英語基礎(chǔ)一班-閱讀講義

IwiCCnotgiveyouafish6utteCCyouhowtofish...

全?需低考研英語導(dǎo)考錦福

共同探討英語人生

量身定做學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃

紫紫把握考試麻將

傳授英語應(yīng)試策略

奠定前好心理基礎(chǔ)

培養(yǎng)選取人生忐度

專題1考研英語考什么？

2012年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試卷結(jié)構(gòu)表

指

導(dǎo)

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部分節(jié)語測試要點(diǎn)題型答題卡種類

的信息數(shù)量分

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5處劃線部分語確性

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歷年閱讀真題精講點(diǎn)評

2003年

ReadingComprehension

Directions:Readthefollowingforetexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosing[A],fB],[ClorfD].MarkyouranswersonANAWERSHEET1.(40

points)

2

Passage1

WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymaster

whobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtheroots

fortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatever

toolscametohandinthe“greatgame“ofespionage—spyingasa“profession.”

ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madepastimesasbuyingbooksand

sendingmail,isreshapingDonovan'svocationaswell.

Thelastrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingother

gentlemen'se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.In

thepastthreeorfouryears,theworldwidewebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustry

ofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit“opensourceintelligence,andasthe

Netgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontestto

seewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,

wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpen-SourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantage

wasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld

AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthenewworldisStraitford,Inc.,

aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoney

bysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia,to

corporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofits

predictionsareavailableonlineatwww.straitfordcom.

StraiffordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindof

mutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,a

spymaster'sdream.Lastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefar

cornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine."Assoonasthatreportruns,

we'llsuddenlyget500newinternetsign-upsfromUkraine,“saysFriedman,a

formerpoliticalscienceprofessor."Andwe'Uhearbackfromsomeofthem.^^

Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotell

goodinformationfrombad.That'swhereStraitfbrdearnsitskeep.

FriedmanreliesonaleanstaffinAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershave

military-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm'soutsiderstatusasthekeytoits

success.Straitfbrcfsbriefsdon'tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,

wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.

Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.

1.TheemergenceoftheNethas.

[A]receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan

[BJremoldedtheintelligenceservices

LCJrestoredmanycommonpastimes

|D]revivedspyingasaprofession

2.Donovan'sstoryismentionedinthetextto.

[A]introducethetopicofonlinespying

[B]showhowhefoughtfortheU.S

[C]giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar

[D]honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA

3.Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash99(Line1,Para.3)mostprobably

means.

[A]causingthebiggesttrouble

[B]exertingthegreatesteffort

[C]achievingthegreatestsuccess

[D]enjoyingthewidestpopularity

4.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that,

[A]Straitfbrd^predictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue

[BJStraitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation

[C]Straitford?sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability

[DJStraitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation

5.Straitfordismostproudofits.

[A]officialstatus

|B]nonconformistimage

[C]efficientstaff

[D]militarybackground

Passage2

Toparaphrase18lh-cenluryslatesrnanEdmundBurke,"allthatisneededfbrthe

triumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.^^Onesuchcausenow

seekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverights

rulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrights

advocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreatening

advancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovement

targetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeople

understandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltyto

animalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberately

harmananimal.

Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothata

recentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouse

anythingthatopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefrom

animalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,,,ThenIwouldhavetosay

yes."Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,"Don'tworry,

scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.,^Suchwell-meaningpeoplejust

4

don'sunderstand

Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,

understandableway-inhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.We

needtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother'ship

replacement,afather'sbypassoperationababy'svaccinations,andevenapet's

shots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethese

treatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswasteful

atbestandcruelatworst.

Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt“middleschoolclassesandpresent

theirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lest

animalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceof

truth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimals

receivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,the

healthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-known

personalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsabout

thevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeople

donothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthe

preciousembersofmedicalprogress.

6.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke'swordsto.

