【高三暑假自學(xué)課】第04講 動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ) 原卷版

2023年新高三英語(yǔ)【暑假自學(xué)課】（課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷）第04講動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)原卷版1.掌握動(dòng)詞的不同類型。2.掌握系表結(jié)構(gòu)的用法。3.掌握動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成及基本用法。一、動(dòng)詞類型思維導(dǎo)圖二、行為動(dòng)詞/實(shí)義動(dòng)詞在英語(yǔ)中絕大多數(shù)的動(dòng)詞都是行為動(dòng)詞。行為動(dòng)詞能獨(dú)立作句子的謂語(yǔ)。復(fù)習(xí)行為動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要注意三種情況：一是它們是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞；二是它們是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞還是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞；三是一些動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的特殊用法。1.及物動(dòng)詞(vt.)與不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.)所謂及物動(dòng)詞，就是其后必須跟賓語(yǔ)才能表達(dá)完整意思的動(dòng)詞。而不及物動(dòng)詞之后則不跟賓語(yǔ)，它的意思也完整，請(qǐng)注意，有很多動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞，又可作不及物動(dòng)詞，但意思上存在差異。例如：—Whatdotheygrowinthefield?他們?cè)谔锢锓N什么？—Theygrowvegetables.(vt.)他們種蔬菜。Whatareyougoingtodowhenyougrowup?(vi.)你長(zhǎng)大后將要干什么？Theyleftlastweek.他們是上周離開(kāi)的。(left作不及物動(dòng)詞)WhendidtheyleaveChicago?他們是什么時(shí)候離開(kāi)芝加哥的？(leave作及物動(dòng)詞)有些及物動(dòng)詞之后可以接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ):直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)。前者常指物,表示動(dòng)作的承受者或者結(jié)果;后者常指人,表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或者對(duì)象。接雙賓語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)主要有兩種:(1)動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)。例如:Pleasepassmetheruler.請(qǐng)把尺子遞給我。(2)動(dòng)詞+直接賓語(yǔ)+to/for+間接賓語(yǔ)。例如：Pleasepasstherulertome.請(qǐng)把尺子遞給我。在動(dòng)詞give,pass,show,hand,lend,return,sell,send,take,bring等后面用to表示“給”,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。如:Mary,lendyourbooktoyoursister.瑪麗，把你的書借給你姐姐在動(dòng)詞buy,get,make,choose,cook,do,find,sing等后面用for表示“為;替”,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的目的。例如:Mymothercooksdeliciousfoodformeeveryday.我媽媽每天為我煮美味的食物。2.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示行為動(dòng)作可以持續(xù)不斷進(jìn)行的動(dòng)詞叫延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如live,work等；而表示動(dòng)作瞬間即結(jié)束的動(dòng)詞叫非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，或者叫結(jié)束性動(dòng)詞，如begin,die,reach,leave等。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞后可以與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞則不能。若非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞要與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，就必須將非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞改為可以替代它的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，最常見(jiàn)的有：buy→have;borrow→keep;die→bedead;begin/start→beon;end/finish→beover;leave→beaway;join→bein/beamemberof;goout→beout誤：HowlongmayIborrowthisbook?(要將borrow改為keep)誤：Hurryup!Theplayhasbegunfortenminutes!(要將begun改為beenon)三、助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞主要有do,does,did,have,has,had,am,is,are,was,were,will,would,shall,should。助動(dòng)詞本身沒(méi)有意義，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，在句中與行為動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)或肯定、否定及疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)。一）助動(dòng)詞be（am,is,are,was,were）的用法1.助動(dòng)詞be后跟現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。Whoisplayingtheviolin?誰(shuí)在拉小提琴？2.助動(dòng)詞be/been后跟過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Hewasaskedtodothework.有人要他干這件工作。Youareinvitedtoattendthemeeting.有人邀請(qǐng)你參加會(huì)議。3.助動(dòng)詞be后跟不定式作謂語(yǔ)，有如下幾種情況：①表示計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的事。I'mtohavesupperwithJohnthisafternoon.今天下午我要與約翰一起吃晚飯。②表示指示、命令，否定式表禁止。Youaretoseetheheadmastertoday.今天你必須去見(jiàn)校長(zhǎng)。Youarenottoentertheroomwithoutpermission.未經(jīng)允許你不能進(jìn)入房間。③表示義務(wù)、責(zé)任等，同should。Youaretobebackbeforefive.你得在5點(diǎn)鐘以前回來(lái)。