perform,anddisplaythework.是作者對他所創(chuàng)作的作品的發(fā)表、翻印、復(fù)制等專有權(quán)利，版權(quán)在作品完成后便自動產(chǎn)生及受法律保護(hù)，毋須經(jīng)過任何注冊程序，但必須為原創(chuàng)作品才擁有版權(quán)。16.counterclaim（）[單選題]*A.aclaimmadebytheoffereetotheofferortodeterminethequantityofthegoods.B.aclaimmadeinacourtroombyathirdpartywhoisneithertheplaintiffnorthedefendant.C.aresponsetosomebody/somethingthatopposestheirideas,position,etc.D.aclaimforreliefassertedagainstanopposingpartyafteranoriginalclaimhasbeenmade;esp.,adefendant'sclaiminoppositiontoorasasetoffagainsttheplaintiff'sclaim.(正確答案)答案解析：反訴/反請求/反申索：在民事訴訟中，被告對原告作出申索，而該申索的事實(shí)和理據(jù)與原告的申索是有關(guān)連的，反申索是一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立的申索，所以原告必須對反申索作出適當(dāng)?shù)捻憫?yīng)，例如進(jìn)行抗辯等。17.custody（）[單選題]*A.apersonwhotakesresponsibilityfortakingcareoforprotectingsomethingB.InFamilylaw,thecare,control,andmaintenanceofachildawardedbyacourttoaresponsibleadult.(正確答案)C.Thedetentionofapersonbyvirtueofunlawfulprocess.D.Apracticethatbyitscommonadoptionandlong,unvaryinghabithascometohavetheforceoflaw.答案解析：保管，監(jiān)護(hù)，拘留：一般而言，Custody這個名詞是指對對象的保管或擁有，但在家事法中，CustodyofChildren是指對未成年子女的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)，B對；而在刑事案件中，則指對被告的合法拘留，C錯在”unlawful“（非法的）。18.decree（）[單選題]*A.theamountorlevelofsomethingB.anycourtorder,butesp.oneinamatrimonialcase.(正確答案)C.thequalificationobtainedbylawstudentswhosuccessfullycompleteauniversityorcollegecourseD.auniversityorcollegelawcourse,normallylastingthreeyearsormore答案解析：法庭判令：法庭聆訊后所作出的判令，可以分成暫時(shí)性判令“decreenisi”和永久性判令“decreeabsolute”,常見于離婚呈請的程序。一般而言，法庭頒出decreenisi后，在指定的期限過后，除非收到反對，否則都會頒出永久判令。19.deed（）[單選題]*A.athingthatsomebodydoesthatisusuallyverygoodorverybadB.usedtoaddinformationtoastatementC.atcommonlaw,anywritteninstrumentthatissigned,sealed,anddeliveredandthatconveyssomeinterestinproperty.(正確答案)D.Thebodyoflawdealingwithagreementsandexchange答案解析：契據(jù)：是一種特別的合約，須要經(jīng)過當(dāng)事人簽署、蓋章并送交對方才算有效，契約上的蓋章在法律上被視為一種有效的約因。20.Defamation（）[單選題]*A.Misappropriateorfailtoturnoverfundswithwhichonehasbeenentrusted.B.Themodemformoftheactionforslanderorlibel.(正確答案)C.Apersonorpartywhomakesaformaldeclaration.D.Denotinganactionorthebringerofanactionthatisbroughtwithoutsufficientgroundsforwinning,purelytocauseannoyancetothedefendant.答案解析：LEC2017/11第4題。Defamation指誹謗，是向遭誹謗人以外的人士發(fā)布貶損該人的言辭的侵權(quán)行為，其影響是在整體公眾人士的眼中降低遭誹謗人的名譽(yù)。Libel是指書面誹謗；slander是指采用口頭形式誹謗他人。選項(xiàng)B正確。21.defence（）[單選題]*A.cannotmeantheorganizationofthepeopleandsystemsthatareusedbyagovernmenttoprotectacountryfromattackB.thelaypersonwhosejobistoproveincourtthatapersondidnotcommitacrimeC.adefendant'sstatedreasonwhytheplaintifforprosecutorhasnovalidcase;esp.,adefendant'sanswer,denial,orplea(正確答案)D.acriminalwhobuysandsellsstolengoods答案解析：defense有多種含義：n.