英文 探索自然積極的建筑

Exploringnature-positivebuildings

→Understandingtheroleofbuildingsinthetransitiontoanature-positivefuture

KondorWesselsVastgoedCopyright@WAX/Mecanoo

Photo:HabitatRoyale(Amsterdam)by

worldBusiness

council

forsustainableDevelopment

Table

ofcontents

01.

02.

Foreword03

Executivesummary04

Glossary06

Casestudies29

Appendices33

AppendixA–Definitions

33

AppendixB–Valuechainanalysisforkeybuildingmaterials

38

AppendixC–Metrics49

03.Conclusion26

Keyworkingdefinitionsintroduced

inthisreport

07

Establisheddefinitionsforterms

usedinthisreport

07

Introduction

09

1.Thinkglobal

12

2.Thinkwholelifecycle

13

3.Takeimmediateaction

20

4.Engagewiththevaluechain25

Exploringnature-positivebuildings2

Foreword

Anetzerofutureisnotenough.Weneedtoworktogethertosecureafuturethatisalsonature-positivealignedwiththeglobalgoalfornature-reversingnaturelossby2030andfullrecoveryby2050.

WWF’srecentlandmarkreport‘ASystemin

Peril’1highlightstheconsequencesofnature

loss,andtheurgencyforactionoverthenext

5years.Humanactivityhasresultedinastark

reductionofwildlife;73%decreaseoverthe

last50years.But,whilstbiodiversityishowwemeasurethehealthofourplanetoverall,itis

reliantonthehealthofouroceans,freshwaterbodies,landandouratmosphere.The‘PlanetaryHealthCheck2024’2isclearthatthesafeand

healthyoperatingspacefortheseecosystemshasbeenorisneartobeingexceeded.Wehavealimitedwindowofopportunitytoreverse

currenttrendsandrestoreplanetaryhealth–tosecureanature-positive,netzerofuture.

Overthelast5years,therehasbeen

unprecedentedradicalcollaborationby

governments,businessesandcivilsocietyorganizationstodeterminetheactions

necessarytodrivedecarbonizationinthe

builtenvironmentleadingtotheBuildings

Breakthrough,3theDeclarationdeChaillot,4andMarketTransformationActionAgenda.5

Wehavetodayacommonlanguageforhowweintegratecarbonintothedecision-makingofallbuiltenvironmentstakeholders,calledWholeLifeCarbonassessment.Itincludesallgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsacrossthefulllife-cycle.

Thiscomprehensivewayofmeasuringemissionsassociatedwiththeconstruction,operation,

maintenanceanddemolitionofbuildingsis

enablingdesignersanddeveloperstodevelop

holisticstrategiesfortheabatementofthese

emissionswhichisdrivingdemandforlower

carbonconstructionmaterials,energyefficienttechnology,andrenewableenergy.Equally,

drivingatransitionfromthecurrentlinear

paradigmofnewconstruction,alimitedlifespananddemolition,toacircularparadigmbasedonbetterutilizationofexistingbuildings,retrofittingandre-purposing,aswellasrecyclingmaterials.

Weneedasimilarapproachtotacklethebuiltenvironment’soutsizedimpactonnature.Builtenvironmentactorshavebecomeaccustomedtomanagingbiodiversityimpactsonsite,butweneedtotackleimpactsonnaturealong

thefulllife-cycle,fromextractionofraw

materialsthroughconstructionandoperationtoend-of-life.Thenatureimpactsoccurring

remotelyupstreaminthevaluechainoutweighlocalsite-basedimpactsconsiderably.

Thisreportsetsouttoraiseawarenessoftheimpactofthebuiltenvironmentonnature

alongthefulllifecycleofbuildingprojects.It

buildsonWBCSD’snature-positiveroadmap

forthebuiltenvironment,6whichencourages

companiestoassesstheirimpacts,settargetsandtransformtheirbusinessstrategiesto

createanature-positiveworld.Itisintendedtocatalyseindustrywidecollaborationinsupport

ofanature-positivefutureenabledbyacommon,

standardizedapproachformeasuringand

monitoringimpactsonnaturethatwouldalsomeetthehighesttransparencyrequirementsofkeyglobalsustainabilityreportingframeworks.

Theclockisticking.Thetimeforactionandcollaborationisnow.

