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考點(diǎn)04名詞、數(shù)詞的基本用法名詞是指人、地點(diǎn)、事物、行為、品質(zhì)、抽象概念、感情等的名稱(chēng)的詞。名詞可分為專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩大類(lèi)。專(zhuān)有名詞表示具體的人、事物、地點(diǎn)或機(jī)構(gòu)的專(zhuān)有名稱(chēng)(如:Beijing,China,Jack)。普通名詞表示某類(lèi)人或某類(lèi)事物的名稱(chēng)。普通名詞又可分為個(gè)體名詞(表示單個(gè)的人或事物,如:astronaut,building等)、集體名詞(表示一群人或一些事物的總稱(chēng),如:family,group等)、物質(zhì)名詞(表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì),如:water,rice等)和抽象名詞(表示抽象概念的詞,如:health,education等)。一般地說(shuō),個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞是可數(shù)的,稱(chēng)為可數(shù)名詞,有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分;物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞是不可數(shù)的,稱(chēng)為不可數(shù)名詞,通常只有單數(shù),但在某些具體情況下也可以用復(fù)數(shù)。數(shù)詞是指表示數(shù)目多少或順序先后的詞。數(shù)詞用法相當(dāng)于名詞和形容詞,在句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等。考向一:名詞的基本用法一、名詞的概念表示人、事物、地方、現(xiàn)象或抽象概念等的名稱(chēng)的詞。二、名詞的分類(lèi)名詞類(lèi)別意義例詞專(zhuān)有名詞表示具體的人名、事物、國(guó)家、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)、團(tuán)體等的專(zhuān)有名稱(chēng)Jim,China,Qingdao,theUK,theGreatWall普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞表示單個(gè)人的人或事物girl,student,factory,desk,cat,country集合名詞表示一群人或一些事物的總稱(chēng)people,police,team,clothes,group,crew不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)water,ice,pork,cheese,cotton,broccoli抽象名詞表示抽象概念的詞fun,healthy,happiness,courage,love,care注:1.專(zhuān)有名詞是指人、地方、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等特有的名稱(chēng)。第一個(gè)字母必須大寫(xiě)。專(zhuān)有名詞前一般不加冠詞。2.有普通名詞構(gòu)成的專(zhuān)有名詞前要用定冠詞“the”,但它不大寫(xiě)。3.有些不可數(shù)名詞有時(shí)表示為具體的東西時(shí),則變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)名詞。room空間aroom一個(gè)房間三、名詞的數(shù)表示可以計(jì)算數(shù)目的人或物稱(chēng)為可數(shù)名詞。1、可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式:可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式要在名詞前加“a或an”;復(fù)數(shù)形式是在名詞后加“-s或-es”。名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種,規(guī)則變化及其讀音可依照下表:當(dāng)名詞為:詞尾變化讀音例詞一般情況加s在清輔音后讀/s/chips,jeeps,pats,clocks在濁輔音或元音后讀/z/boys,sharpeners,sofas,drawers以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的單詞加es/iz/watches,boxes,classes,brushes以字母o結(jié)尾的單詞加s或es/z/zoos,photos,bamboos,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞去y變i加es/z/dictionaries,strawberries,以f或fe結(jié)尾的單詞去f或fe變v加es/vz/leaves,wives,halves以th結(jié)尾的詞加s/ez/;/θz/mouths,paths;months,deaths【即學(xué)即練】.—________your________longorshort?—Ihaveshorthair.A.Is;hair B.Are;hairs C.Does;hair D.Do;hairs2.可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化①改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母eg.man--men,woman—women,tooth—teeth,foot—feet,goose—geese,mouse--mice②單復(fù)數(shù)同形eg.Chinese-Chinese,deer-deer,fish-fish,sheep-sheep,…③由man和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,每個(gè)名詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)eg.amandoctor—mendoctors,awomanteacher--womenteachers注意:有些名詞表示一種物體具有不可分割的相同的兩部分,在使用時(shí)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式eg.trousers,clothes,glasses,shorts,scissors,etc;有些名詞從形式上看是復(fù)數(shù),實(shí)際上是單數(shù)(其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)).eg.maths,phyiscs,politics,news【即學(xué)即練】—Mom,pleasegivemetwo________andthree________.Iwanttomakedinner.

