【最高考】2021高考英語(yǔ)(江蘇)語(yǔ)法精講+精練：專題一-名詞和冠詞常考點(diǎn)-

專題一名詞和冠詞?？键c(diǎn)把握名詞的可數(shù)和不行數(shù)性、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)、名詞作定語(yǔ)以及名詞的全部格形式的用法。特殊留意名詞詞義辨析和名詞固定短語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用。近些年考查名詞的題目，在設(shè)問(wèn)方面更趨精細(xì)化。冠詞主要考查堅(jiān)固的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)問(wèn)和機(jī)敏使用冠詞的力量。冠詞的用法簡(jiǎn)單，要弄清句子中的單數(shù)名詞、復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不行數(shù)名詞的泛指、特指、類指、專指的概念。做題時(shí)，首先要搞清名詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，是特指還是泛指，留意復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不行數(shù)名詞表示泛指不用任何冠詞，單數(shù)名詞前要加不定冠詞。名詞eq\a\vs4\al(1)名詞的數(shù)1.單數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)名詞?？键c(diǎn)：①以－o結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，常在詞尾加－s，但是下列以－o結(jié)尾的名詞要加－es：hero，tomato，potato，Negro(黑人)。②以－f或－fe結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，一般直接加－s，但下列以－f或－fe結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，需把f或fe去掉，加－ves：half，－self，wife，life，knife，shelf，wolf，thief，leaf，loaf。③合成名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，通常只將里面所含的主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，假如沒(méi)有主體名詞，則將最終一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如：passers－by，go－betweens，lookers－on，mothers－in－law。2.下列名詞通常作不行數(shù)名詞：fun，advice，progress，information，equipment，luggage，weather，furniture等。3.有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可表示特殊的意義。如：waters(水域)，sands(沙灘)，manners(禮貌)，times(時(shí)代)，spirits(心情；烈酒)，contents(名目)，customs(海關(guān))，lines(臺(tái)詞)，arms(武器)，looks(容貌)。4.單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞。如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，series，means，works。用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：①________(leaf)turngreeninspring.②Hegainedhis________(wealth)byprinting________(work)offamouswriters.③Therearetwo________(Chinese)，three________(Englishman)andfour________(German)intheteam.④Whatgreat________(fun)itis!⑤Heasked________(passer－by)forhelp.【答案】①Leaves②wealth；works③Chinese；Englishmen；Germans④fun⑤passers－byeq\a\vs4\al(2)名詞的格1.全部格的含義：①表示所屬。如：Tom'scar。②表示類別。如：awomen'scollege。③表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或承受者。如：theteacher'spraise。2.全部格有兩種不同的形式：在名詞末尾加－'s構(gòu)成，多用來(lái)表示有生命的東西；由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成，多用來(lái)表示無(wú)生命的東西。但是在下列幾種狀況下，由－'s構(gòu)成的全部格也可表示無(wú)生命的東西：①表時(shí)間。如：fiveweeks'holiday。②表自然現(xiàn)象。如：theearth'satmosphere。③表國(guó)家、城市等地方的名詞。如：China'spopulation。④表工作群體。如：theship'screw。⑤表度量衡及價(jià)值。如：twentypounds'weight。3.雙重全部格的用法：①表示部分概念，of短語(yǔ)修飾的名詞前通常有表示數(shù)量的限定詞a，an，one，two，some，several，afew，many，any，no等。如：afriendofmine/mybrother's/hers/his/theirs。②表示觀賞或厭惡等感情顏色時(shí)，of所修飾的名詞前面通常有指示代詞this，that，these，those等。如：thislittlecarofyoursister's。4.區(qū)分：TomandHenry'smother(只有一位母親)Tom'sandHenry'smothers(有兩位母親)完成下列句子：①—Iwonderwhosebicycleitis.—Itmustbe________(我老師的)．②YesterdayIwasinvitedtodinnerat________(White家)．③UncleJackis______________________(我媽媽的一個(gè)伴侶)．④________________________(你妹妹的這只貓)isreallyadear.⑤Iwillhavea________________(五天的假期)．【答案】①myteacher's②theWhites'③afriendofmymother's④Thiscatofyoursister's⑤fivedays'holiday/five－dayholidayeq\a\vs4\al(3)名詞作定語(yǔ)1.