RolandHunziker

Director,BuiltEnvironment,WBCSD

JodaSilva

GlobalSustainable

DevelopmentDirector,ArupGroupLtd.

1“Systeminperil”:Averagewildlifepopulations’sizedeclinedby73%injust50years,warnsWWF|WWF

2PlanetaryHealthCheck2024.AScientificAssessmentoftheStateofthePlanet.PlanetaryBoundaryScience.Firstedition

3TheBuildingsBreakthrough:Globalpushfornear-zeroemissionandresilientbuildingsby2030unveiledatCOP28|UNEP

4BuildingsandClimateGlobalForum–DeclarationdeChaillot|UNEP

5BuiltEnvironmentMarketTransformationActionAgenda|WBCSD

6WBCSD’sNaturePositiveroadmapforthebuiltenvironment|WBCSD

Exploringnature-positivebuildings3

ExecutiveSummary

Thetwincrisesofnaturelossandclimatechangeareincreasinglyevidentworldwide.Unsustainablepatternsofextractionandconsumptionoffinite

naturalresourceshavecausedwildlifepopulationstodeclineby69%globallyinthepast50years;

over1millionplantandanimalspeciesface

extinctioninthecomingdecades1whilewater

scarcityisincreasingandindustrialpracticeshavedegradedmorethanathirdoftheworld’ssoil.2

Climatechangeisexacerbatingthesedownwardtrends,disruptingnaturalsystems,pushingspeciesandecosystemsbeyondtheirlimittoadaptand

unleashingextremeweathereventsthatcause

incalculabledamagetonature.3Recognizingtheserisks,188countriescametogetherin2022to

adopttheKunming-MontrealGlobalBiodiversityFramework(GBF).Thisaimstodeliveronaglobalnature-positivegoal“tohaltandreversenaturelossby2030ona2020baseline,andachieve

fullrecoveryby2050”andisassignificantfor

policymakersandtheprivatesectorastheParisAgreement1.5°Cclimategoal.

Actionthroughoutthebuiltenvironmentsector

iscriticaltoachievingnaturepositive.Thebuilt

environmentisoneofthethreemostcritical

systemsofimpactonnature,alongsideagriculture&food,andenergy.Itisresponsiblefornearly30

%ofbiodiversitylossglobally,450%ofglobalrawmaterialsextraction,40%ofwastestreams,and40%ofCO2emissions.5Realestatedevelopersandbuildingdesignershaveakeyroletoplay.

Asastartingpoint,thisreportaimstotranslate

theglobalnature-positivegoalintokeymessagesandactionswithaparticularfocusontherole

playedbyrealestatedevelopersandbuilding

designersasthedecisionstheymakehavea

significantinfluence.Naturepositivemeans

ensuringthatthereismorenatureintheworldin2030thanin2020andcontinuedrecoveryafterthat.6Inthecontextofbuildings,naturepositivemeansthatthestateofnatureglobally(all

alongthevaluechain)isbetteroffbecauseofaconstructionorrenovationprojectcomparedtoado-nothingscenario.

Thisrequiresthesectortoadoptawholelife-cycleapproachtonatureinthesamewayitdoesfor

carbon,consideringtheembodiednatureimpactsthatoccurupstreamanddownstreaminthevaluechaininadditiontosite-basednatureimpacts.

Formostnewbuildings,theseembodiednatureimpactsarelikelytohugelyoutweighthesite-basedimpacts.

Measuringandmonitoringembodiednature

impactsassuchisanessentialfirststepin

managingandreducingthem.Further,asglobalenvironmental,socialandgovernance(ESG)

reportingframeworksincreasinglyalignwith

guidelinesemergingfromtheTaskforceforNature-relatedFinancialDisclosures(TNFD),businesses

willneedtomeasure,monitorandreportonthenatureimpactsoftheirdirectoperationsbothupstreamanddownstream.Thiswillinclude

theembodiednatureimpactsoftheirbuildingprojects.