二）助動(dòng)詞have(has,had)的用法助動(dòng)詞have可以構(gòu)成完成時(shí)或完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：Wehavealreadyfinishedthework.Hehasbeenadoctorfor10years.他當(dāng)醫(yī)生十年了。三）do(does,did)的用法1.構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句或否定句Hedoesn’tdohishomeworkcarefully.他做作業(yè)不仔細(xì)。（注意：句子中的do是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）2.加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。Hedidtellthat.他的確告訴了此事。Docomeandseeus.一定來(lái)看我們。3.代替前面剛出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞，避免重復(fù)。HespeaksFrenchasfluentlyasshedoes.他講法語(yǔ)和她講的一樣流利。4.用于倒裝句中。Neverdidhepayattentiontomywords.他從不注意我的話。Helikesdancing.SodoI.他喜歡跳舞，我也一樣。四）shall(should)和will(would)的用法1.shall(should)用于第一人稱的將來(lái)時(shí)中。如：Ishallthinkitover.我要好好考慮一下。WhenshallIseeyouagain?我何時(shí)再見(jiàn)到你？IranguptotellherthatIshouldleaveforLondon.我打電話告訴她我要去倫敦。2.will用于第二、第三人稱的將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)中，在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中可以用于所有人稱YouwillhaveanEnglishtesttomorrow.明天你有英語(yǔ)小測(cè)驗(yàn)。Hewantedtoknowwhenyouwouldfinishthewriting.他想知道你何時(shí)完成寫作。四、連系動(dòng)詞常用連系動(dòng)詞詞義例句be是I’magirlwithshorthair.become成為，變得MikebecomesinterestedinChinese.turn變得Mr.White’sfaceturnedred.get變得Theweatherisgettingbad.smell聞起來(lái)Theflowerssmellnice.sound聽(tīng)起來(lái)Theplansoundsgood.taste嘗起來(lái)Thesouptastesdelicious.stay保持Theshopstaysopentill8pm.grow成長(zhǎng)，變得Herhairisgrowingwhite.keep保持Thegirlkeepssilentallthetime.feel感到，摸起來(lái)Thecoatfeelsverysoftlook看起來(lái)Mymotherlooksveryyoung.注意1.連系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，其后必須接形容詞、名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)。2.含連系動(dòng)詞(be除外)的句子變疑問(wèn)句時(shí)一定要借助助動(dòng)詞do,does,did等。五、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞意義及用法例句may表示“請(qǐng)求許可”，意思是“可以，可能”，其一般疑問(wèn)句的否定回答為mustn’t?！狹ayIgooutandplayfootball?—No,youmustn’t.表推測(cè)，意思是“可能”。Mr.Limaybeathome.can(could)表示“能力”，意思是“能，會(huì)”，否定形式為can’t,couldn’t。MikecanspeakalittleChinese.IcouldridethebikewhenIwas6yearsold.用在疑問(wèn)句中，表示“征求意見(jiàn)”，could比can的語(yǔ)氣更委婉、客氣。Couldyoutellmesomethingaboutyourschool?表推測(cè)，常用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。Hecan’tbeathome.HehasgonetoJapan.can用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)及一般過(guò)去時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)，beableto可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。Hecanspellthesewords.Hehasbeenabletodrawpicturesalready.must表示義務(wù)、命令或要求，意思是“必須，應(yīng)該”，否定形式為mustn’t，意思是“不應(yīng)該，不允許”，表示警告。Youmustbecarefulnexttime.Youmustn’ttakephotoshere.表示推測(cè)，意為“必定”。Hemustbeintheroom.表示說(shuō)話人的主觀看法。Imustgohomenow.must引導(dǎo)的一般疑問(wèn)句，肯定回答時(shí)用must，haveto；否定回答時(shí)用needn’t或don’thaveto。—MustIfinishthehomeworktoday?—No,youneedn’t/youdon’thaveto.need表示“需要”，多用于否定句。Heneedn’tworryaboutit.作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，后接動(dòng)詞不定式。I’mverytiredandIneedtohavearest.六、短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞1)不及物動(dòng)詞+副詞這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后邊不跟賓語(yǔ)。Thesmellofgashasgoneaway.煤氣味已經(jīng)消失了。Wheredidyougrowup?你是在哪兒長(zhǎng)大的?2)不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后可以跟賓語(yǔ)。Iwon'tstandforanymoreofyourrudeness.我再也不能忍受你的無(wú)理。Differentcircumstancescallfordifferenttactics.不同的情況需要不同的策略。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如:Theproceduresshouldbeabidedby.應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循程序。Thesubjectmaybedealtwithunderfourheadings.這個(gè)問(wèn)題可以分四個(gè)標(biāo)題加以論述。3)及物動(dòng)詞+副詞這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后可以跟賓語(yǔ)，而且副詞?？梢砸频劫e語(yǔ)的后邊。Wefinallydecidedtogiveupourplan.我們最后決定放棄我們的計(jì)劃。Theystillcannotruleoutthepossibilityofearthquake.他們?nèi)匀粺o(wú)法排除地震的可能。Besuretoturnthelightsoffbeforeyouleave.請(qǐng)你在離開(kāi)前務(wù)必關(guān)燈。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如Itshouldbepointedoutthatthisapproachhassomeshortcomings.需要指出這種方法有一些缺點(diǎn)。4)不及物動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞Youshouldwatchoutforzebracrossingswhendriving.