統(tǒng)考版2024高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)第1板塊攻克閱讀理解專題1閱讀理解含解析

PAGE第1板塊[命題規(guī)律]1．以考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解和推理推斷為主，主旨大意和詞義揣測為輔。細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題較簡潔，其他題較難，但總體難易度較為適中，四篇文章中僅有一篇難度較大。2．題材以廣告旅游、社會文化、人物故事、科普學(xué)問、生態(tài)環(huán)保為主，內(nèi)容貼近生活、貼近時(shí)代，充分體現(xiàn)了高考命題的思想性和育人功能。3．文章信息量大，語篇含有多處結(jié)構(gòu)困難的長句，對考生的閱讀速度和快速處理信息的實(shí)力要求很高。[命題趨勢]1．預(yù)料2024年高考閱讀理解的難易度仍會保持穩(wěn)定，選材會更新奇，語言更地道，詞匯更豐富。2．題型仍會以細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題和推理推斷題為主，兼顧主旨大意題和詞義揣測題。A篇(2024·全國卷Ⅱ，A)TheLakeDistrictAttractionsGuideDalemainHistory，Culture&Landscape(景觀)．Discoverandenjoy4centuriesofhistory，5acresofcelebratedandaward-winninggardenswithparklandwalk.OwnedbytheHasellfamilysince1679，hometotheInternationalMarmaladeFestival.Giftsandantiques，plantsales，museums&MediaevalHallTearoom.Open：29Mar－29Oct，SuntoThurs.Tearoom，Gardens&GiftShop：10.30－17.00(16.00inOct)．House：11．15－16.00(15.00inOct)．Town：PooleyBridge&PenrithAbbotThoseviewingthequalityofAbbotHall'stemporaryexhibitionsmaybeforgivenforthinkingtheyareinacitygallery.TheimpressivepermanentcollectionincludesTurnersandRomneysandthetemporaryexhibitionprogrammehasCanalettoandtheartistsfromStIves.Open：MontoSatandSummerSundays.10.30－17.00Summer.10.30－16.00Winter.Town：KendalTullieHouseMuseum&ArtGalleryDiscover，exploreandenjoyaward-winningTullieHouse，wherehistoriccollections，contemporaryartandfamilyfunarebroughttogetherinoneimpressivemuseumandartgallery.Therearefourfantasticgalleriestovisitfromfinearttointeractivefun，sothere'ssomethingforeveryone!Open：HighSeason1Apr－31Oct：MontoSat10.00－17.00，Sun11．00－17.00.LowSeason1Nov－31Mar：MontoSat10.00－16.30，Sun12.00－16.30.Town：CarlisleDoveCottage&TheWordsworthDiscoverWilliamWordsworth'sinspirationalhome.TakeatourofhisLakelandcottage，walkthroughhishillsidegardenandexploretherichesofthecollectionintheMuseum.Visittheshopandrelaxinthecafé.Exhibitions，eventsandfamilyactivitiesthroughouttheyear.Open：Daily，09.30－17.30(lastadmission17.00)．Town：Grasmere【語篇解讀】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，主要介紹了幾個(gè)湖區(qū)景點(diǎn)，包括其營業(yè)時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)等。1．WhenistheHouseatDalemainA．09.30－17.30. B．10.30－16.00.C．11．15－16.00. D．12.00－16.30.C[考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)DalemainMansion&HistoricGardens部分的信息“House：11．15－16.00(15.00inOct)”可知答案。故選C。]2．WhatcanvisitorsdoatAbbotHallA．EnjoyRomney'sworks.B．Havesomeinteractivefun.C．Attendafamousfestival.D．Learnthehistoryofafamily.A[考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)AbbotHallArtGallery&Museum部分的信息“TheimpressivepermanentcollectionincludesTurnersandRomneysandthetemporaryexhibitionprogrammehasCanalettoandtheartistsfromStIves.”可知，游客可以在此處觀賞Romney的作品。故選A。]3．WhereshouldvisitorsgoiftheywanttoexploreWordsworth'slife?A．Penrith. B．Kendal.C．Carlisle. D．GrasmereD[考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)DoveCottage&TheWordsworthMuseum部分的信息“Town：Grasmere”可知，假如游客想了解Wordsworth的生活可以去Grasmere。故選D。]