第一講courseinformationandintroduction課件上課講義

LectureOne:

CourseinformationandIntroductionContentsofthislecture1.Courseinformationandrequirements2.Whatislinguistics?3.Contentsandaimsofthiscourse4.Significanceoflearninglanguageorlinguistics5.Learningstrategiesforthiscourse6.Questionsforreflectionanddiscussion

1.Courseinformationandrequirements1.Instructor:Aimei(Grace)Chengracechen89@2.TeachingMethod:discussionandpresentation.3.Grading:Attendance(5%)Performance(presentationandparticipation)(15%)Mid-termpaper(20%);Finalexam(60%).2.Whatislinguistics研究語言的科學。同哲學、心理學、歷史學、文學和自然科學技術(shù)均有密切的聯(lián)系。分理論語言學和具體語言學；前者研究人類語言的一般規(guī)律，后者研究具體語言的存在和發(fā)展的規(guī)律，如漢語語言學、英語語言學，根據(jù)不同的研究目的，具體語言學又可分為描寫語言學和歷史語言學，前者研究語言在某一時期的狀態(tài)，后者研究語言的古今演變。2.Whatislinguistics

1)

Definition“Linguisticsmaybedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage”(Lyons1968:1).Thisdefinitioniswellacceptedbecauseitpinpointstheobjectandmethodsoflinguisticsasadiscipline.

Theobjectoflinguistics：languageNoticethatthewordlanguageisnotprecededbyanarticle(i.e.withoutaorthe),norinthepluralform.Thismeansthatlinguisticsstudiesalllanguages.

Thekindofscienceforlinguistics:Itsobjectofstudy,language,determinesthatitisadisciplineamonghumanities,becauselanguageismostlyasocialphenomenon,despiteabiologicalaspectofit.Itsmethodofstudyisclosetothatusedinnaturalsciences.Fromthesetwoperspectiveslinguisticsisseenasadisciplineclosest,amonghumanities,tonaturalsciences.

Methodsofstudy:

First,certainlinguisticphenomenaareobservedandquestionsareraisedaboutthem.Second,hypotheses(whicharegeneralizationsbasedonobservations)areformulatedtoexplainthephenomena.

Third,thehypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservationsorexperiments.Iftheyarevalid,thehypothesesbecometheories.Iftheyarenot,thentheresearchermustreformulatehypothesesandthenverifythemuntilnodatacollectedcontradictthehypotheses.Forth,linguistictheoriesthusproduced,justasotherscientifictheories,areopentochallenge.

2)BranchesoflinguisticsIntra-disciplinarydivisionsThestudyoflanguageingeneralisoftentermedgenerallinguistics.Itisbasedontheviewthatlanguageasasystemiscomposedofthreeaspects:sound,structureandmeaning.Thecoreofgenerallinguisticsisthestudyoftheseaspects,dealingwiththeregularitiesoftheseacrosslanguages.PhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmaticsPhoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc.Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphonemeasthepointofdeparture.Aphonemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatcansignaladifferenceinmeaning.Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning—morphemesandword-formationprocesses.Althoughmanypeoplethinkofwordsasthebasicmeaningfulelementsofalanguage，manywordscanbebrokendownintostillsmallerunits,calledmorphemes.Syntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectsentences.Theformorstructureofasentenceisgovernedbytherulesofsyntax,whichspecifywordorder,sentenceorganization,andtherelationshipsbetweenwords,wordclassesandothersentenceelements.Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.Itisnotonlyconcernedwithmeaningsofwordsaslexicalitems,butalsowithlevelsoflanguagebelowthewordandaboveit,e.g.meaningofmorphemesandsentences.Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithparticularutterancesinparticularsituationsandisespeciallyconcernedwiththevariouswaysinwhichthemanysocialcontextsoflanguageperformancecaninfluenceinterpretation.Inotherwords,pragmaticsisconcernedwiththewaylanguageisusedtocommunicateratherthanwiththewaylanguageisinternallystructured.Inter-disciplinarydivisions

Languageasasystemisalsocloselyinterwovenwithotheraspectsofmanandsociety.Ithasoftenbeenstudiedinwaysthatrelatelinguisticstootherdisciplines.Linguisticsisnottheonlyfieldconcernedwithlanguage.Otherdisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnography,thescienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.arealsopreoccupiedwithlanguage.

Sociolinguisticsstudieslanguageinrelationtosociety.Languagevariesfromregiontoregion,fromclasstoclass,anditalsovarieswithageandsex.Languagechangesaremostlycausedbysocialchanges.Languageispartofcultureandthecarrierofculture.Psycholinguisticsinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,forexample,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisition.Italsostudieslanguagedevelopmentinthechild,suchasthetheoriesoflanguageacquisition,biologicalfoundationsoflanguage,andaprofoundaspect—therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognition.Computationallinguisticscentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage(alsoknownas“naturallanguage”,todistinguishitfromcomputerlanguages).Tothisfield,linguisticscontributesanunderstandingofthespecialpropertiesoflanguagedata,andprovidestheoriesanddescriptionsoflanguagestructureanduseSomecurrentapplicationareasincludetranslatingfromonelanguagetoanother(MachineTranslation),storingandfindingrelevantdocumentsinlargecollectionsoftext(CorpusLinguisticsandInformationRetrieval),andcarryingoutvariousformsofcomputermediatedcommunication.Appliedlinguisticsisconcernedwiththeapplicationoflinguistictheoriesanddescriptionsinotherfields,particularlyinlanguageteaching.3.ContentsandAimsofthiscourse1)