開(kāi)車的時(shí)候要留意斑馬線。Wecan’tcatchupwiththedevelopedcountrieswithouteducationalreform.不進(jìn)行教育體制的改革，我們就無(wú)法趕上那些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家.5)動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞整個(gè)短語(yǔ)用法上相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，如:attachimportanceto重視getridof擺脫keeppacewith跟上takepartin參加,參與6)動(dòng)詞+介詞+名詞整個(gè)短語(yǔ)用法上相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞，如：comingintobeing生效cometolight為人所知,被披露7)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞+名詞，如:keep...inmind記住……take...intoaccount考慮……，重視……8)動(dòng)詞+名詞整個(gè)短語(yǔ)用法上相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞，如:takeplace發(fā)生takeeffect起作用,見(jiàn)效makesense講得通，有道理taketurns輪流七、常見(jiàn)易混動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）辨析1.arrivein/at,getto與reach三者均可表示“到達(dá)”，arrive為不及物動(dòng)詞，可單獨(dú)用，也可加地點(diǎn)，小地點(diǎn)用at，大地點(diǎn)用in。getto后要加地點(diǎn)，在口語(yǔ)中用得較多；reach是及物動(dòng)詞，不可單獨(dú)使用，后直接加地點(diǎn)。另外reach還可表示“到達(dá)（一個(gè)數(shù)字）”或“伸手去夠……”等意思。Wearrivedatthestationfiveminuteslate.我們到車站晚了五分鐘。TheywillarriveinParisnextMonday.他們將于下周星期一到達(dá)巴黎。HowcanIgettothepostoffice?我怎樣才能到達(dá)郵局。Theyreachedthetopofthemountains.他們到達(dá)了山頂。2.attend,join,joinin與takepartin以上詞（詞組）均有“參加”之意。attend主要指“出席，參加”某一活動(dòng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)出席者在其中“聽(tīng)”或“看”。如：Didyouattendthemeeting?你參加會(huì)議了嗎？Shedidn’tattendthewedding.她沒(méi)出席婚禮。join,joinin和takepartin也可指“參加”某一活動(dòng)，三者不強(qiáng)調(diào)在其中“看”或“聽(tīng)”，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)在其中積極工作。如：Comealongandjoin（in）theballgame.過(guò)來(lái)和我們一塊兒打球。Hedidn’ttakepartinthesportsmeeting.他沒(méi)參加運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。另外，join還可指“參加”某一團(tuán)體或組織，成為其中的一員。也可指“來(lái)或去和某人在一起”，“加入某人”。如：Hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago.他三年前參軍。MayIjoinyou?我和你們一起去好嗎？joinsb.in意為“參加某人的某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。”如：Let’sgoandjointheminthegame.我們?nèi)ズ退麄円黄鹱鲇螒虬伞?.beat與win兩個(gè)詞均有“打敗，贏得”之意。win作及物和不及物動(dòng)詞均可。作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常譯為“贏得”，其后的賓語(yǔ)不能是人，通常為比賽、辯論、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、獎(jiǎng)品、錢或表示尊重或崇拜之類意義的詞。如：Whowon?誰(shuí)贏了？Hewontherace.他在比賽中獲得了第一名。TheSwedewontheadmirationofthesoldiersbyfightingbravely.那瑞典人作戰(zhàn)英勇，贏得了士兵的崇敬。beat后面的賓語(yǔ)只能是指人的名詞，通常用于比賽，指“擊敗（對(duì)手）”。如：Webeattheirteamby10points.我們領(lǐng)先十分擊敗他們隊(duì)。另外，beat還有“（連續(xù)不斷地或有規(guī)律地）打，擊；（用打的方式）懲罰”等。如：I’msorrytosayhebeatshiswife.我很遺憾地說(shuō)他常打妻子。Theheartbeats.心臟總是在有規(guī)律地搏動(dòng)。4.begin與start二者在表示“開(kāi)始”時(shí)意思基本相同，start還可表示“發(fā)動(dòng)（電機(jī)等）”“出發(fā)，動(dòng)身”等意思。而begin則無(wú)此用法。如：Itisdifficulttostartthecarinsuchcoldweather.在這么冷的天發(fā)動(dòng)車是困難的。Let’sstartearlytomorrowmorning.明早晨我們?cè)琰c(diǎn)出發(fā)吧！5.bemadeof,bemadefrom,bemadeinto與bemadeupofbemadeof與bemadefrom均意為“由……制成”，區(qū)別在于bemadeof可以看出原材料，而bemadefrom則看不出原材料。如：Thebridgeismadeofsteel.這座橋是鋼材建成的。Thesoilismadefromthedeadleavesabove.土壤是由上面的落葉腐爛而成的。bemadeinto“被制成……”，其主動(dòng)形式為make…into…（把……制成……）如：Wecanmakeglassintobottles.我們可以把玻璃制成為瓶子。bemadeupof意思是“由……組成”。表示某東西或某組織由一個(gè)個(gè)成分組成，后常跟可數(shù)名詞。其主動(dòng)形式為makeup（組成）。如：Themedicalteamwasmadeupoftendoctors.那個(gè)醫(yī)療隊(duì)由十個(gè)醫(yī)生組成。ThedevelopingcountriesmakeuptheThirdWorld.發(fā)展中國(guó)家組成了第三世界。6.beusedfor,beusedtodo與usedtodobeusedfor和beusedtodo均可表示“（某物）被用作…”的意思。但beusedfor后跟名詞（代詞）或動(dòng)名詞，而beusedto后跟動(dòng)詞原形。如：Thiskindofbamboocanbeusedforwaterpipes.這種竹子可用作水管。Aknifecanbeusedforcuttingbread.或Aknifecanbeusedtocutbread.刀可用來(lái)切面包。另外，beusedto+名詞還可表示“習(xí)慣于”，此時(shí)be可換用get。如：Ihavegotusedtothelifehere.我已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了這兒的生活了。usedtodo表示“過(guò)去常?！薄Ｈ纾篐eusedtosmokealot.他以前吸煙吸得很兇。7.borrow,lend與keep兩詞均可譯為“借”，但borrow表示“借入”，lend表示“借出”。如：CanIborrowyourbike?我可借你的車嗎？（對(duì)“我”是“借入”）Canyoulendmeyourbike?你可以借我你的車嗎？（對(duì)于“你”為“借出”）borrow常用borrowsth.fromsb.；lend常用lendsth.tosb.keep“保存”用來(lái)表示借一段時(shí)間。