[A]callonscientiststotakesomeactions

[B]criticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrights

fClwarnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch

[D]showthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovement

7.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis?

[A]cruelbutnatural

[B]inhumanandunacceptable

[C]inevitablebutvicious

[D]pointlessandwasteful

8.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic's

[A]discontentwithanimalresearch

[B]ignoranceaboutmedicalscience

LCJindifferencetoepidemics

[D]anxietyaboutanimalrights

9.Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrights,

advocates,scientists

should.

IAJcommunicatemorewiththepublic

|BJemployhi-techmeansinresearch

|C]feelnoshamefortheircause

[D]strivetodevelopnewcures

10.FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis.

[A]awell-knownhumanist

[B]amedicalpractitioner

[C]anenthusiastinanimalright

[D]asupporterofanimalresearch

Passage3

Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,merginginto

super-systems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,

thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedby

rails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrol

wellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.

Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowfor

substantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,

theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshippers

complainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,

chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethemby

thethroat.

Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersare

servedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive“shippers

20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthe

business.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealto

thefederalgovernment'sSurfaceTransportationBoardfbrraterelief,butthe

processisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.

Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegrounds

thatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone'scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthe

sameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucks

orotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomersto

shoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It'stheorytowhichmanyeconomists

subscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdetermining

whichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail/'Dowcreallywantrailroadsto

bethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?^^asksMartin

Bercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.

Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehiswitharoundofhuge

rateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortuning

fortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvestto

keepupwithitssurgingtrafficYetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquire

6

oneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidby

NorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.ConraiPsnetrailway

operatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcosts

ofthetransaction.Who'sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippers

fearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.

11.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergersrailwaymonopolyisunlikely

because?

[A]costreductionisbasedoncompetition

[B]servicescallforcross-tradecoordination

[C]outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist

[DJshipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat

12.Whatismanycaptiveshippers'attitudetowardstheconsolidationinthe

railindustry?.

[AJIndifferent

IBJSupportive

[CJIndignant

[D]Apprehensive

13.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that.

[A]shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad

[B]therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide

[C]overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief

[D]agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness

14.Theword”arbiters”(Line7,Para.4)mostprobablyreferstothose.

[A]whoworkascoordinators

[B]whofunctionasjudges

[C]whosupervisetransactions

[D]whodeterminetheprice

15.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycaused

[A]thecontinuingacquisition

[B]thegrowingtraffic

[C]thecheeringWallStreet

[DJtheshrinkingmarket

Passage4

ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandin

CaliforniaoptionalSmallwonder.Americans9lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubled

overthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,

cataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.Suchadvancesoffertheaging

populationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50years

ago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath-andourfailureto

confrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.

Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,

evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedical

consumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayers

fromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,

evenifit'suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.

Physicians-frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopein

thepatient-toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientifically

justified.

In1950,theU.S.spent.7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwillbebillion.

Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.

Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystop

payingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage—say83orso.Former

ColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm

“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”,sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecan

realizetheirpotential.

Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60s

andbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78,ViacomchairmanSumner

Redstonejokinglyclaimstobe13.SupremeCounJusticeSandraDayOTonnoris

inher70s,andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upin

his80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecan

managethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-old,1

wishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.

Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Askaphysician,

Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.Ialso

knowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,

haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation,wemaybe

over-fundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunder-fundingresearchonhumbler

therapiesthatcouldimprovepeople'slives.

16.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?.

[A]Americansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople

[BJAmericansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore

[CJAmericansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology

ID]Americanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy

17.Theauthorusestheexampleofcanerpatientstoshowthat.

|A]medicalresourcesareoftenwasted

|B]doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases

8

[C]sometreatmentsaretooaggressive

[D]medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable

18.Theauthor'sattitudetowardRichardLamm'sremarkisoneof.

[A]strongdisapproval

[B]reservedconsent

[C]slightcontempt

[D]enthusiasticsupport

19.IncontrastotheU.S.,JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare

?