Materials:ThiscourseisbaseduponGeorgeYule’s“TheStudyofLanguage”anddrawsonmeritsofmanydifferentbooks.1.趙華威,《語言研究學習指要》,黑龍江教育出版社,2008.2.胡壯麟，姜望琪，《語言學教程》(第三版)，北京大學出版社，2001。3.楊信彰，《語言學概論》，高等教育版社,2005。4.錢冠連,《語言:人類最后的家園》，商務印書館,2005.2)Contents:Thiscourseisdevotedtodiscussionofsuchthingsasthenatureandfunctionsoflanguage,thefieldsandareasoflinguistics,therelationshipbetweenlinguistictheoryanduseoflanguage,languageandbrain,languageacquisitionandlearning,languageandCulture,languageandsociety,andlanguagehistoryandchange.3)AimsTheaimsofthiscoursearetohelpthestudentstodevelopabetterawarenessoflanguage,haveagoodknowledgeoftheabove-mentionedthings,developindividualinsightsintolanguageandlinguistics,getpreparedforfuturestudiesandresearchinlanguageandlinguisticsoruselinguistictheoriestosolve

problemsinyourownresearchareas.4.TheimportanceofstudyinglanguageorlinguisticsDiscussion5.Learningstrategiesforthiscourse語言學是一門最接近自然科學的社會科學。說它是社會科學是因為語言文字是社會現(xiàn)象。說它最接近自然科學是因為語言學研究借鑒了自然科學的一些研究方法。語言學的特性和本門課程的目的決定了學習策略。要學好語言學概論這門課程，應遵循以下幾點：

1)

體會價值，激發(fā)動力語言學是比較抽象的學科，要學好非下一番功夫不可。人們說興趣是最好的老師，是因為有了興趣就有持久的學習動力。然而在沒進入一個學科之前無法談到是否會產(chǎn)生興趣。就個人而言，要不要學習某個學科，取決于個人對那個學科價值的判斷，看它對自己的素質(zhì)提高和專業(yè)發(fā)展是否有作用。對于語言教師來說，語言學的價值毋須質(zhì)疑。應用語言學家將語言學對語言教學的貢獻概括為應用和啟示兩方面。語言描述的成果為語言教學直接提供內(nèi)容，如音標、教學語法等。語言學理論研究成果對語言教師思考教什么和怎樣教兩個根本問題頗有啟發(fā)。

一個語言教師如果沒有語言理論知識就好比一個不懂人體科學的體育教練。無論他/她自己運動水平多高，不研究運動機理就不可能培養(yǎng)出高水平運動員。同樣道理，語言教師只有懂得語言符號系統(tǒng)是怎樣構(gòu)成的，是如何發(fā)揮作用的，語言學習過程有那些因素，怎樣發(fā)揮這些因素的作用，才能更有效地從事語言教學，提高人才培養(yǎng)質(zhì)量。

2)整體入手，見木見林語言是非常復雜的現(xiàn)象，語言學分支很多，派別林立。語言學的分支是依其研究對象劃分的，即依語言的各種要素劃分的。語言的基本要素是語音、結(jié)構(gòu)、意義。研究語音的分支是語音學、音位學，研究結(jié)構(gòu)的是形態(tài)學和句法學，研究意義的是語義學和語用學。語言與社會、心理、文化、教育等密切相關(guān)，因此出現(xiàn)一些語言研究的交叉學科，如社會語言學、心理語言學、應用語言學等。首先在宏觀上對該課程的內(nèi)容有所了解。在學習時，首先要仔細閱讀目錄。目錄是全書內(nèi)容的高度濃縮和概括，它不僅包括本學科所涉及到的主要內(nèi)容，而且也涉及到內(nèi)容與內(nèi)容之間的聯(lián)系。在整體把握課本內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上，再從宏觀進入到微觀學習。通過細節(jié)的學習來加深對課本宏觀的把握，而對課本宏觀的把握又會有助于課本細節(jié)的學習，做到“既見森林，又見樹木。”3)了解立論過程，深入理解理論理論是對自然和社會現(xiàn)象的系統(tǒng)性解釋。任何理論都產(chǎn)生于研究過程。研究過程始于觀察和提問，然后提出假說（即對所觀察到的現(xiàn)象的初步解釋或?qū)λ岢鰡栴}的初步解答），最后驗證假說。如果假說得到充分驗證，則成為理論。如果驗證失敗，則須重新提出假說，再驗證新的假說。語言學理論也是在這樣的過程中產(chǎn)生的。理解一個語言學理論，就須從語言學家所提出的問題開始，弄清假說，看它是如何被驗證的。這樣才能深入理解理論。

4)用例證解讀術(shù)語

每一門科學都有術(shù)語。語言學術(shù)語也很多。術(shù)語是一門科學的專門用語。學習語言學就必須掌握其專門用語。在語言學文獻中重要術(shù)語都給出明確的定義。盡管如此，初學者仍感到術(shù)語很抽象，難以理解和記憶。因此，在學習過程中要重視舉例。每接觸到一個新術(shù)語，首先要仔細揣摩它的定義,然后看所給的例子。這樣就把抽象的概念具體化，便于理解和記憶。比較和對比是該課程中不可缺少的兩種方法。通過比較，可以找出不同概念之間的相似之處，通過對比可以理解不同概念之間的相異性。比較和對比的結(jié)合有助于弄清概念之間的異同和內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系。5)仔細閱讀，勤于思考語言學文獻邏輯性很強。語言學家采用演繹推理或歸納推理提出理論。要理解語言學理論就必須仔