(1)答辯；辯護(hù)；答辯理由；答辯根據(jù)：指民事訴訟中被告對原告起訴狀中的主張和請求，或者刑事訴訟中被告人對控訴方的指控所作的否認(rèn)、反駁，以及支持被告人反駁主張的理由、證據(jù)等。C對。(2)辯護(hù)方；被告方：指在庭審中對一個或多個被告人的稱呼。B錯，”layperson“是非專業(yè)人員，而辯護(hù)人是專業(yè)律師。(3)票據(jù)抗辯權(quán)指正當(dāng)?shù)纳虡I(yè)票據(jù)持有人免除票據(jù)責(zé)任或免除因票據(jù)而生的義務(wù)的權(quán)利。(4)(對非法暴力行為的)反擊；防御；防衛(wèi)，因此可指”國防“部門，A錯。22.Dependant（）[單選題]*A.thepersoninatrialwhoisaccusedofcommittingacrime,orwhoisbeingsuedbyanotherpersonB.thetimewhenacountrygainsfreedomfrompoliticalcontrolbyanothercountryC.aUScityinthestateofMissouri.PresidentHarrySTrumanlivedthere,andhisofficiallibraryandmuseumcanbevisited.D.Someonewhoreliesonanotherforsupport;onenotabletoexistorsustainoneselfwithoutthepoweroraidofsomeoneelse.(正確答案)答案解析：被撫養(yǎng)人：是指某人的某些家庭成員，需要依靠這個人提供的經(jīng)濟(jì)來支持生活，如果這個人因意外死亡，他的受養(yǎng)人因而遭受損失，是有權(quán)追究責(zé)任，要求賠償有關(guān)的損失。23.disclaimer（）[單選題]*A.Astatementthatoneisstillresponsiblefororinvolvedwithsomething,orthatonehasnoknowledgeofit.B.Arenunciationofone'sownlegalrightorclaim,suchasarenunciationofapatentclaim,usu.tosavetheremainderoftheapplicationfrombeingrejected.(正確答案)C.Arepudiationofanother’slegalobligation.D.Theassertionofanexistingright;anyrighttopaymentortoanequitableremedy,evenifcontingentorprovisional.答案解析：disclaimern.(1)(對法律權(quán)利或者主張的)放棄，A中表述錯誤，不是”stillresponsible”而應(yīng)當(dāng)是“notresponsible”；B表述正確，指對自己權(quán)利或請求的放棄。(2)(對他人法律權(quán)利或者主張的)拒絕，C錯，不是對他人“l(fā)egalobligation”而是對他人“l(fā)egalrightofclaim”的否認(rèn)；(3)放棄(或撤銷)聲明書。D項(xiàng)是不相關(guān)項(xiàng)，它是指claim。24.Discoveryordiscoveryofdocuments（）[單選題]*A.Formertermusedforgiftofpersonalpropertybyawill.B.Astatementthatdeniessomething,esp.responsibility.C.Theprocessofgatheringandpreservingevidencepriortotrialinacivilorcriminalcase.(正確答案)D.Thedecisionmadebyajuryastowhetheracriminaldefendantisguiltyornotguiltyorwhetheracivildefendantisliableornotliable.答案解析：LEC2017/5第2題。在法律上，discovery(證據(jù)開示、披露文件)是指審判前，對法律信息和案件中已知事實(shí)的交換。通過證據(jù)開始，當(dāng)事雙方可以獲取和披露(obtainanddisclose)對方的證據(jù)和立場，從而決定訴訟中的最佳選擇，同時(shí)可以推進(jìn)審判或通過談判盡早達(dá)成和解。基于公平、公開和公正的法律原則，是“所有與案有關(guān)的文件”都需要披露，而不是只披露對自己有利的文件。所以選項(xiàng)C正確。25.distraint（）[單選題]*A.athingthattakesyourattentionawayfromwhatyouaredoingorthinkingaboutB.theactoftakingchattelsinexerciseoftheremedyofdistress.C.Painorsufferingthataffectsthebody,abodypart,orthemind.D.theseizureofsomeone’spropertyinordertoobtainpaymentofrentorothermoneyowed.(正確答案)答案解析：distraintn.(1)扣押(財(cái)物)；自主扣押；封租：租客拖欠租金，業(yè)主可以根據(jù)租約條文向法庭請求封租令，將租客留在物業(yè)中的物品充公拍賣，償還所拖欠的租金和封租的費(fèi)用。(2)財(cái)物扣押權(quán)；動產(chǎn)扣押權(quán)：指在封臣未履行義務(wù)時(shí)，領(lǐng)主所享有的扣押封臣地產(chǎn)上動產(chǎn)或其它財(cái)物并予以留置的權(quán)利。具體方式可能是換鎖或通告等。這種權(quán)利的效力依當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)慣法而定。26.Domicile（）[單選題]*A.Evidencethatisnecessarytoproveasubmittedfact.B.Avoluntarytransfer,byadebtorofallhispropertytoatrusteeforthebenefitofallhiscreditors.C.Thepermanenthometowhichaperson,whenabsent,alwaysintendstoreturn.(正確答案)D.Afindingatapreliminaryexaminationthatsufficientevidenceexiststorequireatrialonthechargesmadeagainstthedefendant.答案解析：LEC2015/11第1題。選項(xiàng)C:住所(domicile),屬于一個人外出后總是有意要返回的永久性住所。選項(xiàng)C的定義為Thepermanenthometowhichaperson,whenabsent,alwaysintendstoreturn符合定義。本題正確答案為C。27.estoppel（）[單選題]*A.thepeopleinasocietyoraprofessionwhohaveinfluenceandpowerandwhousuallydonotsupportchangeB.abarthatpreventsonefromassertingaclaimorrightthatcontradictswhatonehassaidordonebeforeorwhathasbeenlegallyestablishedastrue.(正確答案)C.ajudgementoropinionaboutthevalueorqualityofsomebody/somethingD.todisagreestronglywithsomebody’splan,policy,etc.andtrytochangeitorpreventitfromsucceeding答案解析：estoppeln.不容否認(rèn)：指禁止當(dāng)事人提出與其以前的言行相反的主張；即對于當(dāng)事人先前的行為、主張或否認(rèn)，禁止其在此后的法律程序中反悔，否則，將會對他人造成損害。它分為三種：因立有契據(jù)而不容否認(rèn)〔estoppelbydeed〕、因已記錄在案而不容否認(rèn)〔estoppelbyrecord〕和因既有行為而不容否認(rèn)〔estoppelinpais〕，其中，前兩種又稱為普通法上的不容否認(rèn)〔legalestoppel〕，后一種稱為衡平法上的不容否認(rèn)〔equitableestoppel〕。。28.InorderforacourttoapplythedoctrineofPromissoryEstoppel,whichofthefollowingelementsisnotrequired?（）[單選題]*A.Justicemustnotbeservedbyenforcingthepromise.(正確答案)B.Theremustbeaclearanddefinitepromise.C.Justmustbeservedbyenforcingthepromise.D.Thepromiseemusthavereliedonthepromise.答案解析：LEC2008/5第4題；LEC2013大綱樣卷第4題。promissoryestoppel:Theprinciplethatapromisemadewithoutconsiderationmaynonethelessbeenforcedtopreventinjusticeifthepromisorshouldhavereasonablyexpectedthepromiseetorelyonthepromiseandifthepromiseedidactuallyrelyonthepromisetohisorherdetriment.—Alsotermed(inaccurately)equitableestoppel.允諾的不容否定：允諾人相信對方將由于信賴其允諾作出某項(xiàng)實(shí)質(zhì)性的作為或不作為，所受允諾人確實(shí)因此作出某項(xiàng)作為或不作為，且作出的允諾不得否定或取消，以免給對方造成損害。29.Detrimentalreliance（）[單選題]*A.Politicalorsocialunionofcontractingparties.B.Repudiationofacontractobligation.C.Relieffromforfeitureofpropertyheldassecurityunderasuretycontract.D.Reliancethatmayresultinpromissoryestoppel.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2013大綱樣卷第14題。detrimentalreliance不利益的信賴；致人損害的信賴：由于一方當(dāng)事人對他人的行為或陳述產(chǎn)生信賴，從而導(dǎo)致自己處于不利地位的，則該種信賴即屬不利益的信賴，其將產(chǎn)生promissoryestoppel（允諾的不容否定）。不利益的信賴可以替代合同的對價(jià)，使某一單方的允諾成為可強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的合同。30.exparte（）[單選題]*A.fromasubsequentevent;retrospective,especiallyalawwhichchangesthelegalstatusofanactcommittedbeforethelaw’senactment.B.meaning"beforetheevent".C.doneormadeattheinstanceandforthebenefitofonepartyonly,andwithoutnoticeto,orargumentby,anyonehavinganadverseinterests(正確答案)D.asagiftorfavour,notbecausethereisalegaldutytodoit答案解析：exparte〈拉〉單方面的；為一方利益的；依單方申請的：在公平的原則下，訴訟的程序一般都是以雙方“InterParte”形式進(jìn)行，即是與訟雙方同時(shí)有機(jī)會向法庭作出申辯。