當(dāng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般用單數(shù)形式，即使在意義上是復(fù)數(shù)(如：shoes)或總作復(fù)數(shù)的名詞(如：trousers)，也是如此。如：ashoeshop，trouserpockets，toothbrushes。但也有例外，它們是：sports，customs，arms，clothes，sales和accounts。如：asportscar，acustomsofficer，aclothesshop，asalesdirector。2.“man/woman＋名詞”變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，作定語(yǔ)的man/woman和中心詞都要變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如：menteachers，womendoctors。3.名詞作定語(yǔ)表示用途、性能、材料等。如：astonebridge(一座石頭橋)，astreetlight(一盞街燈)。完成下列句子：①Hedroppedthe________(咖啡杯)andbrokeit.②The________(自行車(chē)店)isjustaroundthecornerandyouwon'tmissit.【答案】①coffeecup②bikeshop冠詞eq\a\vs4\al(1)不定冠詞①表示泛指。如：Asquarehasfoursides.②表示“相同的”，與thesame同義。如：Theyareofanage.＝Theyare(of)thesameage.③表示“某一”，與acertain同義(與專出名詞連用)。如：AMr.Smithiswaitingtoseeyou.④在某些物質(zhì)名詞前表示“一種、一陣、一份、一場(chǎng)”等。如：Wehadaheavyrainlastnight.⑤用在某些抽象名詞前，使其具體化。如：Youareagreathelptome.⑥有些不行數(shù)名詞如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of時(shí)，前面需用不定冠詞。如：Ihaveonlyalimitedknowledgeofcomputer.⑦獨(dú)一無(wú)二的東西前有修飾詞時(shí)，表示屬于某一類或表示某一種特殊的狀況。如：afullmoon,apeacefulworld。⑧固定搭配。如：ataloss(不知所措)，amatterof(一個(gè)……的問(wèn)題)，allofasudden(突然)，inahurry/inarush(匆忙忙忙)，haveagiftfor(有……的天賦)，onceinawhile(間或)，atadistance(隔一段距離)，awasteof(鋪張……)，givesb.alift/ride(讓某人搭車(chē))，haveapopulationof(有……的人口)，haveawordwithsb.(和某人交談)。用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填空：①I(mǎi)earn10dollars________houras________supermarketcashieronSaturdays.②Theteacheraskedustowrite________800－word－longcomposition.③Iknow________JohnLennon，butnot________oneyouknow.④Theyaretwins，sotheyareof________age.⑤Hehas________finecollectionofpaintings.⑥Thepowersupplywascutoff.Allof________sudden，thelightswentout.【答案】①an；a②an③a；the④an⑤a⑥aeq\a\vs4\al(2)定冠詞①特指上文提到過(guò)、談話雙方都清楚的、受定語(yǔ)修飾的人或物。如：IlikemusicbutIdon'tlikethemusicofthefilm.②表示整個(gè)類屬。如：Thetigerisindangerofbecomingextinct.③用于世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物、某些專出名詞、由一般名詞構(gòu)成的專出名詞、階級(jí)、黨派、組織及表示方位的名詞前。留意方位名詞的用法：move(tothe)south。④在序數(shù)詞和最高級(jí)前。如：Lesson9isamostdifficultlessonbutitisnotthemostdifficultlessoninthebook.⑤在樂(lè)器名詞前、表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前、逢整十?dāng)?shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)詞、朝代前。如：theBlacks。⑥在句型“動(dòng)詞＋sb.＋介詞＋身體某一部位”中的身體某一部位前的the不行用人稱代詞代替。如：takesb.bythearm，hitsb.intheface。此外，beredintheface(臉紅)，belameintherightleg(右腿瘸)，beblindintheeye(眼瞎)等結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞前也要用the。⑦在創(chuàng)造前。如：Doyouknowwhoinventedthetelephone?⑧用于一些形容詞前，表示一類人或物。如：Therich/old/sick/unemployed(are...)Thenew/beautifulunexplained(is...)⑨用于江、河、湖、海、洋、水道、山脈、群島、海峽、海灣、沙漠等專出名詞前。如：theRedSea，theEnglishChannel。⑩固定搭配。如：makethemostof(充分利用)，bytheday(按日計(jì)算)，onthewhole(大體上)，mostofthetime(大多數(shù)時(shí)候)，theotherday(幾天前)，ontheradio/phone/computer(在電臺(tái)/電話/電腦里)，forthetimebeing(臨時(shí))，onthespot(當(dāng)場(chǎng))，notintheleast＝notatall(一點(diǎn)也不)，inthedistance(在遠(yuǎn)處)，gotothecinema(去看電影)，totellthetruth(說(shuō)實(shí)話)。用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填空：①M(fèi)anypeoplearestillin________habitofwritingsillythingsin________publicplaces.②________Greensareattable.③Shehithimin________face.④Hewashitbyafallingtreeandkilledon________spot.