B篇(2024·全國卷Ⅰ，B)Returningtoabookyou'vereadmanytimescanfeellikedrinkswithanoldfriend.There'sawelcomefamiliarity—butalsosometimesaslightsuspicionthattimehaschangedyouboth，andthustherelationship.Butbooksdon'tchange，peopledo.Andthat'swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.Thebeautyofrereadingliesintheideathatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentmentalregister.It'strue，theolderIget，themoreIfeeltimehaswings.Butwithreading，it'sallaboutthepresent.It'saboutthenowandwhatonecontributestothenow，becausereadingisagiveandtakebetweenauthorandreader.Eachhastopulltheirownweight.TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thefirst，whichItaketoreadingeveryspring，isErnestHemingway'sAMoveableFeast.Publishedin1964，it'shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.Thelanguageisalmostintoxicating(令人沉醉的)，anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard'sHolytheFirm，herpoetic1975ramble(隨筆)abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortázar'sSaveTwilight：SelectedPoems，becausepoetry.AndbecauseCortázar.WhileItendtobuyalotofbooks，thesethreeweregiventomeasgifts，whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat，whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary，rereadinganauthor'sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember，it'syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。重讀一本你讀過許多次的書，感覺就像和老摯友一起參與酒宴一樣。重讀的奇妙之處在于，我們與作品的聯(lián)系是建立在我們當(dāng)前的精神狀態(tài)之上的，隨著年齡的增長，你對書中內(nèi)容的理解也逐步加深。4．Whydoestheauthorlikerereading?A．Itevaluatesthewriter-readerrelationship.B．It'sawindowtoawholenewworld.C．It'sasubstitutefordrinkingwithafriend.D．Itextendstheunderstandingofoneself.D[考查推理推斷。依據(jù)其次段前兩句可知，作者認(rèn)為重讀的奇妙之處在于我們與作品的聯(lián)系基于我們目前的精神狀態(tài)，作者年齡越大，就越覺得時(shí)間如梭。由此可推知，重讀以前讀過的書能讓你加深對閱讀內(nèi)容的理解。隨著年齡的增長，你可能閱歷更豐富，你對書中內(nèi)容的理解也逐步加深。因此答案為D。]5．WhatdoweknowaboutthebookAMoveableFeast?A．It'sabriefaccountofatrip.B．It'saboutHemingway'slifeasayoungman.C．It'sarecordofahistoricevent.D．It'saboutHemingway'sfriendsinParis.B[考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)第三段中的“Publishedin1964，it'shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis...anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.”可知，AMoveableFeast講解并描述年邁的海明威回憶青年時(shí)代在巴黎度過的日子，因此本題答案為B。]6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“currency”inParagraph4referto?A．Debt. B．Reward.C．Allowance. D．Facevalue.B[考查詞義揣測。依據(jù)最終一段的其次句可知，作者認(rèn)為，雖然金錢的確是奇妙而必要的，但重讀作家的著作是讀者對該作家的最高嘉獎(jiǎng)，因此畫線詞在此處指嘉獎(jiǎng)。]7．Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A．Helovespoetry.B．He'saneditor.C．He'sveryambitious.D．Heteachesreading.A[考查推理推斷。依據(jù)第三段中的“AnotherisAnnieDillard'sHolytheFirm，herpoetic1975ramble(隨筆)abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortázar'sSaveTwilight：SelectedPoems，becausepoetry.”可以推斷作者寵愛詩歌。]C篇(2024·全國卷Ⅲ，C)Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤獨(dú))，morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.Thedoorwaytopeaceandquiet，forNickBrightatleast，leadsstraighttohismother-in-law:shelivesonthegroundfloor，whilehelivesupstairswithhiswifeandtheirtwodaughters.Fouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathree-storeyVictorianhouseinBristol—oneofagrowingnumberofmultigenerationalfamiliesintheUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafrontdoorandawashingmachine，butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen，bathroom，bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.“Wefloatedtheideatomymumofsharingahouse，”saysKathrynWhitehead.Ritacutsin：“WespokemorewithNickbecauseIthinkit'sabigthingforNicktolivewithhismother-in-law.”AndwhatdoesNickthink？“Frommystandpoint，itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIrecommendit？Yes，IthinkIwould.”It'shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim，butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325，000in2001to419，000in2013.Othervarietiesofmultigenerationalfamilyaremorecommon.Somepeoplelivewiththeirelderlyparents;manymoreadultchildrenarereturningtothefamilyhome，iftheyeverleft.Itissaidthatabout20%of25-34-year-oldslivewiththeirparents，comparedwith16%in1991．ThetotalnumberofallmultigenerationalhouseholdsinBritainisthoughttobeabout1．8million.Storieslikethataremorecommoninpartsoftheworldwheremultigenerationallivingismorefirmlyrooted.InIndia，particularlyoutsidecities，youngwomenareexpectedtomoveinwiththeirhusband'sfamilywhentheygetmarried.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了隨著年輕人生活壓力的增大以及老年人孤獨(dú)感的增加，越來越多的英國家庭選擇幾世同堂，且這已成為一種趨勢。8．WhomainlyusesthegroundfloorintheVictorianhouseinBristol?A．Nick. B．Rita.C．Kathryn. D．Thedaughters.B[考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)第三段“Fouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathree-storeyVictorianhouseinBristol...butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen，bathroom，bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.”可知，在布里斯托爾的維多利亞時(shí)代的房子里，Rita住在一樓，故選B。]9．WhatisNick'sattitudetowardssharingthehousewithhismother-in-law?A．Positive. B．Carefree.C．Tolerant. D．Unwilling.A[考查推理推斷。依據(jù)第五段中的“Frommystandpoint，itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIrecommendit？Yes，IthinkIwould.”可以推斷，Nick對于與岳母住在一起持主動(dòng)的看法，故選A。carefree無憂無慮的；tolerant寬容的；unwilling不情愿的。]10．Whatistheauthor'sstatementaboutmultigenerationalfamilybasedon?A．Familytraditions. B．Financialreports.C．Publishedstatistics. D．Publicopinions.C[考查推理推斷。依據(jù)第六段中的“Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325，000in2001to419，000in2013.”和第七段中的“Itissaidthatabout20%of25-34-year-olds...about1．8million.”可知，作者通過排列數(shù)據(jù)來說明幾世同堂家庭的狀況，故C項(xiàng)“公布的數(shù)據(jù)”正確。]11．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Lifestylesindifferentcountries.B．Conflictsbetweengenerations.C．AhousingprobleminBritain.D．ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.D[考查主旨大意。依據(jù)全文中心句“Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤獨(dú))，morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.”可知，本文主要介紹了近年來英國人選擇幾世同堂的趨勢在上升，故選D。]D篇(2024·全國卷Ⅱ，D)Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation，soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem？It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms，liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport，NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears，Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity，andtheythinkthey'reclosetoasolution(解決方案)．“Wedon'tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers，”saysFlorenceGold，aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests，”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades，otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal？’Basically，it's‘I'vegottoproducethisproductandthen，attheendoftheyear，presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview，and...it'snotaverynicethingattimes.It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影響)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon'tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria？GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem，readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了美國一所中學(xué)與NASA合作的聯(lián)合科研項(xiàng)目，解決國際空間站中的細(xì)菌問題。這類語篇對于啟發(fā)與培育學(xué)生良好的思維品質(zhì)有主動(dòng)的引導(dǎo)作用。12．WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?A．Theyarehardtogetridof.B．Theyleadtoairpollution.C．Theyappearindifferentforms.D．Theydamagetheinstruments.A[考查推理推斷。依據(jù)第一段中的“ThemicroorganismsfromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation，soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.”可知，來自我們身體的微生物在太空站的表面增長得很快，宇航員每周得花很長時(shí)間清理它們，由此斷定太空站里的細(xì)菌很難清除，故答案為A。]13．WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A．Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B．Tosharpenstudents'communicationskills.C．Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D．Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation.D[考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)其次段的第一句“HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.”可知，HUNCH項(xiàng)目的目的是把學(xué)校教化與航天技術(shù)聯(lián)系在一起，故答案為D。]14．WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?A．Checktheirproduct.B．Guideprojectdesigns.C．Adjustworkschedules.D．Gradetheirhomework.A[考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)第三段的最終兩句“Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview...It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”可知，NASA工程師親自檢查那些中學(xué)學(xué)生的產(chǎn)品，故答案為A。]15．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．NASA：TheHomeofAstronautsB．Space：TheFinalHomeworkFrontierC．Nature：AnOutdoorClassroomD．HUNCH：ACollegeAdmissionReformB[考查標(biāo)題歸納。本文主要介紹了一個(gè)項(xiàng)目：把中學(xué)的教室教學(xué)與太空的探討聯(lián)系起來，使學(xué)生們得到NASA工程師們的指導(dǎo)。因此在選標(biāo)題時(shí)既要有太空，還要有學(xué)生，選項(xiàng)B將其完備地結(jié)合了起來，故答案為B。]題型一細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題在高考閱讀理解中占了相當(dāng)大的比重，同時(shí)，也是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。依據(jù)命題方式的不同，可分為事實(shí)認(rèn)定題和數(shù)字計(jì)算題，而事實(shí)認(rèn)定題考查多而廣，可劃分為干脆信息題和間接信息題。1．原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)：選項(xiàng)中的某個(gè)詞或短語與原文完全一樣。2.同義轉(zhuǎn)換：采納變更句子結(jié)構(gòu)或替換原文關(guān)鍵詞的方法，表達(dá)與原文相同或相像的意義。3.語言簡化：把原文中的困難語言進(jìn)行簡化，設(shè)置為答案。4.正話反說：把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。1．張冠李戴：選項(xiàng)所述內(nèi)容弄錯(cuò)了事實(shí)和對象，把此人的事情或觀點(diǎn)錯(cuò)加到彼人身上，或?qū)⒋耸挛锏奶匦藻e(cuò)加到彼事物上。2.無中生有：所述內(nèi)容或是憑空捏造，或是生活常識，或是普遍真理，但在文中找不到支持的依據(jù)。3.曲解文意：與原文的內(nèi)容相像，只是在某個(gè)細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)。4.混淆黑白：原文中原來有明確的依據(jù)，但是卻設(shè)計(jì)成與之完全相反的選項(xiàng)。5.正誤參半：部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。一、事實(shí)認(rèn)定題之干脆信息題干脆信息題是對原文干脆信息的考查，正確答案一般是原文或原文稍加改動(dòng)而成，設(shè)問方式多以what,who,when,where,why,how等開頭的特殊疑問句。[解題技巧]——題干定位法1．細(xì)致閱讀題干，依據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞明確答題方向。2．運(yùn)用略讀或查讀等閱讀技巧快速定位與問題相關(guān)的信息。3．細(xì)致比較所給選項(xiàng)，與原文信息對應(yīng)，鎖定正確選項(xiàng)。(2024·全國卷Ⅰ，A)TrainInformationAllcustomerstravellingonTransLinkservicesmustbeinpossessionofavalidticketbeforeboarding.Forticketinformation，pleaseaskatyourlocalstationorcall131230.WhileQueenslandRailmakeseveryefforttoensuretrainsrunasscheduled，therecanbenoguaranteeofconnectionsbetweentrainsorbetweentrainservicesandbusservices.Lostproperty(失物招領(lǐng))CallLostPropertyon131617duringbusinesshoursforitemslostonQueenslandRailservices.ThelostpropertyofficeisopenMondaytoFriday7：30a．m.to5：00p．