但在某些特殊的情況下，例如對申請人有人身或財(cái)物安全的迫脅，或者不讓對方有機(jī)會毀滅證據(jù)等，是可以容許以單方形式進(jìn)行。例如以單方傳票向法庭申請禁制令，禁止對方將子女擅自攜離香港。其他：A為expostfacto；B為exante；D為exgratia。31.ExParteOrder（）[單選題]*A.anorderthatendsthelawsuitbetweentheparties,resolvesthemeritsofthecase,andleavesnothingtobedonebutenforcement.B.asupportorderissuedbyacourthavingjurisdictioninaforeignstateorastateotherthanhomestate.C.anorderenteredbythecircuitcourtprovidingforthewithholdingofaperson'sincometoenforceachildsupportorder.D.anordermadebythecourtupontheapplicationofoneofthepartiestoalawsuit,withoutpriornoticetoanyotherparty.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2012/5第5題。exparteorder意為“根據(jù)單方或一方當(dāng)事人的要求，法院作出的決定”。選項(xiàng)D:anordermadebythecourtupontheapplicationofoneofthepartiestoalawsuit,withoutpriornoticetoanyotherparty正符合題意，所以正確答案為D.。32.FalseImprisonment（）[單選題]*A.Placingaconvicteddefendantinamaximumsecurityprison.B.Descriptionofwhenthejudgeandjurydisagreeaboutasentence.C.Acriminalimprisonmentforcivilwrong.D.Theintentional,unlawfulconfinementofapersonagainstthatperson'swill.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2008/5第45題；LEC2013大綱樣卷第45題。falseimprisonment非法拘禁：非法剝奪他人的人身自由的行為。凡未經(jīng)依法授權(quán)或無法律根據(jù)，以暴力或以暴力相威脅，強(qiáng)制他人違反自己的意愿留在某處或到某處去，即構(gòu)成非法拘禁，而不論拘禁的地點(diǎn)或拘禁時(shí)間的長短。在普通法上屬刑事犯罪行為及民事侵權(quán)行為。惡意雖非構(gòu)成非法拘禁的必要條件，但可加重行為人的賠償責(zé)任。33.fiduciaryduty（）[單選題]*A.adutyofutmostgoodfaith,trust,confidence,andcandorowedbyafiduciary(suchasanagentoratrustee)tothebeneficiary(suchastheagent'sprincipalorthebeneficiariesofthetrust)(正確答案)B.adutyofcaretowardsone’sneighborC.anequitabledutytoactingoodfaithforthebenefitofoneself.D.apersonorcompanythatisinapositionoftrust,especiallywhenitinvolvescontrollingmoneyorpropertybelongingtoothers答案解析：誠信責(zé)任；受托人責(zé)任；信托義務(wù)：公司董事和受托人等，因?yàn)槠渖硖幬恢茫瑢ξ腥嘶蛴嘘P(guān)的受益人都負(fù)有誠信的責(zé)任，基本上，誠信責(zé)任就是不能以位或權(quán)而謀私，凡事均以委托人的利益為前題。34.forthwith（）[單選題]*A.readyormadeavailablewhenneededB.immediately;atonce(正確答案)C.willingtogiveinformationaboutsomethingD.directandhonestinmannerandspeech答案解析：立即：法律書信經(jīng)常用的副詞，是立即的意思，例：Theoutstandingsumshouldbesettledforthwith.應(yīng)該立即清還所欠的款項(xiàng)。其實(shí)，所謂立即，可以理解為最短的合理時(shí)間。35.frivolous（）[單選題]*A.withoutparticularplansorarrangements;notbusyB.actuallyexistingorhappeningandnotimaginedorpretendedC.existinginequity;availableorsustainablebyanactioninequity,orundertherulesandprinciplesofequity.D.lackingalegalbasisorlegalmerit;notserious;notreasonablypurposeful(正確答案)答案解析：frivolousa.