學(xué)術(shù)英語人文Unit-10

學(xué)術(shù)英語人文AcademicEnglishfor

HumanitiesLead-inTextATextBTextCAcademicLanguageandDiscourseListening

SpeakingWritingUnitContentsUnit10

ChinesePhilosophyLead-inLead-inactivitiesUnit10

ChinesePhilosophyThewayweare!Lead-inActivitiesInterpretthefollowingtermsfromancientChinesephilosophy.a.Taob.WuWeic.Yind.YangAreyouaTaoistoraConfucian?Why?Lead-inTaoSupplementaryinformationTheword“Tao”isitselfafairlyvagueterm.Literally,itmeans“theway”,“thepath”,“theroad”,or“themethod”.Itishardtograsptheessenceof“Tao”,asithaslotsofconnotations.InTaoism,thetermisoftenassociatedwithfluidityandconstantchange.InDaoDeJing,theTaoistcanon,Taoisoftendescribedastheuniverse,andasnothingness.Lead-inWuweiSupplementaryinformationWuweiisoneofthemostimportantconceptsinTaoism,secondonlytoTaoitself.Sometimestranslatedas“non-doing”or“non-action”,themostcommoninterpretationofthetermisactionthatisnatural.Itcanbesummarizedasthecultivationofastateofmindinwhichouractionsarequiteeffortlesslyinagreementwiththecyclesofnature.Lead-inYinandyangSupplementaryinformationYinandyangaretwooppositeyetcomplementaryprinciplesorforcesinnature.TheyareimportantconceptsintraditionalChinesemedicineandphilosophy.Typically,thetermyinisusuallyassociatedwithsomethingnegative,dark,andfeminine,suchastheearth,darkness,femininity,cold,moisture,softnessandinactivity,etc.,whereasyangisconnectedwiththingsthatarepositive,bright,andmasculine,suchasthesky,light,masculinity,heat,drynessandactivity.ClassroomactivitiesSupplementaryinformationUnit10

ChinesePhilosophyTextATaoismTaoismTextAClassroomactivitiesSummarizeTextAbaseonyouranswerstoTask1/CriticalReadingandThinking/TextA.P200Suggestedanswer:(Tobecontinued)TextAClassroomactivitiesSuggestedanswer(cont.):TaoismWorkinpairstocompareyouranswerstothequestionsinTask2/CriticalReadingandThinking/TextA.P201TextASupplementaryinformationSuggestedanswerforQ1:TaoisametaphysicaltermintheChinesephilosophyofTaoism.Itcannotbedefinedinexactwordsbecauseofitsabstractqualities.Literally,itmeans“theway”,“thepath”,“theroute”oreven“theprinciple”and“themethod”.InDaoDeJing,LaozisaidTaoiseternallynameless,andthenamedthingsareallthemanifestationsofTao.Inaword,Taocanbeepitomizedastheunderlyingnaturalorderoftheuniverse.Inthissense,Taoissomewhatsimilartothenotionof“God”invariousreligionsasTaoandGodcreatedtheuniverseandeverythingintheworld.ButTaoisformless,andinmanyWesternreligions,Godisanthropomorphic.TaoismWorkinpairstocompareyouranswerstothequestionsinTask2/CriticalReadingandThinking/TextA.P201TextASupplementaryinformationSuggestedanswerforQ2:InTaoism,De(virtue)referstothepowerorvirtuethataTaoistpractitionerattainsinordertoachieveunitywithTao.Itismorerelatedtoone’sinwardobediencetothenaturewithsimplicityandspontaneity.ButinConfucianism,thetermDe(virtue)hasmoretodowithmoralityormoralcharacters.TaoismWorkinpairstocompareyouranswerstothequestionsinTask2/CriticalReadingandThinking/TextA.P201TextASupplementaryinformationSuggestedanswerforQ3:InTaoism,De(virtue)referstothepowerorvirtuethataTaoistpractitionerattainsinordertoachieveunitywithTao.Itismorerelatedtoone’sinwardobediencetothenaturewithsimplicityandspontaneity.ButinConfucianism,thetermDe(virtue)hasmoretodowithmoralityormoralcharacters.TaoismWorkinpairstocompareyouranswerstothequestionsinTask2/CriticalReadingandThinking/TextA.P201TextASupplementaryinformationSuggestedanswerforQ4:The“HappyMean”(alsotheGoldenMean,orthedoctrineofmean)isacoreconceptofConfucianism.Itsaysthatinallactivitiesandthoughtsonehastosticktothemiddlepointinordertoachievebalanceandavoidallextremes.Thiswillresultinharmonyinaction,andeventuallyinaharmonioussociety.TaoismWorkinpairstocompareyouranswerstothequestionsinTask2/CriticalReadingandThinking/TextA.P201TextASupplementaryinformationSuggestedanswerforQ5:The“One”or“Oneness”referstotheTao,theuniversalforce,whereasthe“Many”comesfromtheOne.LaozisaidinDaoDeJingthat“FromtheOnecamethetwo,camethethree,cametheTenThousandmyriadofthings.”ItisimportanttoembracetheOneinTaoism,whichiscalledshouyi(守一).TaoismTextASupplementaryinformationLaoziwasamysticphilosopherofancientChina,bestknownastheauthorofDaoDeJing.HehasbeengenerallyconsideredthefoundingfigureofTaoism.Helivedaroundthe6thcenturyBC,andspentmostofhislifedoingpublicservices.DaoDeJingwasallegedlycomposedbyLaoziattherequestofYinXi(尹喜),theGuardianoftheMountainPass,whileLaoziwastravelingwest.DaoDeJingisfundamentaltobothphilosophicalandreligiousaspectsofTaoismandhasstronglyinfluencedotherschools.Itismadeupof81shortchapters,amongwhichthefirst37chaptersformthefirstpart,dealingwithTao,andtheremaining44chaptersconstitutethesecondpart,dwellingontheconceptofDe.LaoziandDaoDeJing(Para.1)TaoismTextASupplementaryinformationZhuangziwasaleadingphilosopherofTaoism.HelivedinnorthernChinainthe4thcenturyBC.NotmuchisknownabouthislifeapartfromthemanydescriptionsinTheBookofZhuangzi,whichbearsthesamenameastheauthor.SimaQianofferedabriefbiographicalsketchofZhuangzi,sayingthatZhuangziwasaminorofficialinhishomestate.TheBookofZhuangziismuchlongerthanLaozi’sDaoDeJing,withlongchaptersspicedwithstories,parablesandallegories.Itiscomposedof33chapters,butscholarsusuallyagreethatthefirstsevenchapters,the“innerchapters”,werewrittenbyZhuangzihimself,whilethe“outerchapters”andthemiscellanywrittenbyhislaterfollowers.Zhuangzi’steachingsweredrawnprimarilyfromthesayingsofLaozi.HebelievedthatonlybyunderstandingTaoandbelievinginunitycanmanachievetruehappinessandfreedombothinlifeandafterdeath.ZhuangziandTheBookofZhuangzi(Para.1)TaoismClassroomactivitiesSupplementaryinformationUnit10