Thetypeandscaleofembodiednatureimpactsvarygreatlydependingonthematerialtype,

howthesectorextractsandprocessesit

andwheretheseoperationsoccur.However,

thereislittledataavailabletoevaluatetheseimpacts,evenforthosevaluechainactorsthathavedirectoperationsincludingtheextractionandprocessingofrawmaterials.Asmaterialsprogressdownthroughthevaluechainand

becomemorecomplexproducts,thevisibilityoftheupstreamimpactscanalmostentirely

disappear.Standardized,comparabledataontheaccumulatingnatureimpactsofmaterialsastheypassdownthevaluechain,andmechanismsto

sharethisdatawithdownstreampartners,willbeessentialgoingforward.

Toalignwiththenature-positivegoal,abuilding

wouldneedtodeliveranet-positivebenefitfor

naturethroughoutitswholelifecyclewithfull

implementationofthemitigationhierarchyto

minimizeharmandregeneratenatureonalike-for-likebasis.

Exploringnature-positivebuildings4

ExecutiveSummary

continued

Achievingthislevelofbuildingperformanceis

extremelychallengingandallthesolutionsthat

wouldgettheworldtherearen’tyetavailable.Butthisisthelevelofambitionthatisnecessaryif

buildingsaretocontributeto,ratherthandetractfrom,anature-positivefuture.Itwillrequiredeepandfar-reachingvaluechaintransformation

butmanyofthebuiltenvironmentinterventions

neededfornaturepositivearethesameas

thoseforcarbonandarealreadyunderway.TheArchitecture,EngineeringandConstruction(AEC)sectormayonlyjustbebeginningitsjourneyto

understandwholelifenatureimpacts,buthas

theopportunitytoembracenaturelossalongsidecarbon,whilstrecognizingitissignificantlymorecomplexandwillrequireradicalcollaboration

acrosstheindustry.

Thisreportidentifiesfourkeymessagesfor

developersanddesignersthatwillhelpkick-startactiontoachievenature-positivebuildings:

→Thinkglobal:Naturepositiveisaglobal

goalaimedatmorenaturegloballyby2030comparedto2020.Forbuildings,thismeans

acknowledgingthesignificantimpactsthatoccurawayfromthesiteassociatedwiththeextractionandprocessingofconstruction

materials.

→Thinkwholelifecycle:Embodiednature

impactsoccurringremotelyfromthesiteintheupstreamanddownstreamvaluechainarelikelytodwarfthenatureimpactsthatoccuron-site.

→Takeimmediateaction:Businessesacross

thevaluechaincantakepracticalactionstoreducenatureimpactsacrossthewholelifecycleofbuildings,withcircularapproachesprioritizedtominimizetheextractionand

processingofrawmaterials.

→Engagewiththevaluechain:Contributeto

buildingknowledgeandskills,measuring

andmanagingnatureimpacts,increasing

accountabilityfor,andthetransparencyof,

valuechainnatureimpactsinconjunction

withcarbon,advocatingforchangestopolicy,regulationsandstandards,andacceleratingchangealongthevaluechain.

Exploringnature-positivebuildings5

Glossary

01.

Exploringnature-positivebuildings6

01.Glossary

Keyworkingdefinitionsintroducedinthisreport

Thisreportintroducessomenewtermsanddefinitions.Foreaseofreference,wehaveincludedtheseatthestartofthereportanddiscusstheminmoredetailinthemaintext.Weintendforthesetobeworkingdefinitions;theyarelikelytoevolveastheybecomeestablishedindustryterminology.

AppendixAsuggeststhefurtherworkingdefinitionsneededtoprogresstheunderstandingofhowand

wherebuildingsimpactnaturetofacilitatetheongoingconversationonbuildingsandthenature-positivegoal.

Box1:Workingdefinitions

Nature-positivebuilding(interimdefinition)

Abuildingthatdeliversanet-positivebenefitfornatureacrossitswholelifecycle,withfull

implementationofthemitigationhierarchytominimizeharmandregeneratenatureonalike-for-likebasisacrossthevaluechain.

Embodiednatureimpacts

Natureimpactsoccurringremotelyfromthesite,associatedwithmaterialextraction,processingandtransportationthroughoutthewholelifecycleofabuilding[includingmaintenance,repairandend-of-life].

Site-basednatureimpacts

Directandindirectimpactsonnatureoccurringonthesiteofthebuildingorwithinthesurroundingareaofinfluence,duringconstruction,operationanduse(includingmaintenanceandrepair)anddemolition.

Wholelifenatureimpacts

Sumofsite-basedandembodiednatureimpactsacrossthewholebuildinglifecycle.