無意義的；不重要的：當(dāng)一方當(dāng)事人的辯護(hù)顯然不充分而且沒有攻擊到對方辯護(hù)的實(shí)質(zhì)要點(diǎn)時(shí)，這種辯護(hù)就是「無意義的」，法律上推定其是在拖延訴訟或使另一方當(dāng)事人感到為難。當(dāng)事人沒有基于法律上和證據(jù)上合理的理由而提出的主張或反駁即是無意義的。根據(jù)美國聯(lián)邦地區(qū)法院民事訴訟規(guī)則，無意義的辯護(hù)依其情形可以以適當(dāng)?shù)男问郊右孕拚部梢杂煞ㄍヒ悦钣枰匀∠?。民事訴訟中原告的申索理由，或者被告的抗辯理據(jù)，如果是Frivolous瑣屑無聊，對方可以根據(jù)高等法院規(guī)則向法庭申請，將該申索或抗辯剔除，并索取訴訟費(fèi)。36.garnishee（）[單選題]*A.anAmericanlegalorderforcollectingamonetaryjudgmentonbehalfofaplaintifffromadefendant.B.agroupofsoldierslivinginatownorforttodefendit;thebuildingsthesesoldiersliveinC.asmallamountoffoodthatisusedtodecoratealargerdishoffoodD.apersonwhoiswarnedorrequiredbyacourtorder(agarnisheeorder)topayadebtorpartofthedebt,whichthepersonowedinfavourofajudgmentdebtor,toajudgmentcreditor(agarnishor).(正確答案)答案解析：garnisheen.案外債務(wù)人/第三債務(wù)人【相當(dāng)于債權(quán)人代位權(quán)訴訟中的次債權(quán)人】：占有屬于被告的金錢或財(cái)產(chǎn)的人，或?qū)Ρ桓尕?fù)有債務(wù)的人，此項(xiàng)金錢、財(cái)產(chǎn)或債務(wù)由法院扣押或凍結(jié)。相應(yīng)的，garnishor就是債權(quán)人代位權(quán)訴訟中的債權(quán)人（judgmentcreditor）。37.guarantee（）[單選題]*A.theassurancethatacontractorlegalactwillbedulycarriedout.(正確答案)B.apersonwhoagreestoberesponsibleforsomebodyorformakingsurethatsomethinghappensorisdoneC.apersonwhomakesacontractualoffer,personallyorbyanagent,soastobecomeapartytothecontractonacceptance.D.anofferee'sassent,eitherbyexpressactorbyimplicationfromconduct,tothetermsofanofferinamannerauthorizedorrequestedbytheofferor,sothatabindingcontractisformed.答案解析：guaranteen.(1)被保證人：即主債權(quán)人。B錯，因?yàn)樗侵浮氨ＷC人”（guarantor），正好相反。(2)保證合同，A對。(3)保證人的責(zé)任v.保證保證人承擔(dān)保證責(zé)任的行為。38.hearing（）[單選題]*A.thefinaldecisionrenderedbyacourtinacivilorcriminalproceeding.B.ajudicialsession,usu.opentothepublic,heldforthepurposeofdecidingissuesoffactoroflaw,sometimeswithwitnessestestifying(正確答案)C.acourt'swrittenstatementexplainingitsdecisioninagivencase,usu.includingthestatementoffacts,pointsoflaw,rationale,anddicta.D.thenameofthegroupofpeoplewhoareelectedtomakelaws,intheUSconsistingoftheSenateandtheHouseofRepresentatives答案解析：hearingn.聽審；聽證：指可就系爭問題提供證據(jù)，陳述理由，并由有裁判權(quán)的個人或機(jī)關(guān)作出裁決的相對正式的程序。聽審的目的在于為爭議各方，尤其是可能被剝奪權(quán)益的一方，創(chuàng)造陳述意見的機(jī)會。聽審不限于由司法機(jī)關(guān)舉行，立法機(jī)關(guān)和行政機(jī)關(guān)也可以舉行聽證。包括通知在內(nèi)的聽審是公正程序的基本組成部分。其他：A為judgment；C為opinion；D為congress。39.Hearsayorhearsayevidence（）[單選題]*A.“l(fā)egalese”foropeningargumentsmadeincourt.B.reliancethatmayresultinpromissoryestoppel.C.holdingofabeliefthatgoesagainstgenerallyacceptedstandards.D.atypeofevidencethatisoftenexcluded,unlessitfallswithinanacceptedcategory.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2011/5第2題。hearsay是“傳聞證據(jù)”的意思，Hearsayisanout-of-courtstatement,madebysomeoneotherthanthetestifyingwitness,whichisofferedtosupporttheclaimsofthewitness.Thesestatementsarenotadmissibleintoevidenceunlessanexceptionprovidesotherwise.