—OK.Hereyouare.A.tomato;potato B.tomatoes;potatoesC.tomatos;potatos D.tomatoes;potatos3.不可數(shù)名詞:表示不能計(jì)算數(shù)目的人或物,稱(chēng)為不可數(shù)名詞。他們前面不能用a/an,沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞都屬于不可數(shù)名詞。不可數(shù)名詞一般只有單數(shù)形式,但有其特殊用法:同一個(gè)詞,變成復(fù)數(shù)形式,意義不同。eg.food食物foods各種食物,time時(shí)間times時(shí)代,green綠色greens青菜有些不可數(shù)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)代指具體的事物eg.hopehopes希望hardshiphardships艱苦物質(zhì)名詞在表示數(shù)量時(shí),常用某個(gè)量詞+of來(lái)表示eg.acupoftea,sevenpiecesofbread,severalbagsofrice,…【即學(xué)即練】Ifyouwanttohave________aboutit,pleasecallusat2311980.A.manyinformations B.piecesofinformations C.moreinformation三、名詞的所有格名詞的所有格是表示名詞之間的所有關(guān)系,有兩種表示形式,一種是在名詞后+’s;另一種是用of,表示“……的”。1.(1)一般詞的所有格,直接在詞尾+’s。eg.Mr.Mott’srobot,children’sclothes(2)以s結(jié)尾的名詞所有格只在詞尾+’eg.teachers’books(3)兩人共有的物體,則在第二個(gè)名詞后+’s;如果分別是兩人所有,則在每個(gè)名詞后面+’s。eg.LucyandLily’sroom.(指兩人共住一個(gè)房間)MrsGreen’sandMrsBrown’ssons.(指兩人各自的兒子)(4)表示某具體場(chǎng)所時(shí),所有格后面的名詞可省略eg.thedoctor’s(office)Mr.White’s2.(1)沒(méi)有生命的事物一般用of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所屬關(guān)系。eg.thewalloftheclassroom,apictureofthebedroom,(2)名詞的的定語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí),有生命的事物也可用of短語(yǔ)表示。eg.alongstoryofa50-year-oldman(3)雙重所有格eg.afriendofhis,thebignoseofTom’s(4)有些表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市等無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,也可以加’s來(lái)構(gòu)成所有格。eg.tenminutes’walk,today’snewspaper考向二:數(shù)詞的基本用法一、數(shù)詞的概念英語(yǔ)數(shù)詞表示數(shù)目或者順序,可分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞?;鶖?shù)詞表示數(shù)量,序數(shù)詞表示順序。二、基數(shù)詞1.1—12的基數(shù)詞是獨(dú)立的單詞,即:one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve。2.13—19的基數(shù)詞以-teen結(jié)尾。如:fourteen,seventeen等,但13,15,18較特殊,thirteen,fifteen,eighteen。3.20—90的整十位均以-ty結(jié)尾。如:sixty,ninety,但20,30,40,50,80較特殊,twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,eighty。4.十位數(shù)與個(gè)位數(shù)之間要加連字符號(hào)“-”,如:twenty-eight,ninety-six。5.百位和十位(若無(wú)十位則和個(gè)位)之間加and,如:onehundredandforty-eight,fourhundredandsix。6.hundred(百),thousand(千),million(百萬(wàn)),billion(十億)等前面即使有具體的數(shù)詞,也不能在它們的后面加s。如:sixhundred,eightmillion。7.1000以上的數(shù)字,從后往前數(shù)每三位加一個(gè)逗號(hào)“,”第一個(gè)逗號(hào)前為千(thousand),第二個(gè)逗號(hào)前為百萬(wàn)(million),第三個(gè)逗號(hào)前為billion(十億)。英語(yǔ)中無(wú)“萬(wàn)”這個(gè)詞,我們可以用“幾十個(gè)千(thousand)”表示幾萬(wàn),“幾百個(gè)千(thousand)”表示“幾十萬(wàn)”。2,510=twothousandfivehundredandten84,296=eight-fourthousandtwohundredandninety-six274,350=twohundredandseventy-fourthousandthreehundredandfifty【即學(xué)即練】一年有365天。Thereare________________________daysinayear.三、序數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞一般是以與之相應(yīng)的基數(shù)詞尾加-th構(gòu)成,例如fourth,tenth,但以下的這些基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞時(shí),有特別之處。1.onefirst,twosecond,threethird,fivefifth,niceninth,twelvetwelfth2.以ty結(jié)尾的單詞,要先變y為I,在加-eth.例如:thirtythirtieth,fiftyfiftieth3.以one,two,three等結(jié)尾的多位數(shù)詞,要將各位數(shù)變成序數(shù)詞。例如:twenty-onetwenty-first,onehundredandoneonehundredandfirst注意:序數(shù)詞前常用定冠詞,有時(shí)還可以用不定冠詞a/an則表示“又一”的意思。例如:Mr.Brownhasasecondcar.布朗先生另外還有一輛車(chē)。Hehastriedasecondtime.他又嘗試了一次?!炯磳W(xué)即練】Theyearhasfourseasons.Autumnis_________(thethird;third)seasoninayear.四、數(shù)詞的基本用法1.時(shí)刻的表示:小時(shí)、點(diǎn)鐘、分鐘、秒鐘要用基數(shù)詞。①“幾點(diǎn)鐘”用基數(shù)詞加o'clock。o'clock可省略。如:5點(diǎn)鐘—five(o'clock).②“幾點(diǎn)過(guò)幾分”,≤30分鐘”用介詞past。如:7:05—fivepastseven;7:15—fifteen(aquarter)pastseven;7:30—halfpastseven。③“差幾分幾點(diǎn)”用介詞“to”。如:7:40—twentytoeight;7:45—fifteen(aquartertoeight。④日常生活中的時(shí)間讀法常常簡(jiǎn)化,直接按基數(shù)詞的順序讀。如:7:05—sevenofive;7:15—sevenfifteen。2.年月日的表示:年份用基數(shù)詞,如:1999年—nineteenninety-nine;1900年—nineteenhundred;2000—twothousand;1905—nineteenofive;年用基數(shù)詞,日用序數(shù)詞。如:1998年6月8日寫(xiě)作:June8,1998;讀作:Junetheeighth,nineteenninety-eight或theeighthofJune,nineteenninety-eight。3.世紀(jì)、年代表示法:(在)90年代(in.thenineties(在)19世紀(jì)(in.thenineteenthcentury(在)18世紀(jì)30年代inthe1730s或1730’s4.編號(hào)的表示:LessonOne=thefirstlesson第一課;BusNo.3=theNo.3bus3路公共汽車(chē);表示住所時(shí)不用“No.”如:302房間Room302(讀作:roomthreeotwo);如果編號(hào)的數(shù)詞比較長(zhǎng),一般用基數(shù)詞。如:Page457第457頁(yè);電話(huà)號(hào)碼,用基數(shù)詞,3855633—threeeightfivefive(doublefive)sixthreethree(doublethree)。5.分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá):分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞,分子大于“1”,分母則加“s”。如:1/3onethird,2/3twothirds;另外:1/2a(one)half;1/4onefourth或a(one)quarter;3/4threefourths或threequarters。halfasecond;aquarterofasecond四分之一秒6.表示有小數(shù)的詞用基數(shù)詞。5.5fivepointfive12.135twelvepointonethreefive7.表示百分?jǐn)?shù)5℅:fivepercent(percent.0.8℅zeropointeightpercent(percent..8.表示有小數(shù)的詞用基數(shù)詞。5.5fivepointfive12.135twelvepointonethreefive9.其他用法:1)基數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞+形容詞構(gòu)成合成形容詞。如:一個(gè)五歲的男孩afive-year-oldboy;一座800米長(zhǎng)的橋an800-metre-longbridge;女子400米接力girls'400-metrerelayrace。2)具體數(shù)詞+metre(s)/kilometre(s)/kilo(s)long/high/tall/deep/away等。如:長(zhǎng)江長(zhǎng)6300公里。TheChangjiangRiveris6,300kilometreslong.3)表示"幾十歲"用序數(shù)詞,eg.在他三十幾歲時(shí)inhisthirties4)倍數(shù)的表達(dá):(一倍用once,兩倍用twice,兩倍以上用基數(shù)詞+times。如:5倍fivetimes.。HeisastallaboyasI.HeisaheadtallerthanI.HeistwoyearsolderthanIChinaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.Iamtwiceasoldasyou.(=Iamtwiceolderthanyou./Iamtwicetheageofyou..Mybooksaretwiceasmanyasyours.ChinaisfourtimeslargerthanEurope.(=ChinaisfourtimesthesizeofEurope..Ipaytwiceasmuchasitwasworth.Ipaytwiceasmuchforthehouse.【即學(xué)即練】Becauseofthespecialsituationthisyear,about________ofthestudentsinourschool________havingclassesontheInternetathome.A.twothirds;are B.twothird;is C.secondthirds;are D.twothirds;is1.(2021·上?!つM預(yù)測(cè))Stellaisgoingtomoveintoanewflatnextmonth,sosheplanstobuysome________.A.chair B.flower C.furniture D.picture2.(2021·上海上海·二模)Angela,afriendof________,willgobacktoherhometowntostudynextterm.A.I B.me C.my D.mine3.(2022·上海徐匯·二模)Wehaven’tgotmuch_________forourpicnic.Willyougoandgetsome?A.a(chǎn)pple B.tomato C.bread D.biscuit4.(2022·上?!ひ荒#㊣nherletter,AuntieSuetoldusmany_________abouthervisittoBritain.A.news B.stories C.information D.truth5.(2022·上海青浦·一模)Thefarmerraisedplentyof________onhisfarmtosellforfoodandmoney.A.sheep B.cow C.pig D.chicken6.(2020·上海靜安·二模)Villagersinthemountainareausedtoraisemany________onthefarmtomakealiving.A.bear B.horse C.chicken D.sheep7.(2022·上海奉賢·九年級(jí)期中)There’refive_______booksonmyshelf.A.hundreds B.hundredsof C.hundred D.hundredof8.(2022·上?!ひ荒#〤hinesepeoplehavebeenusingtheskillofprintingforovertwo________years.A.thousand B.thousands C.thousandof D.thousandsof9.(2021·上海黃浦·九年級(jí)期中)About________studentsinourschoolhavepassedtheP.E.test.A.threehundred B.hundredsof C.severalhundreds D.threehundredof10.(2020·上海青浦·二模)Aftertheearthquake,_________medicalworkersweresenttothedisasterarea.A.thousands B.thousand C.thousandsof D.thousandof11.(2022·上海·九年級(jí)單元測(cè)試)—Whatshouldwedonow,MrClark?—PleaseturntoPage________andlookatthe________picture.A.Twelfth;fifth B.Twelve;fifth C.Twelve;five D.Twelfth;five12.(2022·上海·九年級(jí)單元測(cè)試)—Wehavesixtystudentsinourclass.________ofthemareboys.Howmanygirlsarethere?—Forty.A.Onethird B.Twothirds C.Aquarter D.Ahalf13.(2022·上海·九年級(jí)單元測(cè)試)Isaw________motherstalkingunderthatbigtreeabouttenminutesago.A.LucyandLily B.Lucy’sandLily C.LucyandLily’s D.Lucy’sandLily’s14.(2021·上海長(zhǎng)寧·一模)Forthetimebeingwecancollectmuch________eitherfrombooksorontheInternet.A.idea B.method C.information D.suggestion15.(2021·上海徐匯·二模)Timandhisfriendsareplanningtovisitafriendof________inBeijingthissummer.A.they B.their C.themselves D.theirs16.(2021·上海松江·一模)Nowalargenumberofpeople________helpingclearthesnowinthestreet.A.is B.a(chǎn)re C.was D.were17.(2021·上海松江·九年級(jí)期中)Theygotmuchimportant______fortheirsurveyfromthosenewbooks.A.ideas B.photos C.information D.stories18.(2020·上海靜安·一模)Don’tbeafraidtoaskforsome________aboutorderingthemeal.A.suggestion B.method C.opinion D.a(chǎn)dvice19.(2020·上海寶山·一模)MarychattedwithafriendofonWeChatforalongtimelastnight.A.she B.her C.hers D.herself20.(2020·上海寶山·一模)Thepolicemangaveusmuchonhowtoprotectourselveswhenweareindanger.A.example B.tip C.note D.a(chǎn)dvice21.(2020·上海閔行·一模)Ithinkoneeffective______formetoimprovemymemoryistohaveenoughsleep.A.information B.a(chǎn)dvice C.method D.conclusion22.(2020·上海徐匯·九年級(jí)期末)Withgreateffortsandastrongwill,theteenagerhasmadealotof______.A.progress B.a(chǎn)chievement C.complaint D.friend23.(2020·上海虹口·一模)Thepoliceareworriedabouttheoftheboywhohasbeenmissingfor3days.A.save B.safe C.safely D.safety24.(2022·上海·九年級(jí)期中)Thenumberofthecarsinourneighbourhood________abouteight________.A.is;hundred B.a(chǎn)re;hundred C.is;hundreds D.a(chǎn)re;hundreds25.(2022·上海徐匯·二模)Thetopic“FoodSafety”receives________Internethits(點(diǎn)擊)fromcustomerseveryday.A.thousands B.thousand C.thousandof D.thousandsof26.(2022·上?!つM預(yù)測(cè))—Dad,Couldyoutellme________?—Well,it’slargeandfullofwater.Itcoversabout________oftheearth.A.howtheseais;onethird B.whattheseaislike;threequartersC.how’sthesea;three-fourth D.whattheseaislike;threequarter27.(2022·上海·模擬預(yù)測(cè))Thechildrenwillhavetowait________threeweeksfortheresultofthecompetition.A.other B.theother C.others D.a(chǎn)nother28.(2022·上海·模擬預(yù)測(cè))IttooktheancientChinesepeopleseveral________yearstofinishbuildingtheGreatWall.A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundredsof D.threehundred29.(2022·上海靜安·一模)MyneighbourGrannyWanghadalovelygranddaughterinher________.A.fifty B.fifties C.fiftieth D.fiftieths30.(2021·上海浦東新·九年級(jí)期中)________

graduateswillattendthe100thanniversarycelebrationoftheuniversitynextmonth.A.Hundred B.Hundreds C.Hundredof D.Hundredsof31.(2021·上?!つM預(yù)測(cè))Ittookme________todomyhomeworkyesterday.A.a(chǎn)nhourandhalf B.oneandhalfhoursC.oneandahalfhour D.oneandahalfhours32.(2021·上?!つM預(yù)測(cè))Itissaidthattherearemorethan________languagesspokeninNigeria.A.twohundreds B.twohundredsof C.twohundred D.twohundredof33.(2021·上?!つM預(yù)測(cè))_______peoplehadtostayatXi'anRailwayStationbecauseoftheheavysnowtwomonthsago.A.Thousand B.Thousands C.Thousandof D.Thousandsof34.(2020·上海市民辦新復(fù)興初級(jí)中學(xué)九年級(jí)期中)MrLi________hisstudentstowrite________2articlesbeforethemonthlytest.A.made,theother B.required,other C.made,another D.required,another35.(2020·上海虹口·二模)GrandpareceivedamobilephonefromAuntieLiuonhis________birthday.A.sixty B.sixtieth C.sixties D.sixtieths36.(2020·上海靜安·九年級(jí)期末)OnlinelectureslikeChinesepaperartsattract______peoplefromabroadeveryday.A.million B.millions C.millionof D.millionsof37.(2020·上海楊浦·一模)Thefirstcomputersthe1940swerebiggerthancars.A.in B.on C.a(chǎn)t D.since38.(2020·上海寶山·一模)Look,thebuildingoverthereisthelandmarkofourcity.Itishigh.A.fifty-fivemetre B.fifty-fivemetres C.fifty-five-metre D.fiftyfivemetres39.(2020·上海·九年級(jí)期中)In2010,__________peoplefromallovertheworldcametoShanghaitoseetheWorldExpo.A.tenmillionof B.tenmillions C.millionof D.millionsof40.(2020·上海市莘光學(xué)校九年級(jí)期中)About________theclientsareoldpeople.A.hundredsof B.twohundredof C.twohundred D.twohundreds41.(2022·上海·九年級(jí)單元測(cè)試)It’sreportedthat________birdsflytoHanfengLakeinspringeveryyear.A.million B.millionsC.millionsof D.millionof42.(2022·上海·九年級(jí)單元測(cè)試)A________playernamedLiJianroufromChinawonChina’sfirstgoldmedalin2014WinterOlympics.A.27-years-old B.27-year-oldC.27yearold D.27yearsold43.(2022·上海·九年級(jí)單元測(cè)試)Kunminghasgrownabout________biggerthanitwas100yearsago.A.five

time B.five

times C.fifth

time D.fifth

times44.(2022·上?!ぞ拍昙?jí)單元測(cè)試)Tony’smomlooksyoungandbeautiful.It’shardtoimaginesheisalreadyinher________A.fifties B.fifty C.fiftieths D.fiftieth45.(2022·上?!ぞ拍昙?jí)單元測(cè)試)Bothredandblackrepresent________.ButIprefertowearredwhenIfeeltired.A.peace B.peaceful C.power D.powerful46.(2022·上?!ぞ拍昙?jí)期末)Thehospitalis_________fromhere.A.fortyminutes’swalk B.fortyminute’swalk C.fortyminuteswalk D.fortyminutes’walk47.(2022·上?!ぞ拍昙?jí)單元測(cè)試)—ThelandingofChina’srover(登陸車(chē))ZhurongonMarsisalandmarkofChina’sspaceindustry.—Yes.________greatprogressChinahasmadeinitsspaceexploration.A.What B.Whata C.How D.Howa48.(2022·上海·九年級(jí)單元測(cè)試)—Mum,I’mhungry.MayIhavesome________?—Ofcourse.Butdon’teattoomuch.A.bread B.noodle C.a(chǎn)pple D.tea49.(2022·上?!ぞ拍昙?jí)單元測(cè)試)Mr.Wanggavemeseveraluseful________onhowtolearnbetter.A.a(chǎn)dvise B.a(chǎn)dvices C.suggest D.suggestions50.(2022·上?!ぞ拍昙?jí)單元測(cè)試)Thelady________redis________mother.A.with;LilyandLucy’s B.on;Lily’sandLucy’sC.in;LilyandLucy’s D.in;Lily’sandLucy’s51.(2022·上?!ぞ拍昙?jí)單元測(cè)試)TheopeningoftheBeijing2022WinterOlympicwasagreat________andBingDwenDwenattractedallofus________.A.succeed;success B.success;successfully C.succeed;successfully D.successful;success52.(2022·上?!ぞ拍昙?jí)單元測(cè)試)—MissYang,doyouthinkIcanrealizemydream?—Sure.You’llalwayshavethe________tobesuccessfulifyoukeepworkingonit.A.chance B.result C.need D.a(chǎn)ction53.(2022·上?!つM預(yù)測(cè))Thegovernmenthasmadesome_________inenvironmentprotection.A.mistake B.decision C.change D.progress54.(2021·上海市民辦新復(fù)興初級(jí)中學(xué)九年級(jí)期中)Itissaidthatradio,televisionandpressare_______ofconveying(傳送)information.A.themostthreecommonways B.themostcommonthreewaysC.thethreemostcommonways D.threethemostcommonways55.(2020·上海松江·二模)Theoldladysavedmany________fromdyingofhungerinthe1950s.A.monkey B.elephant C.children D.butterfly56.(2020·上海靜安·二模)Kateplanstoworkforthecommunitywithsomeclassmatesof________thissummer.A.she B.her C.herself D.hers57.(2022·上?!つM預(yù)測(cè))Nowadays,________peoplelikeHUAWEIphonesbetter,andabout________ofthemareadults.A.a(chǎn)numberof;fourfifths B.a(chǎn)numberof;fourfifthC.thenumberof;fourfifth D.thenumberof;fourfifths58.(2022·上?!ぞ拍昙?jí)單元測(cè)試)Itisreportedthat________ofthedoctorssenttoWuhan________post-90s.Theymadetheirowneffortstowinthevirusbattle.A.twofifth;is B.twofifth;are C.twofifths;are D.twofifths;is59.(2022·上?!ぞ拍昙?jí)單元測(cè)試)About________fansarewaitinghere.Theywanttoseethegreatsinger.A.twothousandof B.a(chǎn)fewthousand C.severalthousands D.twothousands60.(2022·上海·九年級(jí)期中)Wefollow________thatcarhasleftinthegrass.A.mark B.marking C.themarks D.tomark考點(diǎn)04名詞、數(shù)詞的基本用法名詞是指人、地點(diǎn)、事物、行為、品質(zhì)、抽象概念、感情等的名稱(chēng)的詞。名詞可分為專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩大類(lèi)。專(zhuān)有名詞表示具體的人、事物、地點(diǎn)或機(jī)構(gòu)的專(zhuān)有名稱(chēng)(如:Beijing,China,Jack)。普通名詞表示某類(lèi)人或某類(lèi)事物的名稱(chēng)。普通名詞又可分為個(gè)體名詞(表示單個(gè)的人或事物,如:astronaut,building等)、集體名詞(表示一群人或一些事物的總稱(chēng),如:family,group等)、物質(zhì)名詞(表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì),如:water,rice等)和抽象名詞(表示抽象概念的詞,如:health,education等)。一般地說(shuō),個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞是可數(shù)的,稱(chēng)為可數(shù)名詞,有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分;物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞是不可數(shù)的,稱(chēng)為不可數(shù)名詞,通常只有單數(shù),但在某些具體情況下也可以用復(fù)數(shù)。數(shù)詞是指表示數(shù)目多少或順序先后的詞。數(shù)詞用法相當(dāng)于名詞和形容詞,在句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等??枷蛞唬好~的基本用法一、名詞的概念表示人、事物、地方、現(xiàn)象或抽象概念等的名稱(chēng)的詞。二、名詞的分類(lèi)名詞類(lèi)別意義例詞專(zhuān)有名詞表示具體的人名、事物、國(guó)家、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)、團(tuán)體等的專(zhuān)有名稱(chēng)Jim,China,Qingdao,theUK,theGreatWall普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞表示單個(gè)人的人或事物girl,student,factory,desk,cat,country集合名詞表示一群人或一些事物的總稱(chēng)people,police,team,clothes,group,crew不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)water,ice,pork,cheese,cotton,broccoli抽象名詞表示抽象概念的詞fun,healthy,happiness,courage,love,care注:1.專(zhuān)有名詞是指人、地方、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等特有的名稱(chēng)。第一個(gè)字母必須大寫(xiě)。專(zhuān)有名詞前一般不加冠詞。2.有普通名詞構(gòu)成的專(zhuān)有名詞前要用定冠詞“the”,但它不大寫(xiě)。3.有些不可數(shù)名詞有時(shí)表示為具體的東西時(shí),則變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)名詞。room空間aroom一個(gè)房間三、名詞的數(shù)表示可以計(jì)算數(shù)目的人或物稱(chēng)為可數(shù)名詞。1、可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式:可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式要在名詞前加“a或an”;復(fù)數(shù)形式是在名詞后加“-s或-es”。名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種,規(guī)則變化及其讀音可依照下表:當(dāng)名詞為:詞尾變化讀音例詞一般情況加s在清輔音后讀/s/chips,jeeps,pats,clocks在濁輔音或元音后讀/z/boys,sharpeners,sofas,drawers以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的單詞加es/iz/watches,boxes,classes,brushes以字母o結(jié)尾的單詞加s或es/z/zoos,photos,bamboos,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞去y變i加es/z/dictionaries,strawberries,以f或fe結(jié)尾的單詞去f或fe變v加es/vz/leaves,wives,halves以th結(jié)尾的詞加s/ez/;/θz/mouths,paths;months,deaths【即學(xué)即練】.—________your________longorshort?—Ihaveshorthair.A.Is;hair B.Are;hairs C.Does;hair D.Do;hairs【答案】A【詳解】句意:——你的頭發(fā)是長(zhǎng)還是短?——我留有短發(fā)??疾閎e動(dòng)詞和不可數(shù)名詞。由“Ihaveshorthair.”可知原題干詢(xún)問(wèn)的是“hair”,此處“hair”指頭發(fā)的總稱(chēng),是不可數(shù)名詞,所以hairs不正確,排除B和D;又因原句未使用實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,則C選項(xiàng)使用助動(dòng)詞does不符,排除C;A選項(xiàng)中is與形容詞long和short搭配形成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。故選A。2.可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化①改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母eg.man--men,woman—women,tooth—teeth,foot—feet,goose—geese,mouse--mice②單復(fù)數(shù)同形eg.Chinese-Chinese,deer-deer,fish-fish,sheep-sheep,…③由man和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,每個(gè)名詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)eg.amandoctor—mendoctors,awomanteacher--womenteachers注意:有些名詞表示一種物體具有不可分割的相同的兩部分,在使用時(shí)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式eg.trousers,clothes,glasses,shorts,scissors,etc;有些名詞從形式上看是復(fù)數(shù),實(shí)際上是單數(shù)(其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)).eg.maths,phyiscs,politics,news【即學(xué)即練】—Mom,pleasegivemetwo________andthree________.Iwanttomakedinner.

—OK.Hereyouare.A.tomato;potato B.tomatoes;potatoesC.tomatos;potatos D.tomatoes;potatos【答案】B【詳解】句意:——媽媽?zhuān)?qǐng)給我兩個(gè)西紅柿和三個(gè)土豆。我想做晚飯?!玫?。給你??疾槊~復(fù)數(shù)。tomato西紅柿,可數(shù)名詞;potato土豆,可數(shù)名詞。第一空被基數(shù)詞two修飾,應(yīng)用其復(fù)數(shù)形式tomatoes,第二空被three修飾,應(yīng)用其復(fù)數(shù)形式potatoes。故選B。3.不可數(shù)名詞:表示不能計(jì)算數(shù)目的人或物,稱(chēng)為不可數(shù)名詞。他們前面不能用a/an,沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞都屬于不可數(shù)名詞。不可數(shù)名詞一般只有單數(shù)形式,但有其特殊用法:同一個(gè)詞,變成復(fù)數(shù)形式,意義不同。eg.food食物foods各種食物,time時(shí)間times時(shí)代,green綠色greens青菜有些不可數(shù)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)代指具體的事物eg.hopehopes希望hardshiphardships艱苦物質(zhì)名詞在表示數(shù)量時(shí),常用某個(gè)量詞+of來(lái)表示eg.acupoftea,sevenpiecesofbread,severalbagsofrice,…【即學(xué)即練】Ifyouwanttohave________aboutit,pleasecallusat2311980.A.manyinformations B.piecesofinformations C.moreinformation【答案】C【詳解】句意:如果您想了解更多信息,請(qǐng)致電2311980??疾槊~的數(shù)。information“信息”,是不可數(shù)名詞,不能加s,排除AB,故選C。三、名詞的所有格名詞的所有格是表示名詞之間的所有關(guān)系,有兩種表示形式,一種是在名詞后+’s;另一種是用of,表示“……的”。1.(1)一般詞的所有格,直接在詞尾+’s。eg.Mr.Mott’srobot,children’sclothes(2)以s結(jié)尾的名詞所有格只在詞尾+’eg.teachers’books(3)兩人共有的物體,則在第二個(gè)名詞后+’s;如果分別是兩人所有,則在每個(gè)名詞后面+’s。eg.LucyandLily’sroom.(指兩人共住一個(gè)房間)MrsGreen’sandMrsBrown’ssons.(指兩人各自的兒子)(4)表示某具體場(chǎng)所時(shí),所有格后面的名詞可省略eg.thedoctor’s(office)Mr.White’s2.(1)沒(méi)有生命的事物一般用of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所屬關(guān)系。eg.thewalloftheclassroom,apictureofthebedroom,(2)名詞的的定語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí),有生命的事物也可用of短語(yǔ)表示。eg.alongstoryofa50-year-oldman(3)雙重所有格eg.afriendofhis,thebignoseofTom’s(4)有些表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市等無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,也可以加’s來(lái)構(gòu)成所有格。eg.tenminutes’walk,today’snewspaper考向二:數(shù)詞的基本用法一、數(shù)詞的概念英語(yǔ)數(shù)詞表示數(shù)目或者順序,可分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞?;鶖?shù)詞表示數(shù)量,序數(shù)詞表示順序。二、基數(shù)詞1.1—12的基數(shù)詞是獨(dú)立的單詞,即:one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve。2.13—19的基數(shù)詞以-teen結(jié)尾。如:fourteen,seventeen等,但13,15,18較特殊,thirteen,fifteen,eighteen。3.20—90的整十位均以-ty結(jié)尾。如:sixty,ninety,但20,30,40,50,80較特殊,twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,eighty。4.十位數(shù)與個(gè)位數(shù)之間要加連字符號(hào)“-”,如:twenty-eight,ninety-six。5.百位和十位(若無(wú)十位則和個(gè)位)之間加and,如:onehundredandforty-eight,fourhundredandsix。6.hundred(百),thousand(千),million(百萬(wàn)),billion(十億)等前面即使有具體的數(shù)詞,也不能在它們的后面加s。如:sixhundred,eightmillion。7.1000以上的數(shù)字,從后往前數(shù)每三位加一個(gè)逗號(hào)“,”第一個(gè)逗號(hào)前為千(thousand),第二個(gè)逗號(hào)前為百萬(wàn)(million),第三個(gè)逗號(hào)前為billion(十億)。英語(yǔ)中無(wú)“萬(wàn)”這個(gè)詞,我們可以用“幾十個(gè)千(thousand)”表示幾萬(wàn),“幾百個(gè)千(thousand)”表示“幾十萬(wàn)”。2,510=twothousandfivehundredandten84,296=eight-fourthousandtwohundredandninety-six274,350=twohundredandseventy-fourthousandthreehundredandfifty【即學(xué)即練】一年有365天。Thereare________________________daysinayear.【答案】threehundredandsixty-five【詳解】根據(jù)中英文對(duì)比分析可知,此處缺失內(nèi)容為“365”,其英文為threehundredandsixty-five。故填threehundredandsixty-five。三、序數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞一般是以與之相應(yīng)的基數(shù)詞尾加-th構(gòu)成,例如fourth,tenth,但以下的這些基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞時(shí),有特別之處。1.onefirst,twosecond,threethird,fivefifth,niceninth,twelvetwelfth2.以ty結(jié)尾的單詞,要先變y為I,在加-eth.例如:thirtythirtieth,fiftyfiftieth3.以one,two,three等結(jié)尾的多位數(shù)詞,要將各位數(shù)變成序數(shù)詞。例如:twenty-onetwenty-first,onehundredandoneonehundredandfirst注意:序數(shù)詞前常用定冠詞,有時(shí)還可以用不定冠詞a/an則表示“又一”的意思。例如:Mr.Brownhasasecondcar.布朗先生另外還有一輛車(chē)。Hehastriedasecondtime.他又嘗試了一次?!炯磳W(xué)即練】Theyearhasfourseasons.Autumnis_________(thethird;third)seasoninayear.【答案】thethird【詳解】句意:一年有四季。秋季是一天中的第三個(gè)季節(jié)。序數(shù)詞前往往要加定冠詞the,所以應(yīng)用thethird。故填thethird。四、數(shù)詞的基本用法1.時(shí)刻的表示:小時(shí)、點(diǎn)鐘、分鐘、秒鐘要用基數(shù)詞。①“幾點(diǎn)鐘”用基數(shù)詞加o'clock。o'clock可省略。如:5點(diǎn)鐘—five(o'clock).②“幾點(diǎn)過(guò)幾分”,≤30分鐘”用介詞past。如:7:05—fivepastseven;7:15—fifteen(aquarter)pastseven;7:30—halfpastseven。③“差幾分幾點(diǎn)”用介詞“to”。如:7:40—twentytoeight;7:45—fifteen(aquartertoeight。④日常生活中的時(shí)間讀法常常簡(jiǎn)化,直接按基數(shù)詞的順序讀。如:7:05—sevenofive;7:15—sevenfifteen。2.年月日的表示:年份用基數(shù)詞,如:1999年—nineteenninety-nine;1900年—nineteenhundred;2000—twothousand;1905—nineteenofive;年用基數(shù)詞,日用序數(shù)詞。如:1998年6月8日寫(xiě)作:June8,1998;讀作:Junetheeighth,nineteenninety-eight或theeighthofJune,nineteenninety-eight。3.世紀(jì)、年代表示法:(在)90年代(in.thenineties(在)19世紀(jì)(in.thenineteenthcentury(在)18世紀(jì)30年代inthe1730s或1730’s4.編號(hào)的表示:LessonOne=thefirstlesson第一課;BusNo.3=theNo.3bus3路公共汽車(chē);表示住所時(shí)不用“No.”如:302房間Room302(讀作:roomthreeotwo);如果編號(hào)的數(shù)詞比較長(zhǎng),一般用基數(shù)詞。如:Page457第457頁(yè);電話(huà)號(hào)碼,用基數(shù)詞,3855633—threeeightfivefive(doublefive)sixthreethree(doublethree)。5.分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá):分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞,分子大于“1”,分母則加“s”。如:1/3onethird,2/3twothirds;另外:1/2a(one)half;1/4onefourth或a(one)quarter;3/4threefourths或threequarters。halfasecond;aquarterofasecond四分之一秒6.表示有小數(shù)的詞用基數(shù)詞。5.5fivepointfive12.135twelvepointonethreefive7.表示百分?jǐn)?shù)5℅:fivepercent(percent.0.8℅zeropointeightpercent(percent..8.表示有小數(shù)的詞用基數(shù)詞。5.5fivepointfive12.135twelvepointonethreefive9.其他用法:1)基數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞+形容詞構(gòu)成合成形容詞。如:一個(gè)五歲的男孩afive-year-oldboy;一座800米長(zhǎng)的橋an800-metre-longbridge;女子400米接力girls'400-metrerelayrace。2)具體數(shù)詞+metre(s)/kilometre(s)/kilo(s)long/high/tall/deep/away等。如:長(zhǎng)江長(zhǎng)6300公里。TheChangjiangRiveris6,300kilometreslong.3)表示"幾十歲"用序數(shù)詞,eg.在他三十幾歲時(shí)inhisthirties4)倍數(shù)的表達(dá):(一倍用once,兩倍用twice,兩倍以上用基數(shù)詞+times。如:5倍fivetimes.。HeisastallaboyasI.HeisaheadtallerthanI.HeistwoyearsolderthanIChinaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.Iamtwiceasoldasyou.(=Iamtwiceolderthanyou./Iamtwicetheageofyou..Mybooksaretwiceasmanyasyours.ChinaisfourtimeslargerthanEurope.(=ChinaisfourtimesthesizeofEurope..Ipaytwiceasmuchasitwasworth.Ipaytwiceasmuchforthehouse.【即學(xué)即練】Becauseofthespecialsituationthisyear,about________ofthestudentsinourschool________havingclassesontheInternetathome.A.twothirds;are B.twothird;is C.secondthirds;are D.twothirds;is【答案】A【詳解】句意:因?yàn)榻衲甑奶厥馇闆r,我們學(xué)校大約三分之二的學(xué)生在家上網(wǎng)課??疾榉?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)以及主謂一致。分?jǐn)?shù)是由基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞一起來(lái)表示的?;鶖?shù)詞作分子,序數(shù)詞作分母,除了分子是“1”以外,其他情況下序數(shù)詞都要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。此處表示“三分之二”,分子用基數(shù)詞two,分母用thirds。“分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常與of后的名詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。of后thestudents是可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式are。故選A。1.(2021·上海·模擬預(yù)測(cè))Stellaisgoingtomoveintoanewflatnextmonth,sosheplanstobuysome________.A.chair B.flower C.furniture D.picture2.(2021·上海上?!ざ#〢ngela,afriendof________,willgobacktoherhometowntostudynextterm.A.I B.me C.my D.mine3.(2022·上海徐匯·二模)Wehaven’tgotmuch_________forourpicnic.Willyougoandgetsome?A.a(chǎn)pple B.tomato C.bread D.biscuit4.(2022·上?!ひ荒#㊣nherletter,AuntieSuetoldusmany_________abouthervisittoBritain.A.news B.stories C.information D.truth5.(2022·上海青浦·一模)Thefarmerraisedplentyof________onhisfarmtosellforfoodandmoney.A.sheep B.cow C.pig D.chicken6.(2020·上海靜安·二模)Villagersinthemountainareausedtoraisemany________onthefarmtomakealiving.A.bear B.horse C.chicken D.sheep7.(2022·上海奉賢·九年級(jí)期中)There’refive_______booksonmyshelf.A.hundreds B.hundredsof C.hundred D.hundredof8.(2022·上?!ひ荒#〤hinesepeoplehavebeenusingtheskillofprintingforovertwo________years.A.thousand B.thousands C.thousandof D.thousandsof9.(2021·上海黃浦·九年級(jí)期中)About________studentsinourschoolhavepassedtheP.E.test.A.threehundred B.hundredsof C.severalhundreds D.threehundredof10.(2020·上海青浦·二模)Aftertheearthquake,_________medicalworkersweresenttothedisasterarea.A.thousands B.thousand C.thousandsof D.thousandof11.(2022·上海·九年級(jí)單元測(cè)試)—Whatshouldwedonow,MrClark?—PleaseturntoPage________andlookatthe________picture.A.Twelfth;fifth B.Twelve;fifth C.Twelve;five D.Twelfth;five12.(2022·上海·九年級(jí)單元測(cè)試)—Wehavesixtystudentsinourclass.________ofthemareboys.Howmanygirlsarethere?—Forty.A.Onethird B.Twothirds C.Aquarter D.Ahalf13.(2022·上海·九年級(jí)單元測(cè)試)Isaw________motherstalkingunderthatbigtreeabouttenminutesago.A.LucyandLily B.Lucy’sandLily C.LucyandLily’s D.Lucy’sandLily’s14.(2021·上海長(zhǎng)寧·一模)Forthetimebeingwecancollectmuch________eitherfrombooksorontheInternet.A.idea B.method C.information D.suggestion15.(2021·上海徐匯·二模)Timandhisfriendsareplanningtovisitafriendof________inBeijingthissummer.A.they B.their C.themselves D.theirs16.(2021·上海松江·一模)Nowalargenumberofpeople________helpingclearthesnowinthestreet.A.is B.a(chǎn)re C.was D.were17.(2021·上海松江·九年級(jí)期中)Theygotmuchimportant______fortheirsurveyfromthosenewbooks.A.ideas B.photos C.information D.stories18.(2020·上海靜安·一模)Don’tbeafraidtoaskforsome________aboutorderingthemeal.A.suggestion B.method C.opinion D.a(chǎn)dvice19.(2020·上海寶山·一模)MarychattedwithafriendofonWeChatforalongtimelastnight.A.she B.her C.hers D.herself20.(2020·上海寶山·一模)Thepolicemangaveusmuchonhowtoprotectourselveswhenweareindanger.A.example B.tip C.note D.a(chǎn)dvice21.(2020·上海閔行·一模)Ithinkoneeffective______formetoimprovemymemoryistohaveenoughsleep.A.information B.a(chǎn)dvice C.method D.co

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