【答案】①the；/②The③the④theeq\a\vs4\al(3)零冠詞①當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不行數(shù)名詞表示泛指時(shí)。如：naturaldisasters，seniorcitizens，floodcontrol。②成對(duì)名詞連用時(shí)。如：dayafterday，facetoface，heartandsoul。③可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)在系動(dòng)詞turn后作表語(yǔ)，以及在as或though引導(dǎo)的倒裝讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)。如：Hewasadoctorbeforeheturnedwriter.Childasheis，heknowsalot.④在球類、棋類、學(xué)科、語(yǔ)言、一日三餐、頭銜職務(wù)(作表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ))等名詞前。如：Englishisverybeautiful.＝TheEnglishlanguageisverybeautiful.IusuallyhavelunchathomebutIhadapackedlunchyesterday.Thechairmanofthemeetingiscoming.Mr.Li，chairmanofthemeeting，iscoming.⑤在季節(jié)、月份、某些含day的節(jié)假日、星期、城市、國(guó)家等名詞前。如：Hewasborninautumn.Hewasbornintheautumnof1990.Hewasbornina_coldautumn.IthappenedonSunday.IthappenedonaSundaylastmonth.ShanghaiisconsideredtheNewYorkofChina.⑥在“at＋時(shí)間名詞”“by＋交通工具/通信工具”中。如：atfour(在四點(diǎn)鐘)，bybike(騎自行車(chē))。⑦man(＝mankind)，word(口信，消息)前通常不加冠詞。⑧“by＋the＋具體的計(jì)算單位名詞”，表示“按/以/論……”，但是size，weight，time這類名詞和by連用時(shí)前不用加定冠詞。如：Eggsaresoldbythedozen.Eggsaresoldbyweight.⑨在“kind/sort/typeof＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：Thiskindofapplesellswell.⑩名詞前已有限定詞this/that/those/her/your/a/an/no/whose等。如：heronlyson。eq\o(○,\s\up1(11))beof＋抽象名詞(use/importance/help/value/interest/benefit)。eq\o(○,\s\up1(12))固定搭配。如：onsecondthought(s)(重新思考后)，cometopower＝takeoffice(上臺(tái))，indebt(欠債)，inplaceof(代替)，outofwork(失業(yè)中)，makeroomfor(為……騰讓空間)，introuble(處在逆境中)，inuse(在使用中)，cometolight(真相大白)，bymistake(弄錯(cuò))，atwar(在交戰(zhàn)中)，onboard(在船/飛機(jī)/車(chē)上)。[注]幾組詞的區(qū)分：incharge/control/possession/commandof(管理/把握/擁有/把握)inthecharge/control/possession/commandof(由……管理/把握/擁有/把握)inprison/hospital(在坐牢/住院)intheprison/hospital(在監(jiān)獄/醫(yī)院里)incaseof(以防萬(wàn)一)inthecaseof(就……來(lái)說(shuō))byday(在白天)bytheday(按日計(jì)算)gotosea(當(dāng)船員；出航)gotothesea(去海邊)outofquestion(毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，肯定，當(dāng)然)outofthequestion(不行能)threeofus(我們中的三人)thethreeofus(我們這三人)takeplace(發(fā)生，進(jìn)行)taketheplaceof(取代)onearth(到底，到底)ontheearth(在世界上)inoffice(在職，當(dāng)權(quán))intheoffice(在辦公室里)用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填空：①Helikestotalkon________phonewhileIpreferwriting________letters.②Waterischangedinto________steambyheatandinto________icebycold.③Hasheturned________scientist?④Mr.Liis________chairmanofthemeeting.⑤Thedietismeasuredin________calories，whilethefoodissoldby________pound.【答案】①the；/②/；/③/④/⑤/；the1.(2022·江蘇卷)Shewasputunderhousearresttwoyearsagobutremainedapowerful________inlastyear'selection.A.symbolB.portraitC.identityD.statue2.(2022·浙江卷)Thepaperisduenextmonth,andIamworkingsevendays________week,oftenlonginto________night.A.a;theB.the;/C.a;aD./;the3.(2022·天津卷)Lifeislike________ocean;only________strong－willedcanreachtheothershore.A.an;theB.the;aC.the;/D./;a4.(2022·重慶卷)Ican'ttellyou________waytotheWilson'sbecausewedon'thave________Wilsonhereinthevillage.A.the;aB.a;/C.a;theD.the;/5.(2022·浙江卷)Wemostprefertosayyestothe________ofsomeoneweknowandlike.A.attemptsB.requestsC.doubtsD.promises6.(2021·江西卷)Animalsareobviously________lowerformoflifethan________man.A.a;/B.the;theC.a;theD./;/7.(2021·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷)Indiaattained________independencein1947，after________longstruggle.A./;aB.the;aC.an;/D.an;the8.(2021·江蘇卷)Withinspirationfromotherfoodcultures，Americanfoodculturecantakea________forthebetter.A.shareB.chanceC.turnD.lead9.(2022·浙江卷)Thedevelopmentofindustryhasbeen________gradualprocessthroughout________humanexistence，fromstonetoolstomoderntechnology.A./;theB.the;aC.a;/D.a;a10.(2022·重慶卷)Samhasbeenappointed________manageroftheengineeringdepartmenttotake________placeofGeorge.A./;/B.the;/C.the;theD./;the【答案】1.A2.A3.A4.A5.B6.A7.A8.C9.C10.D1.Iwastoldthat________10：15flightwouldtakeustoShanghaiintimetoreach________FudanUniversity.A.the；/B.the；aC.a；theD．/；the2.Oneof________outstandingqualitiesrequiredisself－discipline，________qualityIlack.A./；aB.the；/C.the；aD.an；the3.Givingupmyjobtogobacktofull－timeeducationwasabig________，butnowIknowitwasthebestdecisionIevermade.A.projectB.commitmentC.competitionD.ambition4.AngelaandAjaniwillpickupthemarriage________aftertheymetonlineseveraltimes，whichisnotsensible.A.acquisitionB.identificationC.certificateD.qualification5.Anyhelpfromyouwillbegreatlyappreciated.Pleasegivemeareplyatyourearliest________．A.interruptionB.instructionC.considerationD.convenience6.Jackhad________feelingofexcitementwhenhearinghisarticlehadbeenpublishedin________schoolmagazine.A.the；aB.a；theC./；theD.the；/7.TheDayoftheDead，anancientMexicanfestival，isnotasadday，but________timetocelebrate________cycleoflife.A.a；theB./；theC./；aD.the；a8.Lastmonth，thousandsofworkersinthatcitywenton________strike，demandinglowertaxesand________endtocuttingstaffmembers.A.a；theB.a；anC./；anD./；the9.Infaceof________failure，itisthemostimportanttokeepup________goodstateofmind.A.a；/B./；aC.the；/D./；the10.—Theweatherisn'tgoodenoughforanouting，isit?—No.Wecan'thave________atthistimeoftheyear.A.anicerdayB.aworsedayC.aworstdayD.sofineaday11.Itwason________Sundayin________Julyof2009thatthefamousscholarofChinesetraditionalculture，JiXianlin，passedaway.A./；/B./；theC.a；theD.a；a12.Modernsocietyisbuiltontheconceptthatallhumanbeingsarebornfreeandequalin________andrights.A.dignityB.qualityC.abilityD.identity13.Nowadaysseniorhighschoolstudentsareburdenedwithtoomany________，whichismakingthemlessandlessconfident.A.motivationsB.expectationsC.amusementsD.opportunities14.WhenCaptainCooklandedinNewZealandin1769，hetook________possessionofitin________nameoftheBritishCrown.A.the；theB.the；/C./；/D./；the15.I'm________ChineseandIdofeel________Chineselanguageis________mostbeautifulone.A./；the；aB.a；/；theC.a；the；/D.a；/；a16.Ashereached________frontdoor，Jacksaw________strangesight.A.the；/B.a；theC./；aD.the；a17.Expertsthinkthat________recentlydiscoveredpaintingmaybe________Picasso.A.the；/B.a；theC.a；theD.the；a18.—Hesaysthatmynewcarisa________ofmoney.—Don'tyouthinkthosewordsarejustsourgrapes?A.lackB.loadC.questionD.waste19.Carlisstudying________foodscienceatcollegeandhopestoopenup________mealprocessingfactoryofhisownoneday.A./;aB./;theC.the;aD.the;the20.Hewillcometounderstandyoureffortssoonerorlater.It'sjustamatterof________．A.luckB.valueC.timeD.fact21.In________faceofincreasingenergylimits,Chinaneeds________majorbreakthroughinminingandexploration.A.a;aB.the;aC./;theD./;/22.Itisthoughtthat________customofcolouringeggswasbroughttoEuropeduring________MiddleAges.A.the;theB.a;/C.a;theD.the;/23.WithChina'srisingeconomy,________carisb