如：Howlonghaveyoukeptmydictionary,eh?Formorethantwomonths!(呃,我的字典你借了多久了？?jī)蓚€(gè)多月了！)8.bring,carry與take四個(gè)詞都有“拿、帶”之意。bring意為“拿來(lái)、帶來(lái)”。它指從別的地方把人或物帶到說(shuō)話人所在的地方來(lái)，可指具體的物，也可用引申意義。例如：Bringmethebook.把那本書給我拿來(lái)。Thesoldier’sbravedeedsbroughthimhonourandglory.那位士兵的勇敢行為為他帶來(lái)了榮譽(yù)。take則表示“拿走”，常用在takeaway的短語(yǔ)中，如：Don’tforgettotakeyourbagwithyou.別忘了把你的書包隨身帶走。Weusuallytakethechildrentoschoolinthecar.我們通常用小車送孩子們上學(xué)。Thebooksinthereadingroomcan’tbetakenaway.閱覽室里的書不能拿走。carry表示“帶”時(shí)，有“隨身攜帶”的意思，常指用手拿、用肩扛等方式?jīng)]有明確的方位，可以是拿來(lái)、拿去，搬來(lái)、扛去等。例如：Hecarriedthechildonhisback.他背上背著孩子。Whydoyoucarryanumbrellaonsuchafineday?天氣這樣好，你拿傘干什么？9.watch,look與see三個(gè)動(dòng)詞都表示“看”.watch指非常仔細(xì)，有目的地“觀看/注視”，如看電視，比賽等。see主要強(qiáng)調(diào)“看”的能力和結(jié)果，指“看到，看見(jiàn)”。look做不及物動(dòng)詞，單獨(dú)使用，表示“看”，以引起別人的注意，若后面接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)該用lookat短語(yǔ)。如:It’stimetowatchTV.該看電視了。Whatcanyouseeinthepicture?你在圖片中看到了什么？Look！Thereisabirdinthetree.看，樹(shù)上有一只鳥(niǎo)。Lookattheblackboard.看黑板10.gotobed,gettosleep,gotosleep,fallasleep與sleepgotobed意為“去睡覺(jué)”不說(shuō)明睡著沒(méi)有；gettosleep意為“入睡，設(shè)法入睡”常用于指想睡著而無(wú)法入睡的情況。gotosleep意為“睡著”一般含有不知不覺(jué)入睡之意，它與fallasleep意義相同。sleep意為“睡著”，常用作不及物動(dòng)詞和名詞，指睡覺(jué)的全過(guò)程，用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中表示“正在睡覺(jué)”。如：It'stimetogotobed.該去睡覺(jué)了.Lastnighthewenttobedearly,andsoonwenttosleep/fallasleep.昨天他早早地上床睡覺(jué)，而且很快就睡著了.Hefounditverydifficulttogettosleep.他發(fā)現(xiàn)很難入睡.Thebabysleepswell.這個(gè)孩子睡得很好.11.lay（放）,lie（躺）與lie（說(shuō)謊）lay既是表示“放置，產(chǎn)卵”意義的動(dòng)詞原形，又是表示“躺，位于”意義的動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式；lie既有“躺，位于”的意思，還可以指“說(shuō)謊”。這三個(gè)易混動(dòng)詞的各種形式見(jiàn)下表：中文原形過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞說(shuō)明放laylaidlaidlaying及物動(dòng)詞躺lielaylainlying不及物動(dòng)詞說(shuō)謊lieliedliedlying不及物動(dòng)詞Thehensdon’tlayduringthiscoldweather.在這樣的冷天里母雞不下蛋。Heislying.他在撒謊。Thebookislyingonthetable.書放在桌上。ChinaliesintheeastofAsia.中國(guó)位于亞洲的東部。12.rise和raiserise是不及物動(dòng)詞，其過(guò)去式是rose，過(guò)去分詞是risen，而raise是及物動(dòng)詞，是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。Ifyouwanttoaskaquestion,firstraiseyourhand.(如果你要問(wèn)問(wèn)題，請(qǐng)先舉手）。Atthebanquet,weallraisedourglassesanddranktoeachother'shealth.(宴會(huì)上，我們都舉杯互祝健康）Sherosefromherseattowelcomehim.(她站起來(lái)歡迎他）Ihavetoriseearlytomorrowmorning.(我明天必須早起）。13.sit與seatseat為及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是作狀態(tài)講，sit為不及物動(dòng)詞，只表示一動(dòng)作。seat如果表示就座時(shí)要用beseated，或用seatoneself。如：Theywereseatedattheirdesks.Iseatedmyselfinthearmchair.Whenthespeakerfoundalltheguestsseated,hebeganhisspeech.Heseatedhimselfatadesk.=Hewassittingatadesk.他坐在桌旁。14.cost,spend與take英文中表示“花費(fèi)”有三個(gè)詞cost,spend,take，但各有不同用法。（1）spend的主語(yǔ)必須是人，常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)：①spendtime／moneyonsth.在……上花費(fèi)時(shí)間（金錢）。如：Ispenttwohoursonthismathsproblem.這道數(shù)學(xué)題花了我兩個(gè)小時(shí)。②spendtime／money(in)doingsth.花費(fèi)時(shí)間（金錢）做某事。如：Theyspenttwoyears(in)buildingthisbridge.造這座橋花了他們兩年時(shí)間。spendmoneyforsth.花錢買……。如：Hismoneywasspentforbooks.他的錢用來(lái)買書了。（2）cost的主語(yǔ)是物或某種活動(dòng)，還可以表示“值”，常見(jiàn)用法如下：①sth.costs(sb.)＋金錢,某物花了（某人）多少錢。如：Anewcomputercostsalotofmoney.買一臺(tái)新電腦要花一大筆錢。②(doing)sth.costs(sb.)＋時(shí)間,某物（做某事）花了（某人）多少時(shí)間。如：Rememberingthesenewwordscosthimalotoftime.他花了大量時(shí)間才記住了這些單詞。注意：cost的過(guò)去式及過(guò)去分詞都是cost,并且不能用于被動(dòng)句。（3）take后面常跟雙賓語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)用法有以下幾種：①Ittakessb.＋時(shí)間＋todosth.做某事花了某人多少時(shí)間。如：Ittookthemthreeyearstobuildthisroad.他們用了三年時(shí)間修完了這條路。②doingsth.takessb.＋時(shí)間,做某事花了某人多少時(shí)間。如：Repairingthiscartookhimthewholeafternoon.他花了一下午修車。15.speak,say,talk與tell（1）speak的意思是“說(shuō)話”，作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，通常指說(shuō)話的能力和方式；作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其后的賓語(yǔ)為某種語(yǔ)言。speaktosb.表示“同某人說(shuō)話”。Wouldyouliketospeakatthemeeting?