指證人不是以自己對某事實(shí)的親身感知為基礎(chǔ)，而是就自己從別人那里聽說的事實(shí)所作的陳述。因此，其內(nèi)容通常最初是在法庭外未經(jīng)宣誓作出的，而在庭審時(shí)被作為證據(jù)提出來證明其所稱之事實(shí)為真實(shí)。由于傳聞證據(jù)本質(zhì)上是證人對其所聽說之事實(shí)的重述，因而屬于間接證據(jù)或二手證據(jù)。依英美法的證據(jù)規(guī)則，傳聞證據(jù)不具有可采性〔admissibility〕，因?yàn)閷@種證據(jù)不能通過在公開法庭上交叉詢問〔cross-examination〕的方式來驗(yàn)證其真實(shí)性。所以，為了確保提供給法庭的證詞的可靠性，對傳聞應(yīng)予排除。所以正確選項(xiàng)為D.40.impliedterm（）[單選題]*A.atermofperiodnotexpresslyspecifiedbythepartiesbutinsteadreadintothecontractbyacourtasbeingimplicit.B.(especiallyintheUK)thefirstofthethreeperiodsintheyearduringwhichclassesareheldinschools,universities,etc.C.atermendingsomethingintimeorexistenceD.aprovisionnotexpresslyagreedtobythepartiesbutinsteadreadintothecontractbyacourtasbeingimplicit.(正確答案)答案解析：默示條款：在合約中并沒有明文訂立的條款，但因?yàn)槭聦?shí)的需要，法例的規(guī)定或者有關(guān)行業(yè)的慣例，在合約中加諸的條款。例如在雇傭合約中，雖然沒有訂明雇員必須盡忠職守，勤力工作，但其實(shí)這些條件，經(jīng)已默示在合約當(dāng)中，被視為有效的條款。41.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueintheUnitedStates?（）[單選題]*A.TheSupremeCourtbeginsitsannualsessionortermonthefirstMondayofOctober.B.Tworequirementsarethemostimportantinlawschooladmission:theapplicant'sundergraduateGPAandscoresontheGRE.(正確答案)C.Lawreviewsarelegalacademicjournalseditedandinpartwrittenbystudents.D.Tochoosethejurors,theprosecutorsandsometimesthelawyersaskprospectivejurorsquestionstodetermineiftheywillbeabletodecidethecasefairly.答案解析：LEC2017/5第14題。美國法學(xué)院入學(xué)的兩個最重要的參考條件是：LSAT成績和GPA。LSAT是法學(xué)院入學(xué)考試，全稱為LawSchoolAdmissionTest。GPA是指平均學(xué)分績點(diǎn)，借此可對學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評定，全稱為GradePointAverage.GRE是美國研究生人學(xué)考試，全稱為GraduateRecordExamination。選項(xiàng)B錯誤。42.Thestatesmay,undertheU.S.Constitution,doallofthefollowingEXCEPT__.（）[單選題]*A.maintaineducationalsystemsB.setuptheirownpolicedepartmentsC.provideforstandingarmiesforself-defense(正確答案)D.maketheirownlawsregulatingcommercewithintheirborders答案解析：LEC2017/5第15題。1787年在費(fèi)城召開的“制憲會議”,對standingarmy(常備軍)進(jìn)行檢查，允許總統(tǒng)指揮軍隊(duì)，國會可以通過短期立法為常備軍提供資金。《憲法》頒布后，在第一條第八款中列出“軍隊(duì)條款”,該條款規(guī)定，國會(congress)有權(quán)……籌集和支持軍隊(duì)，但用于該用途的撥款的期限不得超過兩年，因此為自衛(wèi)而供養(yǎng)“standingarmy”(常備軍)是國會而不是州政府。所以選項(xiàng)C錯誤。43.Thecourtsofappealsusuallyassignapanelofthreejudgestoeachcase.Afterthesubmissionof_______,thejudgesdiscussthecaseprivately,consideranyrelevantprecedents,andreachadecision.（）[單選題]*A.briefs(正確答案)B.lawofficememosC.letterofintentD.letterofopinion答案解析：LEC2017/5第16題。Briefs是指律師的辯論意見書，律師向法庭提交的表明其對案件的觀點(diǎn)的書面辯論文件。通常包括對案件事實(shí)的概述、相關(guān)法律及關(guān)于對案件事實(shí)如何適用法律以支持律師主張的爭論。上訴法院通常為每個案件指派一個由三名法官組成的合議庭(panel)。在提交辯論意見書(Briefs)之后，法官們私下討論案件，考慮任何相關(guān)的先例，然后做出決定。44.Whatistheleg