m.andislocated(位于)atRomaStreetstation.PublicholidaysOnpublicholidays，generallyaSundaytimetableoperates.Oncertainmajoreventdays，i.e.AustraliaDay，AnzacDay，sportingandculturaldays，specialadditionalservicesmayoperate.ChristmasDayservicesoperatetoaChristmasDaytimetable.Beforetravelpleasevisittranslink.auorcallTransLinkon131230anytime.CustomersusingmobilitydevicesManystationshavewheelchairaccessfromthecarparkorentrancetothestationplatforms.Forassistance，pleasecallQueenslandRailon131617.Guardiantrains(outbound)DepartOriginDestinationArrive6：42p．m.AltandiVarsity7：37p．m.7：29p．m.CentralVarsity8：52p．m.8：57p．m.FortitudeVarsity9：52p．m.11：02p．m.RomaStreetVarsity12：22a．m.21．Whatwouldyoudotogetticketinformation？A.Call131617.×張冠李戴B.Visittranslink.au.×張冠李戴C.Askatthelocalstation.√原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)D.Checkthetrainschedule.×曲解文意[解題指導(dǎo)]考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題之干脆信息題。定位關(guān)鍵信息源：第一段的其次句“Forticketinformation,pleaseaskatyourlocalstationorcall131230.”。據(jù)此可知，你可以到當(dāng)?shù)剀囌驹儐?askatyourlocalstation)，故選C項(xiàng)。22．Atwhichstationcanyoufindthelostpropertyoffice？A.Altandi.×張冠李戴B.RomaStreet.√原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)C.Varsity×張冠李戴D.Fortitude×張冠李戴[解題指導(dǎo)]考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題之干脆信息題。定位關(guān)鍵信息源：第三段的其次句“ThelostpropertyofficeisopenMondaytoFriday7：30a．m.to5：00p．m.andislocated(位于)atRomaStreetstation.”。據(jù)此可知，失物招領(lǐng)處位于RomaStreetstation，故選B項(xiàng)。23．WhichtrainwouldyoutakeifyougofromCentraltoVarsityLakes？A.6：42p．m.×張冠李戴B.7：29p．m.√原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)C.8：57p．m.×張冠李戴D.11：02p．m.×張冠李戴[解題指導(dǎo)]考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題之干脆信息題。定位關(guān)鍵信息源：表格中Central到VarsityLakes的相關(guān)信息，從Central至VarsityLakes須要乘坐晚上7：29的列車，故選B。二、事實(shí)認(rèn)定題之間接信息題與干脆信息題相比，間接信息題的隱藏性更強(qiáng)，正確選項(xiàng)一般都會在原文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。[解題技巧]——斷章取義法1．閱讀題干，有針對性地掃讀原文，鎖定相關(guān)詞句等信息。2．精確理解每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思，找尋與原文信息相關(guān)的同義詞、近義詞或反義詞。3．細(xì)致比較選項(xiàng)和原文信息，選擇正確或最佳答案。(2024·全國卷Ⅲ，D節(jié)選)Afterrunninghundredsoftests,theresearchersnotedthatthemonkeyswouldgoforthehighervaluesmorethanhalfthetime,indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemorizingthevalueofeachcombination.34．WhatdidLivingstone'steamfindaboutthemonkeys？A.Theycouldperformbasicaddition.√同義替換B.Theycouldunderstandsimplewords.×無中生有C.Theycouldmemorizenumberseasily.×混淆黑白D.Theycouldholdtheirattentionforlong.×無中生有[解題指導(dǎo)]考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題之間接信息題。在原文中定位關(guān)鍵信息“indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation”，然后對原文信息進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，即可得出正確答案。探討人員在進(jìn)行了數(shù)百次測試后發(fā)覺，猴子多半時(shí)候會選擇更高的值，這表明它們是在進(jìn)行計(jì)算，而不僅僅是記憶每個(gè)組合的值，故選A項(xiàng)。三、數(shù)字計(jì)算題細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題的題干中有時(shí)會涉及年頭、年齡、數(shù)量、錢款等，但是這些數(shù)字計(jì)算必須要找出計(jì)算背后所隱含的信息。[解題技巧]——查讀分析法1．明確題干要求，鎖定原文相關(guān)信息。2．對相關(guān)信息和數(shù)字進(jìn)行分析和理解。3．利用加、減、乘、除等運(yùn)算方法進(jìn)行計(jì)算，進(jìn)而確定答案。(2024·全國卷Ⅰ，C節(jié)選)Atpresent,theworldhasabout6，800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1，000;Africa2，400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3，200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6，000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.30．Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6，000peopleatpresent？A.About6，800.×張冠李戴B.About3，400.√語言簡化C.About2，400.×張冠李戴D.About1，200.×無中生有[解題指導(dǎo)]考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題之?dāng)?shù)字計(jì)算題。鎖定原文信息：“Atpresent,theworldhasabout6，800languages.”和“Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6，000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.”通過分析可知，目前世界上有大約6800種語言，而且目前世界上一半語言的運(yùn)用人數(shù)少于6000，也就是說，大約6800種語言的一半其運(yùn)用人數(shù)少于6000，即大約3400。題型二推理推斷題推理推斷題是指在理解原文字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上，通過對語篇邏輯關(guān)系的分析、挖掘、邏輯推理等，揭示出其深層含義。推理推斷題可分為四個(gè)方面：隱含信息、言外之意；作者的觀點(diǎn)、看法、情感看法；作者的寫作意圖/目的；文章出處、讀者對象。1．有據(jù)推理：依據(jù)原文供應(yīng)的已知信息，如事實(shí)、論點(diǎn)、例證等做出合乎邏輯或情理的推斷，有效推導(dǎo)出未知的信息。2.同義轉(zhuǎn)換：采納變更句子結(jié)構(gòu)或替換原文關(guān)鍵詞的方法，表達(dá)與原文相同或相像的意義。1．主觀臆斷：沒有基于原文供應(yīng)的信息進(jìn)行推斷，而是依據(jù)常識或閱歷進(jìn)行推斷。2.過猶不及：選項(xiàng)所述內(nèi)容或?qū)υ膬?nèi)容進(jìn)行過度推理、概括，或?qū)κ虑榘l(fā)生的范圍過分?jǐn)U大或縮小，或?qū)δ超F(xiàn)象確定確定或否定。3.斷章取義：孤立地提取原文中的一句或幾句話的意思作為推理推斷的依據(jù)而不是建立于對原文整體理解的基礎(chǔ)上。4.因果倒置：選項(xiàng)混淆了事物間的因果關(guān)系，或?qū)⒛骋唤Y(jié)果產(chǎn)生的緣由作為結(jié)果，或?qū)⒔Y(jié)果作為緣由。5.答非所問：選取原文中出現(xiàn)的原話設(shè)置成選項(xiàng)，但原話卻不能回答題干所提出的問題。一、推理推斷題之隱含信息、言外之意通過歸納、演繹、類比等方式從已知信息中推出未知信息，由已言之意，推未言之意。[解題技巧]——邏輯分析得結(jié)論1．抓住某一段中的關(guān)鍵信息進(jìn)行逆向或正向推理。2．整合全文(段)中與題目相關(guān)的信息進(jìn)行推斷。3．以文中事實(shí)為依據(jù)，不能憑空想象。(2024·新高考全國卷Ⅰ，D節(jié)選)Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I'llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?15．Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph？A.Howhungryweare.×主觀臆斷B.Howslimwewanttobe.×斷章取義C.Howweperceiveothers.√有據(jù)推理D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.×主觀臆斷[解題指導(dǎo)]考查推理推斷題之隱含信息、言外之意。依據(jù)節(jié)選中的內(nèi)容可知，一般狀況下，假如同伴吃得多，我也會吃得多，這叫作“I'llhavewhatshe'shaving”效應(yīng)。但是，我們會調(diào)整這種影響。假如一個(gè)超重的人吃得多，我會限制一些，因?yàn)槲铱吹搅怂嬍沉?xí)慣的結(jié)果；但是，假如一個(gè)瘦人吃得多，我也會那么做。假如他可以在吃得多的同時(shí)保持苗條，我為什么不行以呢？據(jù)此我們可以推知，我們對自己飲食的調(diào)整是靠視察別人的行為來調(diào)整的，故選C項(xiàng)。二、推理推斷題之觀點(diǎn)、看法、情感看法通過對事務(wù)、景物、話語的深化分析推出作者含蓄、隱晦地表達(dá)出的觀點(diǎn)或看法，體會作者在字里行間中流露出的情感看法。[解題技巧]——依據(jù)措辭定看法1．抓住文中的褒貶性詞匯或語句，尤其是形容詞和副詞，可推斷作者的情感看法。2．依據(jù)文章最終的“結(jié)論”可推斷作者是贊成還是反對。(2024·全國卷Ⅰ，C)Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows，whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes，however，haveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk，whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport'srulesrequirethataracewalker'skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接觸)withthegroundatalltimes.It'sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity，however，saysJaclynNorberg，anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem，Mass.Likerunning，racewalkingisphysicallydemanding，shesays.Accordingtomostcalculations，racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour，whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking，althoughfewerthanrunning，whichwouldprobablyburnabout1，000ormorecaloriesperhour.However，racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes，Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch，runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep，whileracewalkers，whodonotleavetheground，createonlyabout1．