你要在會(huì)上發(fā)言嗎？BobspeaksChinesequitewell.鮑勃漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)得相當(dāng)好。MayIspeaktoMr.Green?我可以同格林先生通話嗎？（2）talk的意思是“談話，談?wù)摗?，指相互之間的談話，一般用作不及物動(dòng)詞，與介詞to或with連用，表示“與……交談”。而談及關(guān)于某人或某事時(shí)，后接介詞of或about.Theyaretalkingonthephone.他們正在電話中交談。Mymotheristalkingwithmyteacher.我媽媽正在和我的老師談話。Wetalkedaboutthisproblemforhours.我們就這個(gè)問(wèn)題談了好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。（3）say意為“說(shuō)出”“說(shuō)過(guò)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話的內(nèi)容，也可與to連用，saytosb.意為“對(duì)某人說(shuō)”。Heoftensays“hello”tomewithasmile.他常笑著向我問(wèn)好。Hesaystome,“Ilikemyhometown.”他對(duì)我說(shuō)：“我喜歡我的家鄉(xiāng)?！保?）tell意為“講述”“告訴”，作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，指把一件事或一個(gè)故事講出來(lái)，有連續(xù)訴說(shuō)之意。如：tellthetruth說(shuō)實(shí)話，tellastory講故事。tell也可接雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)或復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。如tellsb.sth.告訴某人某事；tellsb.aboutsth.告訴某人關(guān)于某事；tellsb.（not）todosth.告訴某人（不要）去做某事。－Whatdidyourmothertellyoujustnow?剛才你媽媽告訴你什么了？－Shetoldmenottorideabikequickly.It'stoodangerous.她告訴我不要快騎自行車，那太危險(xiǎn)了。Pleasetellmesomethingaboutyourself.請(qǐng)告訴我關(guān)于你自己的一些事情。16.leave與forgetforgetsth.忘記帶某物;leave忘記把某物丟在某地I’msorry,Iforgotmypen.CanIuseyourpen?I’msorry,Ileftmycellphoneinthecar.MayIuseyourphone?17.discover,invent,find與findout（1）invent意為“發(fā)明”，指通過(guò)勞動(dòng)運(yùn)用聰明才智“發(fā)明／創(chuàng)造”出以前從未存在過(guò)的新事物。Whoinventedthetelephone？是誰(shuí)發(fā)明電話的？（2）find意為“找到、發(fā)現(xiàn)”，指找到或發(fā)現(xiàn)自己所需要的東西或丟失的東西，著重指找到的結(jié)果。We'vefoundoilundertheSouthSea．我們已在南海發(fā)現(xiàn)了石油。（3）discover意為“發(fā)現(xiàn)”，表示“偶然”或“經(jīng)過(guò)努力”發(fā)現(xiàn)客觀存在的事物、真理或錯(cuò)誤，即指發(fā)現(xiàn)原來(lái)客觀存在但不為人所知的事物，也可表示發(fā)現(xiàn)已為人所知的事物的新的性質(zhì)或用途。ColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492．哥倫布1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。（4）findout指經(jīng)過(guò)研究或詢問(wèn)查明某事或真相。Wemustfindoutthetruthofthematter.我們必須查明事實(shí)真相。18.find,found與foundedfind意為“發(fā)現(xiàn)、找到”，為動(dòng)詞原形。found既是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞find的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞，本身又是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞原形，意為“建立、成立、創(chuàng)辦”。如：Hehasalreadyfoundhiswatch．他已經(jīng)找到了手表。founded為動(dòng)詞found的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞。如：Theschoolwasfoundedtenyearsago．這所學(xué)校是十年前創(chuàng)辦的。19.wear,haveon,puton,dress與（be）in（1）wear主要用于穿衣服、戴眼鏡（手套、首飾、帽）等，以強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿（戴）著”的狀態(tài)。如：MrWualwayswearsabluecoatinwinter．吳老師冬天總是穿著一件藍(lán)色大衣。（2）haveon作“穿（戴）著”解，同wear一樣，也表狀態(tài)，但不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：XiaoWanghasonawhiteshirttoday．小王今天穿著一件白襯衫。（3）puton著重強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿（戴）上”的動(dòng)作。如：IliketoputonmyhatwhenIgooutinwinter．冬天，我喜歡外出時(shí)戴上帽子。（4）dress既可作及物動(dòng)詞，又可作不及物動(dòng)詞，所接賓語(yǔ)是人而不是衣、帽等物。如：Hermotherisdressingher．她母親正在給她穿衣服。Thenursesaredressedinwhite．護(hù)士穿著白衣服。（5）“（be）in＋顏色或服裝、眼鏡等”也表示“穿著”的狀態(tài)，在句中作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。如：Heisinuniformtoday．他今天穿著制服。20.hear,hearof,hearfrom與learnhear“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”,后面可以跟名詞、代詞、從句表示聽(tīng)見(jiàn)的內(nèi)容,hearof“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”,后面跟人,指對(duì)某人有耳聞但沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)面；hearfrom“收到……的來(lái)信”,后面加人；learn“聽(tīng)說(shuō)、得知”,后面跟從句,含義與hear相似。如：IhearMrGreeniscomingtoseeustonight.(我聽(tīng)說(shuō)格林先生今晚要來(lái)看望我們)HaveyoueverheardofthemanwhooncewenttotheHimalayaMountains?(你是否聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)那個(gè)去過(guò)喜馬拉雅山的人？)Howoftendoyouhearfromyourfather?(隔多久你收到你父親的信？)Helearnedthemusicianhimselfwasintown.(他聽(tīng)說(shuō)音樂(lè)家本人就在城里)考點(diǎn)一：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析例1．Effectivemeasuresshouldbetakento________endangeredanimalstoensurethatmorespeciesdon’tbecomeextinct.A．a(chǎn)dvocate B．