Establisheddefinitionsfortermsusedinthisreport

We’veusedthefollowingestablishedtermsthroughoutthereport.Weprovidecommonlyaccepteddefinitionsforthesetermsbelow.

Box2:Establisheddefinitionsfornature

Nature

Thenaturalworld,emphasizingthediversityoflivingorganisms,includingpeople,andtheirinteractionswitheachotherandtheirenvironment.7

Realmofnature

Themajorcomponentsoftheliving,naturalworldthatdifferfundamentallyintheirorganizationandfunction.8Theseareland,ocean,freshwaterandatmosphere.

Biodiversity

Thevariabilityamonglivingorganismsfromallsources,including,interalia,terrestrial,marineandotheraquaticecosystemsandtheecologicalcomplexesofwhichtheyareapart;thisincludes

diversitywithinspecies,betweenspeciesandofecosystems.9

Naturepositiveby2030

Haltingandreversingbiodiversitylossby2030froma2020baselinethroughmeasurablegainsinthehealth,abundance,diversityandresilienceofspecies,ecosystemsandnaturalprocesses.10

Exploringnature-positivebuildings7

01.Glossary

continued

Box3:Why“natureimpacts”not“biodiversityimpacts”or“ecologicalimpacts”?

Why“natureimpacts”not“biodiversityimpacts”or“ecologicalimpacts”?

IndustryleadingworkbytheUKGreenBuildingCouncilandtheInstitutionofCivilEngineers(ICE)

withExpeditionhasraisedtheprofileofembodiedecologicalimpacts11andembodiedbiodiversity

impactsofconstructionmaterials12respectively.Inthisreport,wehavechosentoadoptthebroaderscopeofnatureimpacts,includingimpactsonland,air,oceanandfreshwaterrealms,inaddition

tobiodiversityandecologicalimpacts.Thisalignswiththescope,languageandmetricsemergingfromrapidlyevolvingenvironmental,socialandgovernance(ESG)reportingframeworks,includingtheTaskforceforNature-relatedFinancialDisclosures(TNFD).Theseframeworksrecognizethat

businessdependenciesonnatureextendwellbeyondbiodiversity.Ultimately,companieswillneedtoreportonthematerialnatureimpacts,risksandopportunitiesassociatedwiththeirassetsandactivities.Completingcorporate-levelassessmentswillrequiredataattheindividualbuildinglevel.Therefore,itisimportantthatthelanguage,methodsofmeasurementandmetricsusedatthe

building-scalealignwiththeseemergingcorporate-scalereportingrequirements.

Exploringnature-positivebuildings

8

Introduction

02.

Exploringnature-positivebuildings9

02.Introduction

Thetwincrisesofnaturelossandclimatechangeareincreasinglyevidentworldwide.Human

activityhascausedanaturedeclineatrates

neverexperiencedinhumanhistory.Unsustainablepatternsofextractionandconsumptionoffinite

naturalresourceshavecausedwildlifepopulationstodeclineby69%globallyinthepast50years;

over1millionplantandanimalspeciesface

extinctioninthecomingdecades,13whilewater

scarcityisincreasingandindustrialpracticeshavedegradedmorethanathirdoftheworld’ssoil.14

Climatechangeisexacerbatingthesedownwardtrends,disruptingnaturalsystems,pushingspeciesandecosystemsbeyondtheirlimittoadaptand

unleashingextremeweathereventsthatcause

incalculabledamagetonatureaswellasbuildingsandinfrastructure.

Figure1:Biodiversityreferstothevarietyoflife

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Biodiversity

Formanyinbuildingdesignteams,naturecanseemlikeanabstract

term,makingithardtoknowwhereorhowtobegin.Whenthisisthe

case,itcanbehelpfultothinkofnaturebyitsconstituentparts,whichcanfeelmoretangible,makingiteasiertounderstandandidentifywhatimpactsabuildingcouldpotentiallycause.