4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.Asaresult，shesays，someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning，suchasrunner'sknee，areuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesport'sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips，sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact，anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique，shesays.Ittakessomepractice.31．Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor'sattitudetoracewalking？A.Skeptical.×主觀臆斷B.Objective.√有據(jù)推理C.Tolerant.×主觀臆斷D.Conservative.×主觀臆斷[解題指導(dǎo)]考查推理推斷題之觀點(diǎn)、看法、情感看法。通讀文章可知，作者提到了競走這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的好處，也指出它的危害，看法是客觀的，故選B項(xiàng)。三、推理推斷題之寫作意圖/目的任何人寫文章都有意圖或目的，高考閱讀理解時(shí)常會就這一問題進(jìn)行命題，主要考查考生對英語文本的整體感知或理解的實(shí)力，做此類題的關(guān)鍵是要了解文章的體裁和題材，把握住文章的主題思想。[解題技巧]——文體特點(diǎn)看意圖寫作意圖/目的通常有以下三種：1．故事類：toentertainreaders/totellanexperience。2．廣告類：topersuadereaders/tosellaproductoraservice/toattractreadersorvisitors。3．科普類、新聞報(bào)道類、文化類或社會生活類：toinformreaders/toreport/totell/todescribe。(2024·天津卷，D節(jié)選)Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan'tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus—anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.54．WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5?A.Atoughmancantoleratesuffering.×斷章取義B.Awisemancanlivewithoutself-pity.×斷章取義C.Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim.×斷章取義D.Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife.√有據(jù)推理[解題指導(dǎo)]考查推理推斷題之寫作意圖/目的。作者在文中告知我們要學(xué)會忍受我們不能變更的事物，要學(xué)會避開自憐，要知道不管我們怎么表現(xiàn)，總有人不寵愛我們等等，由此可知作者在本段中主要是告知我們要用合適的方法去對待生活。故選D項(xiàng)。四、推理推斷題之文章出處、讀者對象通過對格式、結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容的分析，推出文章的出處、題材范圍和閱讀此文章的主要讀者群。[解題技巧]——內(nèi)容細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)巧推斷1．看文章出處(1)文章前面有日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱—newspaper(2)推銷介紹新產(chǎn)品—advertisement(3)文章中有clickhere等網(wǎng)絡(luò)用語—website(4)旅游勝地方面的介紹—travelguide(5)時(shí)尚、名人或消遣方面的介紹—magazine/journal/entertainmentsection(6)科普學(xué)問—sciencesection(7)文化教化性的文章—educationsection2．確定讀者對象先確定文章主題，再依據(jù)具體細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)和文中的措辭推斷讀者對象。(2024·全國卷Ⅰ，C)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon，themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物測量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent，thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive，though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(裝置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem：asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(節(jié)奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus，thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sindentities，andbyextension，whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology，theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped，withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive，plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.31．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom？A.Adiary.×主觀臆斷B.Aguidebook.×主觀臆斷C.Anovel.×主觀臆斷D.Amagazine.√有據(jù)推理[解題指導(dǎo)]考查推理推斷題之文章出處。依據(jù)本文的話題“智能鍵盤”以及其次段中的“ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice...”，尤其是其中的關(guān)鍵詞researchers，low-costdevice等來推斷，這篇文章是一篇科研報(bào)道，最有可能出現(xiàn)在雜志上，故選D項(xiàng)。題型三主旨大意題主旨大意題考查的是考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的實(shí)力，是對文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解。