reserveC．a(chǎn)ccumulate D．preserve【答案】D【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：應(yīng)該采取有效措施保護(hù)瀕危動(dòng)物，以確保更多的物種不會(huì)滅絕。A.advocatev.擁護(hù)；B.reservev.保留；C.accumulatev.積累，積聚；D.preservev.保護(hù)。結(jié)合句意可知，此處是指保護(hù)瀕危動(dòng)物。故選D?？键c(diǎn)二：“動(dòng)詞+副詞”短語(yǔ)辨析例2．Chinaisworkinghardto________thefullpotentialofhighereducationandwillmovefastertobuildworld-classuniversities.A．takein B．setaside C．bringout D．giveaway【答案】C【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。句意：中國(guó)正在努力充分發(fā)揮高等教育的潛力，加快建設(shè)世界一流大學(xué)。A.takein吸收；B.setaside擱置；C.bringout使顯現(xiàn)，使特點(diǎn)或品質(zhì)更加突出；D.giveaway贈(zèng)送。根據(jù)后文“thefullpotentialofhighereducation”可知，此處指中國(guó)正在努力充分發(fā)揮高等教育的潛力，故選C?？键c(diǎn)三：“動(dòng)詞+介詞+名詞”短語(yǔ)辨析例3．Thelakehasbeenthereformanyyears.Nooneknowsexactlyhowandwhenit________.A．cameintopower B．cameintobeing C．cameintoview D．cameintofashion【答案】B【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。句意：這個(gè)湖在那里已經(jīng)很多年了。沒(méi)有人確切知道它是如何以及何時(shí)產(chǎn)生的。A.cameintopower掌權(quán)；B.cameintobeing形成，存在；C.cameintoview進(jìn)入視野；D.cameintofashion流行起來(lái)。根據(jù)句意可知，此處是指沒(méi)人確切知道湖是如何以及何時(shí)形成的。故選B?？键c(diǎn)四：“動(dòng)詞+介詞”短語(yǔ)辨析例4．—Petercan’tconcentrateonhisworkrecently.—Yes,thatmight________whyhemadeabigmistakeinpreparingforthemeeting.A．a(chǎn)llowfor B．a(chǎn)pplyfor C．a(chǎn)ccountfor D．callfor【答案】C【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)詞義辨析。句意：——彼得最近不能專注于他的工作?！堑模@也許可以解釋為什么他在準(zhǔn)備會(huì)議時(shí)犯了一個(gè)大錯(cuò)誤。A.allowfor考慮到；B.applyfor申請(qǐng)；C.accountfor是……的說(shuō)明；D.callfor要求。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此空位于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，所以使用動(dòng)詞原形，結(jié)合句意可知，此處表示“是……的解釋”應(yīng)為accountfor符合句意。故選C項(xiàng)?？键c(diǎn)五：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法辨析例5．—Tony,isthatMr.Blackoverthere?—IknewthathehadgonetoEngland.Itbehim.A.might B.couldC.can’t D.must【答案】C【解析】本題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞辨析。might“可能”，表示不太肯定的推測(cè)；could“可以”，表示建議；can’t“不可能”，表示否定的推測(cè)；must“一定，肯定”，表示肯定的推測(cè)。由“IknewthathehadgonetoEngland.”可知，布萊克先生已經(jīng)去了英國(guó)，所以不可能是他。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定推測(cè)應(yīng)用can’t。句意：——托尼，那是布萊克先生嗎?——我知道他已經(jīng)去了英國(guó)。不可能是他。故答案選C?？键c(diǎn)六：系動(dòng)詞的用法例6．—Someofmyfriendseatwiththeireyes.Theyprefertoorderwhatnice.—Aha,metoo!A.tastes B.feelsC.looks D.smells【答案】C【解析】考查系動(dòng)詞用法。根據(jù)前一句提示“我的一些朋友喜歡靠視覺(jué)吃飯”可知，此處指他們喜歡點(diǎn)那些“看起來(lái)”好看的食物。1．Ifwecontinueto________environmentalproblems,wewillregretitsoonerorlater.A．highlight B．identify C．ignore D．prevent2．Someparentsarejusttooprotective.Theywantto________theirkidsfromeverykindofdamage,realorimagined.A．spot B．dismiss C．shelter D．distinguish3．Althoughafewhavecomeandgone,therestaurant'sregularcustomershave________thesamefornearly40years.A．stayed B．turned C．grown D．got4．IwantedtomakedumplingsbutfoundIhad________flour,soIwentouttobuysome.A．madeupfor B．runoutofC．keptawayfrom D．gotdownto5．Asthestory________,thetruthaboutthestrangefigureisslowlydiscovered.A．begins B．happens C．ends D．develops6．Ifyou________faultsbutyoustillwantthebicycle,asktheshopassistanttoreducetheprice.A．comeacross B．careabout C．lookfor D．focusupon7．HenryDavidThoreauwashappyto________fromsociallife,seekingaharmoniousrelationshipwithnatureinthequietnessofhislife.A．judge B．differ C．withdraw D．benefit8．BeforeleavingAmerica,she_____muchofherfurnituretofriendsandenjoyedlettingthemhavethepiecetheyhadliked.A．pickedup B．gaveaway C．putdown D．setaside9．Wecan't_______buyinganewcaranylonger.Theonewe'vegotnowjustdoesn'tstartinthemorning．A．putoff B．pickup C．counton D．bearon10．Theoldruleshavetobe______becausetheyonlyappliedtothecircumstancesthatexistedwhentheyweremadeahundredyearsago.A．developed B．establishedC．observed D．revised11．Asagrassrootssinger,shereadseverythingshecan______concerningmusic,andtakeseveryopportunitytoimproveherself.A．catchsightof B．getholdofC．takechargeof D．makementionof12．