癌生物學簡介英文版課件

BiologyofCancerChapter111癌生物學簡介英文版CancerDerivedfromGreekwordforcrab,karkinomaMalignanttumorTumorAlsoreferredtoasaneoplasm—newgrowth2癌生物學簡介英文版Benignvs.MalignantTumorsBenignMalignantGrowslowlyGrowrapidlyWell-definedcapsuleNotencapsulatedNotinvasiveInvasiveWelldifferentiatedPoorlydifferentiatedLowmitoticindexHighmitoticindexDonotmetastasizeCanspreaddistantly(metastasis)3癌生物學簡介英文版ClassificationandNomenclatureBenigntumorsNamedaccordingtothetissuesfromwhichtheyarise,andincludethesuffix“–oma”LipomaGliomaLeiomyomaChondroma4癌生物學簡介英文版ClassificationandNomenclatureMalignanttumorsNamedaccordingtothetissuesfromwhichtheyariseMalignantepithelialtumorsarereferredtoascarcinomasAdenocarcinomaandbasalcellcarcinomaMalignantconnectivetissuetumorsarereferredtoassarcomasChondrosarcomaandosteosarcoma5癌生物學簡介英文版ClassificationandNomenclatureCancersoflymphatictissuearelymphomasCancersofblood-formingcellsareleukemiasCarcinomainsitu(CIS)Pre-invasiveepithelialmalignanttumorsofglandularorepithelialoriginthathavenotbrokenthroughthebasementmembraneorinvadedthesurroundingstroma6癌生物學簡介英文版ClassificationandNomenclature7癌生物學簡介英文版ClassificationandNomenclature8癌生物學簡介英文版CancerCellsTransformationCancercell’sindependencefromnormalcellularcontrolsAnchorageindependentImmortalAnaplasiaPleomorphic9癌生物學簡介英文版CancerStemCellsStemcellsself-renewCelldivisionscreatenewstemcellsStemcellsaremultipotentAbilitytodifferentiateintomultipledifferentcelltypes10癌生物學簡介英文版CancerStemCells11癌生物學簡介英文版CancerStemCells12癌生物學簡介英文版TumorMarkersTumorcellmarkers(biologicalmarkers)aresubstancesproducedbycancercellsorthatarefoundonplasmacellmembranes,intheblood,CSF,orurineHormonesEnzymesGenesAntigensAntibodies13癌生物學簡介英文版TumorMarkersTumormarkersareusedto:ScreenandidentifyindividualsathighriskforcancerDiagnosespecifictypesoftumorsObserveclinicalcourseofcancer14癌生物學簡介英文版Cancer-CausingMutationsCancerispredominantlyadiseaseofagingClonalproliferationorexpansionDuetoamutation,acellacquirescharacteristicsthatallowittohaveselectiveadvantageoveritsneighborsIncreasedgrowthrateordecreasedapoptosisMultiplemutationsarerequiredbeforecancercandevelop15癌生物學簡介英文版Cancer-CausingMutations16癌生物學簡介英文版TypesofMutatedGenesSecretionofgrowthfactors(autocrinestimulation)IncreasedgrowthfactorreceptorsSignalfromcell-surfacereceptorismutatedinthe“on”positionMutationintherasintracellularsignalingproteinInactivationofRbtumorsuppressorActivationofproteinkinasesthatdrivethecellcycleMutationinthep53gene17癌生物學簡介英文版TypesofMutatedGenes18癌生物學簡介英文版AngiogenesisGrowthofnewvesselsAdvancedcancerscansecreteangiogenicfactors19癌生物學簡介英文版HallmarksofCancer20癌生物學簡介英文版TelomeresandImmoralityBodycellsarenotimmortalandcanonlydividealimitednumberoftimesTelomeresareprotectivecapsoneachchromosomeandareheldinplacebytelomeraseTelomeresbecomesmallerandsmallerwitheachcelldivision21癌生物學簡介英文版TelomeresandImmorality22癌生物學簡介英文版OncogenesandTumor-SuppressorGenesOncogenesMutantgenesthatintheirnonmutantstatedirectproteinsynthesisandcellulargrowthTumor-suppressorgenesEncodeproteinsthatintheirnormalstatenegativelyregulateproliferationAlsoreferredtoasanti-oncogenesProto-oncogeneAnormal,nonmutantgenethatcodesforcellulargrowth23癌生物學簡介英文版MutationofNormalGenesPointmutationsChangesinoneorafewnucleotidebasepairsChromosometranslocationApieceononechromosomeistransferredtoanotherGeneamplificationDuplicationofasmallpieceofchromosomeoverandoverResultsinanincreasedexpressionofanoncogene24癌生物學簡介英文版MutationofNormalGenes25癌生物學簡介英文版MutationofNormalGenes26癌生物學簡介英文版MutationofNormalGenesMutationoftumor-suppressorgenesAllowsunregulatedcellulargrowthLossofheterozygosityBothchromosomecopiesofageneareinactivatedGenesilencingWholeregionsofchromosomesareshutoffwhilethesameregionsinothercellsremainactive27癌生物學簡介英文版MutationofNormalGenes28癌生物學簡介英文版MutationofNormalGenesCaretakergenesEncodeforproteinsthatareinvolvedinrepairingdamagedDNAChromosomeinstabilityIncreasedinmalignantcellsResultsinchromosomeloss,lossofheterozygosity,andchromosomeamplification29癌生物學簡介英文版InflammationandCancerChronicinflammationisanimportantfactorinthedevelopmentofcancerCytokinereleasefrominflammatorycellsFreeradicalsMutationpromotionDecreasedresponsetoDNAdamage30癌生物學簡介英文版GeneticsandCancerExposuretomutagensIfthemutationoccursinsomaticcells,itisnotpassedtoprogenyIfthemutationoccursingermlinecells,itcanbepassedtofuturegenerations31癌生物學簡介英文版VirusesandCancerImplicatedHepatitisBandCvirusesEpstein-Barrvirus(EBV)Kaposisarcomaherpesvirus(KSHV)Humanpapillomavirus(HPV)HumanTcellleukemia–lymphomavirus(HTLV)32癌生物學簡介英文版BacterialCauseofCancerHelicobacterpyloriChronicinfectionsareassociatedwith:PepticulcerdiseaseStomachcarcinomaMucosa-associatedlymphoidtissuelymphomas33癌生物學簡介英文版EnvironmentalRiskFactorsTobaccoMultipotentcarcinogenicmixtureLinkedtocancersofthelung,lowerurinarytract,aerodigestivetract,liver,kidney,pancreas,cervixuteri,andmyeloidleukemia34癌生物學簡介英文版EnvironmentalRiskFactorsIonizingradiationEmissionfromx-rays,radioisotopes,andotherradioactivesourcesExposurecausescelldeath,genemutations,andchromosomeaberrationsBystandereffectsPoorgenerepairChangesingapjunctionintercellularcommunication35癌生物學簡介英文版IonizingRadiation36癌生物學簡介英文版EnvironmentalRiskFactorsUltravioletradiationCausesbasalcellcarcinoma,squamouscellcarcinoma,andmelanomaPrincipalsourceissunlightUltravioletA(UVA)andultravioletB(UVB)Promotesskininflammationandreleaseoffreeradicals37癌生物學簡介英文版EnvironmentalRiskFactorsAlcoholconsumptionRiskfactorfororalcavity,pharynx,hypopharynx,larynx,esophagus,andlivercancersCigarette/alcoholcombinationincreasesaperson’srisk38癌生物學簡介英文版EnvironmentalRiskFactorsSexualreproductivebehaviorCarcinogenictypesofhumanpapillomavirusHigh-riskHPVPhysicalactivityReducescancerriskDecreasesinsulinandinsulin-likegrowthfactorsDecreasesobesityDecreasesinflammatorymediatorsandfreeradicalsIncreasedgutmotility39癌生物學簡介英文版EnvironmentalRiskFactorsOccupationalhazardsSubstantialnumberofoccupationalcarcinogenicagentsAsbestosDyes,rubber,paint,explosives,rubbercement,heavymetals,airpollution,etc.Radon40癌生物學簡介英文版EnvironmentalRiskFactorsElectromagneticfi