Naturecomprisestherealmsofland,air,freshwaterandoceansandalllivingthings.Theserealmsinteractincomplexways,formingecosystems,regulatingtheclimateandsupportingalllifeonEarth.Biodiversity(a

richvarietyoflife)istheoutcomeachievedwhenthenaturalsystems

intheserealmsarestableandfunctioningwell,whileahighlevelof

biodiversityalsocontributestosustainingtheotherrealmsornon-livingcomponentsofnature(soil,water,air).Forexample,biodiversityinsoilinvertebratesandmicroorganismsisfundamentaltomaintainingsoil

fertility.Understandinghowabuildingcouldimpactland,air,freshwaterandoceansystemswillbothpositivelyandnegativelyalsohelpidentifyhowabuildingcouldimpactbiodiversity.

Exploringnature-positivebuildings10

02.Introduction

continued

Natureisessentialforhumanlife,providingwater,foodandtherawmaterialsneededtosurviveandthrive.Natureregulatestheclimate,cleansthe

airandwater,pollinatescropsandprotectsall

beingsfromextremeweatherevents.Thegoods

andservicesthatnatureprovidesunderpinour

economiesunderpinseconomiestotheextent

thattheentireeconomicvaluegeneratedby

theconstructionsector(worthUSD6.5trillion)

dependsontheresourcesandservicesthatit

provides.15Consequently,thethreatnatureloss

posesissoseverethatitisoneofthetop5threatstotheglobaleconomyoverthenext10years.16

Recognizingtheserisks,188countriescame

togetherin2022toadopttheKunming-MontrealGlobalBiodiversityFramework(GBF).Thisaimstodeliveraglobalnature-positivegoal“tohaltandreversenaturelossby2030ona2020baseline,

andachievefullrecoveryby2050.”Thenature-positivegoalandtheGBFareassignificantforpolicymakersandtheprivatesectorastheParisAgreement’s1.5°Cclimategoalhasprovedtobe.

TheGBFisdrivingchangethatwillrequire

businessestomeasure,monitorandreportonthenatureimpactsnotjustontheirdirectoperationsbutalsoalongtheirwholevaluechains.Thisis

happeningasglobalenvironmental,socialand

governance(ESG)reportingframeworksalign

withguidelinesemergingfromtheTaskforcefor

Nature-relatedFinancialDisclosures(TNFD).For

therealestateandarchitecture,engineeringandconstruction(AEC)sectors,thiswillincludethe

wholevaluechainnatureimpactsoftheirbuildingprojects.

Actionacrossthebuiltenvironmentsectoris

particularlycriticaltoachievingnaturepositive

asoneofthethreemostcriticalsystemsof

impactonnature,alongsideagriculture&food,

andenergy.Itisresponsiblefornearly30%of

biodiversityloss,1750%ofglobalrawmaterials

extraction,40%ofwastestreams,andalmost40%ofCO2emissions.18a

By2025,theconstructionindustryispredictedtogenerate2.2billiontonsofwasteannually.Ofthis,approximately77milliontonnes(35%)endsupinlandfillseachyear.18bWiththeglobalbuildingfloorareapredictedtogrowby75%(180billionm2)

by2050,19businessasusualisnotanoption.Realestatedevelopersandbuildingdesignershaveakeyroletoplay.

Transformationofthebuiltenvironmentvalue

chainisalreadyunderwaytodecarbonize

buildings.TheBuildingsBreakthrough20atthe

28thUnitedNationsClimateChangeConference(COP28)hasseencountriesjoinforcesto

makenear-zeroemissionsandclimate-resilient

buildingsthenewnormalby2030,andtheMarketTransformationActionAgenda(MTAA)21forthe

BuiltEnvironmentbringstogethercompanies

alongthefullvaluechaintodrivesystemic

interventionstodecarbonize,supportingthe

BuildingsBreakthrough.Conversely,organizationshavelargelyignoredthefullnatureimpactsof

thevaluechainforbuildings.TheAECsectormayonlyjustbebeginningitsjourneytounderstand

wholelifenatureimpacts,buthastheopportunitytoembracenaturelossalongsidecarbon,whilst

recognizingitissignificantlymorecomplexandwillrequireradicalcollaborationacrosstheindustry.

Asastartingpoint,thisreporttranslatesthe

globalnature-positivegoalintokeymessages

andactionswithaparticularfocusonbuilding

designersandrealestatedevelopers.Itidentifiesthecollectivevaluechainactionrequiredtoinitiatethejourneytowardsbuildingsthatrestore,ratherthanharm,theglobalstateofnature.Building

awarenessandcultivatingtheknowledgeofwholelifenatureimpactsisanessentialfirststep.