----Sorry,Ihaveto______now.It’stimeforclass.----OK,I’llcallbacklater.A．hangup B．breakup C．giveup D．holdup13．(2017·天津)Mr.andMrs.Brownwouldliketoseetheirdaughter___________,getmarried,andhavekids.A．settledown B．keepoffC．getup D．cutin14．Briggswill________asgeneralmanagerwhenMitchellretires.A．getaway B．takeoverC．setoff D．runout15．Therewillstillbelotsofchallengesifweareto_____garbageinashorttime.A．clarify B．justify C．satisfy D．classify16．IneverworriedaboutmysonwhileIwasawaybecausemymother______him.A．drankatoastto B．playedajokeonC．keptaneyeon D．madeanapologyto17．Wecan’t______buyinganewprinterforourcompany.Theonewehavedoesn’twork.A．takeup B．carryout C．keepon D．putoff18．WeofferedtogiveSharonaridehome,butshe______,sayingthatshefeltlikewalking.A．understood B．a(chǎn)ccepted C．compromised D．declined19．Thecompanyiswillingto______________thenewtechnologyifitcanbeshowntoreduceproductioncosts.A．lookover B．bringin C．putaside D．knockout20．Whenpeoplewanttoexpandtheirknowledge,theyusually______booksthatofferusefulinformation.A．pointto B．turnto C．a(chǎn)ttendto D．belongto21．It’seasytogetlostwhenyoudriveinanewcity,soit’simportantto______agoodmapbeforeyousetout.A．study B．display C．deliver D．publish22．Acityistheproductofthehumanhandandmind,________man’sintelligenceandcreativity.A．resembling B．reflecting C．reviewing D．restoring23．Morewindpowerstationswill________tomeetthedemandforcleanenergy.A．takeup B．clearup C．holdup D．springup24．Kateheardaman’svoiceinthebackground,butshecouldn’t________whathewassaying.A．setaside B．takebackC．makeout D．keepoff25．WorkingwiththemedicalteaminAfricahas____________thebestinherasadoctor.A．heldout B．broughtoutC．pickedout D．givenout26．【2018·江蘇】DevelopingtheYangtzeRiverEconomicBeltisasystematicprojectwhich_______aclearroadmapandtimetable.A．callsfor B．callsonC．callsoff D．callsup27．【2018·江蘇】Kidsshouldn’thaveaccesstoviolentfilmsbecausetheymight_______thethingstheysee.A．indicate B．investigateC．imitate D．innovate28．【2018·天津】Ittookhimalongtimeto___________theskillsheneededtobecomeagooddancer.A．display B．a(chǎn)cquireC．teach D．test29．(2018·天津)AtfirstRobertwouldn’tlethisdaughtergodiving,buteventuallyhe_______asshewassoconfidenceaboutherskills.A．gavein B．dressedupC．brokein D．turnedup30．Ihateitwhenshecallsmeatwork—I’malwaystoobusyto_____aconversationwithher.A．carryon B．breakintoC．turndown D．cutoff第一組（動(dòng)詞辨析）仔細(xì)閱讀下面句子，選擇一個(gè)最佳答案。1．Traditionaltearoastingisadelicatetechniquethatinvolvesusinghandsto________thetemperatureinthepan.A．consult B．a(chǎn)ssess C．require D．seek2．Effectivemeasuresshouldbetakento________endangeredanimalstoensurethatmorespeciesdon’tbecomeextinct.A．a(chǎn)dvocate B．reserve C．a(chǎn)ccumulate D．preserve3．Majordepressionrequiresmedicaltreatment,butphysicalactivity,especiallythosedoneoutdoors,canhelp________symptoms.A．ease B．limit C．strike D．process4．Wedonotneedtowaitinlineforhoursforaticketbecausewecanusethewebsiteorhotlinetoticketsandthenpickthemupatrailwaystationsorticketagencies.A．release B．relieve C．reserve D．review5．Theearliestwayoftravelingwasundoubtedlybyfoot,andhumans’earliestmeansofgoodswascarryingloadsontheirbackorhead.A．innovating B．transporting C．producing D．measuring6．IncontrasttoBarbie’sfantasyfigureandfashionablehighheels,thesedollsare________ongirlsfromhistoricalerasandcomewithstorybooksaboutthemselves.A．modeled B．synthesized C．popularized D．imposed7．Itisthegovernment’sresponsibilityto_______thatconsumersaregettingtheirenergyatafairandaffordableprice.A．confirm B．ensure C．urge D．a(chǎn)ssume8．Thoughhedidn’tagreewithusatfirst,wesoon________himtoourwayofthinking.A．converted B．transferred C．modified D．exchanged9．Attheendoftheexperiment,theeffectofthedrugwillbe______forfurtherresearch.A．recalled B．a(chǎn)ssessed C．polished D．boosted10．Mr.Changalwaystriestoanswerallquestionsfromhisstudents.Hewillnot________anyofthemeveniftheymaysoundstupid.A．settle B．gossip C．ignore D．command11．Howcanyoustepintothelabwithyourshoeson?Youare______totakethemoffbeforeyouenterit.A．expected B．supposed C．a(chǎn)llowed D．