[A]moreflexibly

[B]moreextravagantly

[C].morecautiously

[D]morereasonably

20.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat.

[A]medicinewillfurtherprolongpeople'slives

[BJlifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworthliving

[C]deathshouldbeacceptedasafactoflife

[D]excessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthcare

2004年

ReadingComprehension

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosingfAl,fB],[C]orfD]MarkyourmowersonANSWERSNEET1.(40

points)

Passage1

Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacross

CareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwas

attractedbythesite's'"personalsearchagent”.It'saninteractivefeaturethatlets

visitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhen

amatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,

intellectualproperty,andWashington,D.C.Threeweekslaterhegothisfirst

notificationofanopening."Istruckgold/saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresume

totheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany.

Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromising

openingscanbetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedfor

repeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,

careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Nairowingyourcriteria,forexample,maywork

againstyou:"Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility.^^Says

oneexpert.

Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept-whatyouthinkyou

wanttodo-thenbroadenit."Noneoftheseprogramsdothat/saysanotherexpert.

'There'snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis."Instead,thebeststrategyisto

usetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;

whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.UIwould

notrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmight

interestme,“saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.

Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite^

agentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,it

includesonlythreepotentialjobs—thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremay

bemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofind

the—andtheydo."Onthedayafterwesendourmessages,weseeasharpincrease

inourtraffic,saysSethPeets,vicepresidentofmarketingforCarccrSite.

Eventhosewhoaren'thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.

Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgather

informationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.

Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuildcr."You

alwayskeepyoureyesopcn,^^hesays.Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeans

havinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.

1.HowdidRedmonfindhisjob?.

[A]Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase

[BlBypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase

[ClByusingaspecialserviceofadatabase

[D]ByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase

2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents??

[A]Lackofcounseling

[B]Limitednumberofvisits

[C]Lowerefficiency

[D]Fewersuccessfulmatches

3.Theexpression“tipservice”(Line4,Para.3)mostprobablymeans.

[A]advisory

[B]compensation

[CJinteraction

[D]reminder

4.WhydoesCareerSite9sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejob-options?

*

IAJTofocusonbetterjobmatches

[BJToattractmorereturningvisits

|C]Toreservespaceformoremessages

|D]Toincreasetherateofsuccess

io

5.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?.

[A]Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters

[B]SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheirdemands

[C]Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed

[D]Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployed

Passage2

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeen

condemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.

This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscrimination

againstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantage

overZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.Lesswell

knownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.English

namesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.Yetasuspiciously

largenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithB

andCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)had

surnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Even

morestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesare

alphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).

Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areall

closetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.

Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetime

enjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestart

ofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,to

makeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuck

inthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythose

insensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinkthey

havehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheyget

lessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCs

proudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleare

literallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsof

conferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheir

recipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

6.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

|A]Akindofoverlookedinequality

[B]Atypeofconspicuousbias

[C]Atypeofpersonalprejudice

[D]Akindofbranddiscrimination

7.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?,

[A]InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess

[B]ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman

[C]Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies'names

[D]Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize

8.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat.

[A]questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

[BJalphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapeformclass

[C]teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

ID]studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

9.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”

(Lines2-3,Para.5).

[AJTheyaregettingimpatient

|B]Theyarenoisilydozingoff

|C]Theyarefeelinghumiliated

[D]Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles

10.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?.

[A]PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated

[B]VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism

[C]Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo

[D]Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias

Passage3

Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjust

yet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsas

she'dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwo

longtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesoftening

economy.'Tmagoodeconomicindicator/shesays."Iprovideaservicethat

peoplecandowithoutwhenthey'reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.^^SoSpero

isdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearher

suburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.UIdon'tknowifotherclients

aregoingtoabandonme,too“shesays.

EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan'sadmissionthatAmerica'sred-hoteconomyis

cooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.

FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshoppers

tempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenue

betweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucial

12

time.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear'space.But

don'tsoundanyalarmsjusty