Thereportprovidesworkingdefinitionsfor

keytermsthatwillenabletheAECindustryto

continuetheconversationonnature-positive

buildingswithclarityandconsistency.Whereverpossible,wehaveadaptedthesefromcommonlyaccepteddefinitionsrelatingtowholelifecarbonassessmentandnet-zerobuildings.

Ourguidancefocusesonfourkeymessages

thatwillstarttheindustryontheroadtonature-positivebuildings:

→1Thinkglobal

Thinkwholelifecycle Takeimmediateaction

Engagewiththevaluechain

Box4:OverviewofWBCSD’sRoadmapstoNaturePositive

WBCSD’sRoadmapstoNaturePositive

WBCSD’sRoadmapstoNaturePositive

equipcompanieswithstep-by-stephow-toguidestotakecredible,impactfulnature

action,preparingthemtosetscience-

basedtargetsandreportonthembased

onTNFDrecommendations,whileultimatelyworkingtowardstheGlobalGoaltohaltandreversenaturelossby2030.WBCSDhassofarproducedinitialroadmapsfortheagri-

foodsystem,forestproductssector,builtenvironmentsystem,andenergysystem.22ThisreportcomplementstheWBCSD

RoadmaptoNaturePositive-Foundationsforthebuiltenvironmentsystem23byproviding

guidancetorealestatedevelopers,buildingdesignersandstakeholdersacrossthevaluechainsofbuildingstoalignthebuildingsoftomorrowwithanature-positivefuture.

Exploringnature-positivebuildings11

02.Introduction:Thinkglobal

1

Thinkglobal

Box5:Nature-positivediscourse

“Naturepositiveisnotaslogan–itisan

ambitiousgoalandshouldnotbeusedto

implysomethingisgreenornature-friendly.Itreferstomeasurableoutcomesthatcontributetohaltingandreversingnaturelosswith

significantbenefitstosociety.”24

Naturepositiveisaglobalgoalthatmirrorsthe

GlobalBiodiversityFramework’smissionstatement.Thegoalistohaltandreversenaturelossby

2030froma2020baselinetoachieveafullnaturerecoveryby2050asillustratedinFigure2.Naturepositivemeansensuringthereismorenatureintheworldin2030thanin2020andcontinuedrecoveryafterthat.25

Inthecontextofbuildings,naturepositive

meansthatthestateofnatureglobally(all

alongthevaluechain)isbetteroffbecauseofaconstructionorrenovationprojectcomparedtoado-nothingscenario.

Forus,thatmeansanature-positivebuildingwouldrequirethattheoverallimpactonnature,inallitscomplexity,acrossthewholelifeofthebuilding,

upanddownthevaluechain,isnetpositive.

Importantly,thiswouldrequireabuildingtodeliveranet-positivebenefitfornaturethroughoutits

entirelifecycle,minimizingharmandregeneratingnatureonalike-for-likebasisacrossthevalue

chain.Intheabsenceofanestablishedcommondefinitionthatorganizationsaretryingtoachieve,weproposethefollowinginterimdefinitionofa

nature-positivebuilding.

Box6:Interimdefinitionofanature-positivebuilding

Nature-positivebuilding(interimdefinition)

Abuildingthatdeliversanet-positive

benefitfornatureacrossitswholelifecycle,withfullimplementationofthemitigation

hierarchytominimizeharmandregeneratenatureonalike-for-likebasisacrossthe

valuechain.

Figure2:GlobalGoalforNature:Nature-positiveby2030

Itisessentialtohaltandreversethecurrentglobaltrajectoryofnaturelossby2030toenablefullrecoveryby205026

Source:

ANature-PositiveWorld:TheGlobalGoalforNature

.Locke,H.etal.(2021)

Exploringnature-positivebuildings12

02.Introduction:Thinkglobal

continued

WBCSDandotherorganizations,includingthe

NaturePositiveInitiative(NPI),areworkingto

translatetheGlobalBiodiversityFramework(GBF)andnature-positivegoalintoguidanceforsectorsandorganizations.Inthemeantime,theworking

definitionofanature-positivebuildinginthisreportaimstoprovideclarityonthelevelofperformancethatabuildingwouldhavetoachievetoalignwith

theGlobalGoalforNature.Thiswillhelppreventtheuseofth