通常以確定文章標(biāo)題、概括全文主題和段落大意等形式出現(xiàn)。1．涵蓋性強(qiáng)：覆蓋全文或全段。2.范圍恰當(dāng)：既不太大，也不太小。3.精確性強(qiáng)：不會變更語言表意的程度及色調(diào)。1．以偏概全：選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容原文中有提及，但只是細(xì)枝末節(jié)，不能代表全文的整體意思，犯了以局部代替整體，用片面的觀點(diǎn)看待整體問題的錯(cuò)誤。2.斷章取義：孤立地取原文中的一句或幾句話的意思，而不顧全篇文章的主旨或中心思想，引用與原意不符或歪曲了原文所表達(dá)意思。3.主題擴(kuò)大：選項(xiàng)所述內(nèi)容或?qū)υ膬?nèi)容進(jìn)行過度歸納、概括，或?qū)κ虑榘l(fā)生的范圍過分?jǐn)U大，超出了文章實(shí)際所表述的內(nèi)容。4.張冠李戴：選項(xiàng)所述內(nèi)容弄錯(cuò)了事實(shí)和對象，把此人的事情或觀點(diǎn)錯(cuò)加到彼人身上，或把此事物的特性錯(cuò)加到彼事物上。5.無中生有：所述內(nèi)容或是憑空捏造的信息，或是生活常識，或是普遍接受的真理，但都脫離了原文，在文中找不到支持的依據(jù)。6.因果倒置：凡事有因才有果，有果必有因。選項(xiàng)混淆了事物間的因果關(guān)系，或?qū)⒛骋唤Y(jié)果產(chǎn)生的緣由作為結(jié)果，或?qū)⒔Y(jié)果作為緣由。一、確定文章標(biāo)題標(biāo)題是文章的題目，它不是主題，但限定主題的范圍，可表達(dá)主題，是對主題的提煉和濃縮，表現(xiàn)形式多為短語，尤其是名詞短語。特殊留意：一個(gè)好的標(biāo)題通常具有三大特點(diǎn)：概括性、針對性和醒目性。[解題技巧]——“高度概括”定標(biāo)題1．所選文章標(biāo)題須能概括全文的中心內(nèi)容，既不太大又不太小。2．一般文章的標(biāo)題可依據(jù)主題句來推斷，但在某些文章中，如記敘文，沒有明確的主題句，須要依據(jù)文中的事實(shí)細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)，查找文章的“主線”，歸納出文章的主題，進(jìn)而確定標(biāo)題。(2024·全國卷Ⅱ，D)Ihaveaspecialplaceinmyheartforlibraries.IhaveforaslongasIcanremember.Iwasalwaysanenthusiasticreader,sometimesreadinguptothreebooksadayasachild.Storieswerelikeairtomeandwhileotherkidsplayedballorwenttoparties,IlivedoutadventuresthroughthebooksIcheckedoutfromthelibrary.MyfirstjobwasworkingattheUkiahLibrarywhenIwas16yearsold.ItwasadreamjobandIdideverythingfromshelvingbookstoreadingtothechildrenforstorytime.AsIgrewolderandbecameamother,thelibrarytookonanewplaceandanaddedmeaninginmylife.Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource(來源)ofentertainment.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem.Ialwaysread，usingdifferentvoices，asthoughIwereactingoutthestorieswithmyvoiceandtheylovedit！Itwasaspecialtimetobondwithmychildrenanditfilledthemwiththewondermentofbooks.Now,IseemychildrentakingtheirchildrentothelibraryandIlovethattheexcitementofgoingtothelibrarylivesonfromgenerationtogeneration.Asanovelist,I'vefoundanewrelationshipwithlibraries.Iencouragereaderstogototheirlocallibrarywhentheycan'taffordtopurchaseabook.Iseelibrariesasasafehaven(避風(fēng)港)forreadersandwriters,abridgethathelpsputtogetherareaderwithabook.Libraries,intheirownway,helpfightbookpiracy(盜版行為)andIthinkallwritersshouldsupportlibrariesinasignificantwaywhentheycan.Encouragereaderstousethelibrary.Sharelibraryannouncementsonyoursocialmedia.Frequentthemandtalkaboutthemwhenyoucan.35．Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext？A.Reading:ASourceofKnowledge×主題擴(kuò)大B.MyIdeaaboutWriting×無中生有C.Library:AHavenfortheYoung×主觀臆斷D.MyLoveoftheLibrary√覆蓋性強(qiáng)[解題指導(dǎo)]考查主旨大意題之確定文章標(biāo)題。通讀全文可知，作者從一起先的點(diǎn)題到最終的深化主題都是圍繞自己對圖書館的酷愛綻開的。一起先自己愛去圖書館借書，然后在圖書館工作，帶孩子們?nèi)D書館讀書，最終號召大家支持圖書館，這一點(diǎn)一滴都體現(xiàn)了作者對圖書館的酷愛，故選D項(xiàng)。二、概括全文主題主題是文章的中心思想，是作者所要表達(dá)的中心愿思，有的干脆出現(xiàn)在文中，有的須要通過綜合全文的內(nèi)容概括歸納得出。[解題技巧]——“主題句定位”尋主題1．細(xì)讀文章的首句、中間句和尾句，主題往往就在這些地方出現(xiàn)。2．特殊關(guān)注however,but等表示轉(zhuǎn)折的信息詞，主題很可能就在這類詞的后面出現(xiàn)。3．表示結(jié)論性的信息詞如so,thus,therefore等后面通常會出現(xiàn)主題句。4．對記敘文要會依據(jù)所述事務(wù)進(jìn)行歸納概括，領(lǐng)悟其寓意，總結(jié)出文章的主題。(2024·全國卷Ⅱ，B)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild，butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine，anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrenattheUniversityofChicago，foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialsk