2025年度歐洲電力評(píng)論 European Electricity Review 2025

EMB蘭REuropeanElectricityReview2025TheEU’selectricitytransitioncontinuedatpacein2024,assolarovertookcoalforthefirsttimeandgasdeclinedforthefifthyearinarow.23January2025DrChrisRossloweDrBeatricePetrovichAboutTheEuropeanElectricityReviewanalysesfull-yearelectricitygenerationanddemanddatafor2024inallEU-27countriestounderstandtheregion’sprogressintransitioningfromfossilfuelstocleanelectricity.ItistheninthannualreportontheEUpowersectorpublishedbyEmber(previouslyasSandbag).Ourdataisfreeandeasilydownloadable,andisavailableatannualandmonthlygranularity.Wehopeothersalsofindthedatausefulfortheirownanalysis.HighlightsShareofsolarinEUelectricityin2024,higherthancoal.EUfossilgaspowerfellforthefifthyearrunning.Avoidedfossilfuelimportcostsduetonewwindandsolarsince2019.EMB三R2ContentsExecutivesummary4Introduction8Chapter1:2024ataglance10Solarreachesrecordhighswhilenuclearandhydrobounceback10FossilpowerfallstoahistoriclowacrosstheEU12Chapter2:Fiveyearsofprogress15Windandsolardisplacedcoalandgas16GreenDealcuttheEU’sfossilimportbill17Coalnearingtheend18Fiveyearsofdeclininggaspower19Chapter3:Solar'smeteoricgrowthcontinues22Anotherrecordyearforsolar22Cleanflexibilitywillsustainsolargrowthandbringbenefits26Chapter4:Windsectorchallengesareblowingover29Windremainscostcompetitive,despiteinflationarypressures31Policyobstaclesstillexistbutchangesarehavinganimpact32Furtherpolicyeffortneeded35Policyrecommendations37Supportingmaterials39Acknowledgements47EMB三R3ExecutivesummaryProgressintheEU’selectricitytransitionbuildsconfidenceto2030ThetransitionoftheEUelectricitysectormaintainedmomentumin2024,despitechallengingpoliticalandeconomicconditions.Solarpowergrewstronglyandovertookcoalpowerforthefirsttime.Anotheryearofcoalandgasdecline–thefifthyearinarowforgas–cutEUpowersectoremissionstobelowhalftheir2007peakandfurtherreducedrelianceonimportedfossilfuels.SignificantprogresshasbeenmadeoverthelastEUpoliticalcycle,butdeliveryneedstobeaccelerated.TheEuropeanGreenDealhasdeliveredadeepandrapidtransformationoftheEUpowersector.Drivenbyexpandingwindandsolarpower,renewableshaverisenfromashareof34%in2019to47%in2024,asthefossilsharedeclinedfrom39%toahistoriclowof29%.SolarremainedtheEU’sfastestgrowingpowersourcein2024,risingabovecoalforthefirsttime.WindpowerremainedtheEU’ssecondlargestpowersource,abovegasandbelownuclear.Thesignificantprogresshasbroughtbenefitsbeyondreducingemissions.StructuralgrowthinwindandsolarpowerhasreducedtheEU’sfossilimportbillandthebloc’svulnerabilitytoimportedgas.Whiletheprogressmadeinthefirsthalfofthisdecadeisimpressive,anaccelerationisneededbetweennowand2030.4Keytakeaways01SolarovertakescoalSolarwasthefastestgrowingEUpowersourcein2024;capacityadditionshitarecordhighandgenerationwas22%higherthanin2023.Solar(11%,304TWh)overtookcoal(10%,269TWh)forthefirsttimein2024,meaningcoalhasfallenfrombeingthethirdlargestEUpowersourcein2019tothesixthlargestin2024.Thistrendiswidespread;solarisgrowingineveryEUcountry,whilecoalisbecomingincreasinglymarginal.MorethanhalfofEUcountrieseitherhavenocoalpowerorasharebelow5%intheirpowermix.Acceleratedcleanflexibilityandsmartelectrificationareneededtosustainsolargrowth.0203GasdeclinedfiveyearsinarowGaspowergenerationdeclinedforthefifthyearinarow-despiteasmallreboundinelectricitydemand.Combinedwithanothercoaldecline,thiscuttotalpowersectoremissionsin2024tobelowhalfoftheir2007peak.ThissustaineddeclinehasplayedakeyroleinreducingtotalEUgasconsumptionby20%inthepastfiveyears:aboutathirdofthisdeclineoccurredinthepowersector.Withoutwindandsolaraddedin2024,EUgasconsumptionforpowerwouldhavebeen11%higher.Windandsolaravoided€59billioninfossilfuelimportssincestartofGreenDealInfiveyearsoftheEuropeanGreenDeal,asurgeinwindandsolargenerationisthemainreasonfordecliningfossilgeneration.Withoutwindandsolarcapacityaddedsince2019,theEUwouldhaveimported92billioncubicmetresmoreoffossilgasand55milliontonnesmoreofhardcoal,costing€59billion.Tomaximisefuturebenefits,MemberStatesmustcontinuetoimplementreformstoacceleratewindpowerdeployment,asdeliverycurrentlyrisksfallingshortdespitecostcompetitiveness.5TheamountofprogressmadeinfiveyearsoftheEuropeanGreenDealshouldinspireconfidenceinwhatcanbeachievedby2030.Afasterrolloutofcleanflexibility,gridinfrastructureandelectrificationwillbekeytosustainingcleanpowergrowth.SolarcontinuestobethefastestgrowingEUpowersource,butmorestorageanddemandflexibilityisneededtosustaingrowthandforconsumerstoreapthefullbenefitsofabundantsolar.Afterachallengingfewyearsforthewindpowersector,additionsaresettogrow,butnotbyenoughtohitEUtargets.Closingthisgapwillrequirecontinuedpolicyimplementationandpoliticalsupport,suchthattherateofadditionsbetweennowand2030ismorethandoublethatofrecentyears.TheEUhasmuchtogainfromacceleratingitselectricitytransition:acleanelectrifiedfuture,poweredbywindandsolar,willenhanceenergysecurityandbringdownenergycostsforallconsumers.6“FossilfuelsarelosingtheirgriponEUenergy.AtthestartoftheEuropeanGreenDealin2019,fewthoughttheEU’senergytransitioncouldbewhereitistoday;windandsolararepushingcoaltothemarginsandforcinggasintostructuraldecline.WhiletheEU'selectricitytransitionhasmovedfasterthananyoneexpectedinthelastfiveyears,furtherprogresscannotbetakenforgranted.Deliveryneedstobeacceleratedparticularlyinthewindsector,whichhasfaceduniquechallengesandawideningdeliverygap.However,theachievementsofthepastfiveyearsshouldinstilconfidencethat,withcontinueddriveandcommitment,challengescanbeovercomeandamoresecureenergyfuturebeachieved.”DrChrisRossloweSeniorEnergyAnalyst,Ember"TheEUisstridingclosertowardsacleanenergyfuturepoweredby homegrownwindandsolar.Thisnewenergysystemwillreducethebloc’s vulnerabilitytofossilpriceshocks,tackletheclimatecrisisanddeliveraffordableenergyforitshouseholdsandcompanies.Timelypolicyactionthatsustainswindandsolargrowth,acceleratesthedeploymentofcleanflexibility andpromoteselectrification,willhelptosecurethefutureofEUcompetitiveness."DrBeatricePetrovichSeniorEnergyAnalyst,Ember7momentumsustaineddespiteeconomicheadwindsandpoliticalmomentumsustaineddespiteeconomicheadwindsandpoliticalIntroductionContinuingtransitiontocleanpoweriskeytocompetitivenessTheEUpowersectortransitionmadecrucialprogressin2024,withupheavals.ThenewEUpoliticalleadershiphasbeenclearthatthefutureofEuropeancompetitivenessisthroughreducedfossilfueldependency.ThetransformationoftheEuropeanpowersectorfacedmanypotentialstumblingblocksin2024.Inflationremainedabovehistoriclevels-creatingchallengingconditionsforinvestment-andmanynationalandEuropeanelectionsbredconcernsthatthetransitiontocleanenergywouldlosesupport.Onthecontrary,progresscontinuedatpace.Thestrategic,economicandsocialcasefortheenergytransitioninEuropeisclearerthanever.Whiletheworstoftheenergycrisismightbeover,Europe’songoingdependenceonfossilenergyleavesitvulnerabletoglobalshocksinanincreasinglyvolatileworld.Europeancitizens-stillsufferinghighenergypricescausedbyRussianaggressioninUkraine-areincreasinglyfeelingtheimpactsoftheclimatecrisis,fromrecordsummerheatwavestoextremeflooding.Notonlyarerenewablesaddressingtheseproblemsbyreducingemissions,theyarethecheapestsolutionsavailableandareoverwhelminglypopular.EMB三R8AspoliticalattentionshiftstoEurope’sindustrialandeconomicperformance,somemayargueforsustainabilitytobedeprioritised.Conversely,thereportbyformerEuropeanCentralBankPresidentMarioDraghionthefutureofEuropeancompetitivenessconcludesthebestrouteisthroughreducedfossilfueldependency,confirmingthatindustrialpolicymustberootedintheenergytransition.ThereturnofPresidentTrumptotheWhiteHouseandthelikelyUSretreatfromcleanenergyleadershippresentsaclearopportunityfortheEUtostepup.Inthiscontext,itiswelcometoseecontinuedcommitmenttotheEuropeanGreenDealfromthenewEUCommission,ascitizensandbusinessesstandtobenefitfromafastertransition.ThisreportoutlineswhathappenedinEUelectricityin2024,theprogressmadeduringfiveyearsoftheEuropeanGreenDealandkeyprioritiestounlockfurtheradvances.EMB三R9Chapter1:2024ataglanceTheEUpowersectorin2024Fossilpowerdeclinedagainin2024,despiteincreasesinelectricitydemandandEUpowerexports.Arecordyearofsolargrowthcontributedmosttofossildecline,liftingsolarabovecoalforthefirsttime.Fossilgaspowerfellforthefifthyearrunning,andwaslowerthanwindpowerforasecondyear.Solargrowthandarecoveryinhydropowermeantrenewablesaccountedfornearlyhalf(47%)ofEUpowergenerationandcleansourcesreached71%,bothrecordhighs.SolarreachesrecordhighswhilenuclearandhydrobouncebackSolarwasthefastestgrowingEUpowersourcein2024,withgeneration22%(+54TWh)higherthan2023.Thisincreasewasduetoarecordamountofnewcapacityadditions(66GW),anddespiteslightlylowersolarirradiancecomparedto2023.Solarwasthereforethesinglebiggestdriverofreducedfossilpowerin2024.Itprovided11%ofEUelectricity(304TWh),overtakingcoal(269TWh)forthefirstyearever.Windpowergenerationremainedsimilarto2023levelsat17%ofEUpower(477TWh).Additionsofwindcapacitycontinued,butwereoffsetbylessfavourablewindconditions.Evenso,windremainedthesecondlargestsourceofEUpowerbehindnuclear,wideningitsleadovergas(establishedin2023).Windandsolartogetherreachedarecordshareof29%oftheEU’spowermixin2024.Thishelpedpushrenewablestonearlyhalf(47%)oftotalEUelectricitygeneration.Hydroandnucleargenerationincreasedby32TWh(+10%)and29TWh(+5%)respectively,reachingsharesof13%and24%,completingreboundsfromtheir2022lowsandpushingcleansourcestoarecord71%oftheEUpowermix.HydrogenerationbenefitedfromaboveaveragerainfallpatternsacrossmostofEurope,despitedroughtsinsoutheastEurope.TheincreasednuclearoutputcanlargelybeexplainedbyfeweroutagesinFrance.FossilpowerfallstoahistoriclowacrosstheEUIn2024,EUfossilgenerationdeclinedby75TWh(-9%)comparedto2023,fallingtoitslowestlevelformorethanfortyyears(793TWh).Whilenotaslargeastherecordfossilcollapsebetween2022and2023,thefallhappeneddespiteasmallriseinpowerdemandof31TWh(+1%)andanincreaseinnetexportstonon-EUcountries(totalling+15TWh,withnotableincreasesof+11TWhtotheUKand+4TWhtoUkraine).Coalandgaspowerfellby16%and6%respectively,comparedto2023.ThiscausedEUpowersectoremissionstofallby9%toanestimated585milliontonnesofCO2,lessthanhalftheir2007peak.Coalgenerationfelltobelow10%(9.8%)ofEUpower(269TWh)forthefirsttimeindecades.Itdecreasedin16ofthe17countriesthatstilluseditin2024,andisnowmarginalorabsentinmostsystems,makinguplessthan5%oftheelectricitymixin16MemberStates.TheEU’sremainingcoalpowerishighlyconcentratedinjusttwocountries,Germany(39%)andPoland(34%),buteventheysawcoalgenerationfallby17%and8%respectivelyyear-on-year.Gasgenerationdeclinedforthefifthconsecutiveyear,fallingto16%ofEUpower(430TWh).Itsdeclinewasalsowidespread,occurringin14ofthe26countrieswithgaspower,includingthreeofthetopfourgasburningEUcountries:Italy(-2%),Spain(-19%)andtheNetherlands(-5%).SmallincreaseindemandaftertwoyearsofsharpdeclineIncontrasttotheprevioustwoyears,whichsawsharpdeclinesinEUpowerdemand,anincreaseof31TWh(+1%)wasobservedin2024.Whilesmall,therecoverywasconsistentacrosstheEU,seenin22outof27MemberStates,anditoccurredineveryquarter.Germanywasanotableexception,withdemandremainingalmostthesameas2023,still11%below2019levels.TotalEUpowerdemandremainedlowcomparedtopre-crisislevels(5%lowerthan2019).Itistooearlytosaywhetherthisyear’sreboundmarksaneweraofincreasingpowerdemand,whichisexpectedduetogrowthinelectrification,datacentres,airconditioningandmore.landmarkenergyandclimatepolicypackageitslaunch,landmarkenergyandclimatepolicypackageitslaunch,Chapter2:FiveyearsofprogressTheEuropeanGreenDealdeliveredbenefitsbeyondemissionsreduction2024marksfiveyearssincethestartoftheEuropeanGreenDeal,thewindandsolarhavesurged,takingrenewablestonearlyhalfofEUelectricityin2024andreducingdependencyoncoalandgas.Inhalfadecade,theEUhasmadeenoughprogresstoprovethatadeeptransformationofthepowersectorisachievable,whilealsoreducinganexpensivefossilimportbill.InDecember2019,thelaunchoftheEuropeanGreenDealintroducedkeypoliciestospurtheEU’scleanelectricitytransition.In2022,inresponsetoRussia'sinvasionofUkraineandfossilpriceshocks,theEUfurtherstrengthenedthebloc’stargetsforwindandsolargrowthwiththeREPowerEUpolicypackage.TheseEUinitiativeshavecontributedtoadeeptransformationofthebloc’selectricitysector.In2019,renewablesprovidedathird(34%,979TWh)ofEUelectricity,whilefossilfuelsprovided39%(1,130TWh).Bytheendof2024,renewablesadvancedtonearlyhalftheEUmix(47%,1,300TWh),asfossilpowerfelltoahistoriclowof29%(793TWh).Between2019and2024,thesurgeofrenewablepowerwaswidespreadacrossthebloc.Inthistime,thenumberofcountrieswhererenewablesproducemoreelectricitythanfossilfuelsrosefrom12to20.Asaresultofitspowersectortransformation,theEUhascementeditspositionasaleaderincleanpower.TheemissionsintensityofEUelectricitygenerationfell26%overthelastfiveyears,to213gCO2perkWh.Thiswasasteeperdeclinethanothermajoreconomies,suchastheUS,wheretheemissionsintensityfellby13%overthesameperiod,to361gCO2perkWhin2024.WindandsolardisplacedcoalandgasThesurgeofrenewablepowerintheEUwasdrivenbythemeteoricriseofhomegrownwindandsolar.From2019to2024,windandsolar’sshareoftheEUelectricitymixincreasedfrom17%to29%.Solargenerationincreasedby179TWh(+144%)inthisperiod,anamountequivalenttotheannualproductionofover50coalpowerplants,andalmosttripleditsshareofEUgenerationfrom4%in2019to11%in2024.Windgenerationincreasedby110TWh(+30%)overthesameperiod,reachinga17%shareofEUelectricityin2024,upfrom13%in2019.TheconsistentgrowthofwindandsolardistinguishesthemfromtheothermainsourcesofcleanpowerintheEU.Whileinstalledsolarcapacityalmosttripledfrom120GWin2019to338GWin2024andwindcapacitygrewby37%from169GWto231GWoverthesameperiod,hydropowercapacityremainedflatat130GWandthenuclearfleetactuallydecreasedfrom110GWto96GW.Overthepastfiveyears,nuclearandhydrogenerationfluctuatedduetoweatherconditionsandoutages.SincethelaunchoftheEuropeanGreenDeal,risingwindandsolarhasdrivenadeclineinfossilgeneration