permitted12．Thepainting________ageometricgridofcrossingyellow,redandbluelinesatopawhitecanvasbackgroundwherenearthebottom,thelinesbegintonoticeablythicken-beingsimilartoanabstractskyline.A．unveils B．illuminates C．a(chǎn)bandons D．features13．Eachclassinthirdgradeoraboveis________apieceoflandtoplantseasonalvegetablesorraiselivestock,whichwillbecameingredientsfortheirdailymeals.A．represented B．endured C．a(chǎn)llocated D．preserved14．Oneofthefirststepsindealingwithemotionssuchasangerorfearisto________themasnormalandhuman.A．imagine B．a(chǎn)pplaud C．a(chǎn)cknowledge D．dismiss15．Inordertogogreen,wewantedto________theuseofplasticbags.A．a(chǎn)dopt B．remove C．reduce D．target16．Wewill________restorationandreconstructionoftheareaafterthedisaster,includingtransportation,communicationsandwatersupply.A．a(chǎn)ccommodate B．a(chǎn)ccumulate C．a(chǎn)ccelerate D．a(chǎn)ccustom17．Shesatbythewindow,________heryearsofhardandrewardingworkasadoctor.A．preserving B．recalling C．liberating D．a(chǎn)cclaiming18．Usually,IfeelexhaustedafteratiringdaysowhenIgethomeIliketo________onthesofaandlistentomusic.A．collapse B．breathe C．embrace D．bend19．Inordertogetconvincingevidence,researchershave________thegenesofmorethan200breastcancerpatientsinChicago.A．a(chǎn)nalysed B．a(chǎn)ssociated C．a(chǎn)ttained D．a(chǎn)cknowledged20．Itisamustforspeechmakersto________whathewillpresentpriortothepresentation.A．overlook B．overcome C．pretend D．polish21．Whatweneedtodoistofindawayto________andexpresswhatwefeelappropriatelywhenweareupset.A．a(chǎn)ssess B．a(chǎn)dvocate C．a(chǎn)cknowledge D．a(chǎn)nticipate22．Bothmoralvirtueandintellectualvirtueareworthwhilehumanpursuits,butsomescholars_________theformerasauniversalneedforahealthycivilization.A．a(chǎn)dvance B．empathize C．elevate D．a(chǎn)pprove23．Allhumancultureshavetheirritualsandtheirdiversitycancauseclashesbetweenpeoples,particularlywhenthevaluedritualsofonecultureanotherasstrange.A．note B．concern C．fancy D．strike24．Theenemyhadbombedthecityforthreedays,butfortunatelytheoldcastlethebombingraid.A．outlived B．escaped C．survived D．preserved25．Thetrickofacquiringexcellentgrades,now,istoholdasmuchwillingasyouneedandto______thedesireoflaziness.A．consist B．persist C．a(chǎn)ssist D．resist26．Colorslikegreencan________asenseoflifeandquietnesstopeople.A．a(chǎn)cquire B．remark C．investigate D．convey27．Afteryearsofbeinghomeless,thedogwasfinally______byalovingfamily.A．a(chǎn)ffected B．a(chǎn)dopted C．a(chǎn)dmitted D．a(chǎn)ttracted28．Anewdeviceworkslikeasolarpanel,exceptthatitdoesn’t______energyfromthesun.A．consume B．harvest C．conserve D．generate29．Yourbossistheonewhowritesyourevaluations,recommendsyouforpromotionsandraises,and________yourfuture.A．shapes B．predicts C．engages D．occupies30．Inallregions,womenlivelongerthanmen.However,social,culturalandeconomicfactorscanthenaturaladvantageofwomencomparedtomen.A．challenge B．guarantee C．confirm D．a(chǎn)ffect第二組（動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)）仔細(xì)閱讀下面句子，選擇一個(gè)最佳答案。1．Afteranargumentwithlocalpeople,somescholarsfromUniversityofOxford___________tofoundanewuniversitywhichisnowreferredtoasUniversityofCambridge.A．brokeaway B．brokedown C．brokeoff D．brokein2．Wow,youreffortshavereally______.YourFrenchsoundstotallyfluent!A．madeup B．paidoff C．kepton D．givenout3．Chinaisworkinghardto________thefullpotentialofhighereducationandwillmovefastertobuildworld-classuniversities.A．takein B．setaside C．bringout D．giveaway4．Manyforeigntourists____Chinathefirsttimetheypayavisittothisgreatcountry.A．getthrough B．fallinlovewith C．tryout D．joinin5．It’simportanttoshowsupportforoneanotheraswe________thesedifficulttimes.A．gothrough B．goover C．getalongwith D．setdown6．Therearesuccessfulexamplesofcancerpatientswhohave____becauseofpropertreatment.A．pulledthrough B．diedout C．givenup D．gotthrough7．Thisiscalledthehedonictreadmill(快樂(lè)水車),inwhichsatisfaction________almostimmediatelyandwemustrunontothenextrewardtoavoidthefeelingoffallingbehind.A．wearsoff B．showsoff C．dropsout D．misses