.Windandsolarinstalledinthepastfiveyearshavecumulativelyavoided15%offossilgeneration(736TWh)overtheperiod(seeMethodology).Thisisequivalenttoaround460milliontonnesofCO2,roughlythesameaspowersectoremissionsproducedbyItalysince2019.GreenDealcuttheEU’sfossilimportbillBeyondreducingemissions,growthinwindandsolarspurredonbytheEuropeanGreenDealhasdeliveredhugebenefitstotheEUthroughreducedenergycostsandenhancedsecurity.WithoutwindandsolarcapacityadditionsoverthefirstfiveyearsoftheEuropeanGreenDeal,theEUwouldhavespentanadditional€59billiononfossilfuelimportsforpowergeneration:€53billionforfossilgasand€6billionforhardcoal.Thetotalavoidedgasimportsofapproximately92billioncubicmetresisequivalenttoaround18%ofgasconsumedinthepowersectorintheEUsincetheendof2019.Theavoidedcoalimportsof55milliontonnesisequivalentto23%ofhardcoalconsumedintheEUpowersectorinthatsameperiod.In2024alone,withoutwindandsolarinstalledsincethepreviousyear,EUpowersectorgasandcoalconsumptionwouldhavebothbeen11%higher.CoalnearingtheendOverthefirstfiveyearsoftheEuropeanGreenDeal,theimportanceofcoalintheEUpowermixfellsignificantly:from16%oftheEUpowermixin2019tolessthan10%fiveyearslater.Thesteepfallsincoalpoweroverthelasttwoyearscancelledoutthetemporaryupticksin2021and2022resultingfromthegascrisis.Overthepastfiveyears,Austria,SwedenandPortugalphasedoutcoalfromtheirelectricitymix.In2024,coalprovidedlessthan5%ofpowergenerationin16countries,tenofwhichhadnooperatingcoalpowerplants.Thisisachangefrom2019,whenthedirtiestfuelprovidedlessthan5%ofpowergenerationin12countriesandsevenwerecoal-free.Anewwaveofcoalplantclosuresisimminent:another11EUcountrieshaveannouncedacompletephaseoutofcoalfromtheirelectricitymixwithinthenextfiveyears.Thismeansthatonlysevencountrieswillstillbeusingcoalby2030,withatleast34GWoftheremaining101GWofoperatingcoalplantsclosingbythatdate.FiveyearsofdeclininggaspowerSincethestartoftheEuropeanGreenDeal,gaspowerhasbeenconsistentlydeclining.Thedeclinewaswidespread,withgasdecreasingitsshareinthemixof19outof27EUMemberStatesbetween2019and2024.In2019,fossilgasprovided20%ofEUpower(569TWh)andwasthesecond-largestsourceofEUelectricityafternuclear.By2024,gashadfallenbyaquarter,droppingintothirdplacewithashareof16%(430TWh).ThedeclineofgaspowerhasbeenamajorfactorinreducingEUgasconsumptionsincetheenergycrisis,andreducingtheEU’sdependencyonRussianenergy.TotalEUgasdemandfellby20%inthepastfiveyears,withaboutathirdofthisdeclineoccurringinthepowersector.In2024,overallgasdemandisexpectedtohaveremainedalmoststable,asreducedgasburningforpoweroffsetarecoveryintheindustrialsector(seeMethodology).Despitethisprogress,Russiangasstillaccountedfor14%oftotalEUgasconsumptionin2024(downfromaround50%in2019).Infact,gasimportsfromRussia(includingpipelineandliquefiednaturalgas)increasedby18%in2024,from38bcmin2023to45bcm,mainlyduetoincreasedimportsintoItaly(+4bcm),Czechia(+2bcm),andFrance(+1.7bcm)(seeMethodology).Thepowersectoraloneconsumedapproximately88bcmofgasin2024.Ofthis,approximately10bcm(12%)wasfromRussia,providinganestimated€4bninrevenue.EMB三R20InanefforttobringRussiangasimportstozero,theEUhasnotonlybeenreducinggasconsumption,butalsodiversifyinggassources.Thisledtomorerelianceonimportsofliquefiednaturalgas(LNG),whichaccountedfor38%ofimportsin2024,upfrom22%in2019.ThisrelianceisonlylikelytodeepenasRussiangasexportstoEuropeviaUkrainestoppedonthe1stofJanuary2025.ContinuingtoreduceEUgasdemandinallsectors-includingpower-willdeliverfurtherstrategic,economicandclimatebenefits.ItwillminimisetheexposureofhouseholdsandcompaniestotheinherentvolatilityandpriceshocksoftheglobalLNGmarket.Additionally,itwillavoidnegativeclimateimpacts,asburningUSLNGisaspollutingasburningcoal.Finally,itisfullyalignedwiththeEU'ssecurityobjectivetoendrelianceonRussianenergy.EMB三R21annualincreaseinsolargenerationacceleratedrolloutofannualincreaseinsolargenerationacceleratedrolloutofbatteriesChapter3:Solar'smeteoricgrowthcontinuesCleanflexibilitywilllightthewayforfurthersolarsuccessTheEU’ssolarsuccessstorycontinuedin2024,astheblocsawarecord.Anandsmartelectrificationwillbekeytocost-effectivelysustainingsolar'simpressivegrowth.In2024,solargrewineveryEUcountry,deliveringgoodprogresstowards2030targets.Sustainingthatgrowthrequiresanacceleratedrolloutofcleanflexibility,whichwillalsohelplowerelectricitybillsforconsumers.Solutionssuchasbatteriesandsmartelectrificationarealreadymatureandreadytodeploy,butrequirepolicyactiontoreachtheirfullpotential.Anotherrecordyearforsolar2024markedarecordannualincreaseinsolargeneration,up54TWh(+22%)comparedto2023,whensolargenerationhadalreadyincreasedby40TWhcomparedto2022.2024wasalsoarecordyearforannualcapacityadditions:theEUsolarfleetgrewby66GW,equaltoover450,000panelsaddedperday(seeMethodology),and4%morethanthe63GWofadditionsin2023.EMB三R22Therateofgrowthseenin2024isalreadyabovewhatthelatestnationaltargetswouldrequire,highlightingadisconnectbetweentherapidpaceofon-the-groundmarkettrendsandtheslowresponseofgovernmentsinupdatingtheirtargets.Installedsolarcapacityreached338GWin2024and,ifthecurrentpaceissustained,theEUremainsontracktomeettheinterimREPowerEUsolartargetof400GWtotalinstalledcapacityby2025.Furthermore,maintainingthecurrentpaceofgrowthwouldbringtheEUsolartargetof750GWby2030withinreach.EMB三R23SolarisgrowingineverycountryIn2024,allEUcountriessawgrowthinbothsolargenerationandinstalledcapacitycomparedtotheyearbefore.16EUcountriesgeneratedmorethan10%oftheirelectricityfromsolarin2024,threemorethanin2023.Innovativesolutionsarealsoemergingforsolarbeyondroofsandfields:solaronbalconiesboomedinGermanyandpolicymakersarebecomingawareofthevastunlockedpotentialforagri-PV.EMB三R24DayswithplentifulsolarincreaseinmanyEUcountriesAtitspeakproductionhours,solarisgettingclosetoexceedingdemandinthetop-solarcountries.In12EUcountries,solargenerationmet80%ormoreofpowerdemandinatleastonehourin2024.IntheNetherlandsandHungary,morethan70daysin2024sawsolarmeetingmorethan80%ofthecountry’stotaldemandatitspeakproductionhour.Thisisasignificantjumpfrom2023,particularlyforHungary,wherethepeaksolargenerationmetmorethan80%ofdomesticdemandinonly10daysin2023.Hourswithabundantsolargenerationpresentavaluableopportunitytofurtherreducerelianceonexpensivefossilpower,ifsolargrowthiscoupledwithbatteries,smartelectrification,expandedgridsandothercleanflexibilitysolutions.Batteries,inparticular,canshiftabundantandcheapsolarpowerbeyondsunnyhourstotheeveningdemandpeaksandreplaceexpensivefossilpowerinpowersystembalancing.Mostofthecleanflexibilitytoolsarealreadydeployable.EMB三R25CleanflexibilitywillsustainsolargrowthandbringbenefitsIn2024,plentifulsolarcontributedtolowerpowerpricesinthecentralhoursoftheday.Attimes,thelackofdemandforabundantsolarelectricitypushedhourlypowerpricestozeroorevenbelow.Negativeorzeropricehoursbecamemorecommonin2024comparedto2023(4%ofhoursonaverageacrosstheEUversus2%in2023)andhappenedvirtuallyeverywhereintheEU.Intradaypricespreadsw