ChinesePhilosophyTextBConfucianismandTaoismConfucianismandTaoismTextBClassroomactivitiesChecktheanswerstoTask1/CriticalReadingandThinking/TextB.P207Suggestedanswer:1T2F3F4T5T6TTextBClassroomactivitiesDiscussthequestionsinTask2/Criticalreadingandthinking/TextB.

P207SuggestedanswerforQ1:ConfucianismandTaoismTextBClassroomactivitiesDiscussthequestionsinTask2/Criticalreadingandthinking/TextB.

P207SuggestedanswerforQ2:Neo-ConfucianismisanethicalandsocialphilosophyaimingtocreateamorerationalformofConfucianism.Itlaysemphasisonhumanreasoninitsattempttounderstandtheuniverse.Althoughneo-ConfucianismwascriticalofthesuperstitiousandmysticalelementsofTaoism,itstillborrowedsometermsfromTaoism.Forexample,asmentionedinTextB,WangYangming,agreatmasterofneo-Confucianismborrowedthethreetermsofthespirit,thevitalforceandtheessencetoexplainhisdoctrineregarding“innategoodknowledge”.ConfucianismandTaoismTextBClassroomactivitiesDiscussthequestionsinTask2/Criticalreadingandthinking/TextB.

P207SuggestedanswerforQ3:ManyofthecoreconceptsofConfucianismwereintheinterestoftherulingclass,whichistheprimaryreasonforitsascendancytothestateorthodoxy.Forexample,Confucianismencouragespeopletobeloyaltotheemperors,respectfultotheirleaders,andpioustotheirparents.ItsGoldenMeanruleadvisespeoplenottogotoextremes.ConfucianismandTaoismTextBClassroomactivitiesGiveathree-minutepresentationonyourfindingsinResearching/TextB.

P207ConfucianismandTaoismTheFiveElements(Para.3)TextBSupplementaryinformationTaoismbelievesthatTao,theOne,givesrisetoyinandyangforces,whichthengivesbirthtotheFiveElements,whosevariouscombinationsproducetheTenThousandThings.TheFiveElements,alsocalledFiveMovementsorwuxing,aretheWood,theFire,theEarth,theMetal,andtheWater.Technicallyspeaking,theyrepresentvariousstagesoftransformationintherecurringcyclesofnatureandhumanconditions.Theseelementsareinconstantmovementandchange.ConfucianismandTaoism

Legalism(Para.3)TextBSupplementaryinformationLegalismwasamajorphilosophicalschoolduringtheWarringStatesPeriod.ItsmostfamousproponentwasHanFeizi.Legalismcanbecategorizedasapoliticalphilosophyasitsmainconcernisthemosteffectivewayofgoverningthesociety,insteadofcontemplationsaboutthenatureandthepurposeofexistence.Legalismstartswiththepremisethathumannatureisevil,andthelegalistsbelievethatthebestwaytocontroltheselfishhumanbehavioristhroughwrittenlawratherthanthroughritual,customsorethics.ConfucianismandTaoism

Thethree-in-oneeclecticism(Para.6)TextBSupplementaryinformationThethreedominantteachingsordoctrinesinChinaaretheConfucianism,TaoismandBuddhism.Thesethreedoctrineswereoriginallyindependentofoneanother.StartingfromtheSongdynasty,therewereinteractionsamongtheseteachings,andtheintegrationorsynthesizingprocesswentonuntiltheMingdynasty.ConfucianismandTaoism

TheFiveConstantVirtues(Para.6)TextBSupplementaryinformationInConfucianism,thebasicethicalcodeiscalledtheFiveConstantVirtues(wuchang),whicharehumanenessorbenevolence(仁),righteousness(義),proprietyorritual(禮),wisdom(智),andfaithfulnessorfidelity(信).ConfucianismandTaoismSupplementaryinformationClassroomactivitiesUnit10

ChinesePhilosophyTextCChineseBuddhistEthicsTextCSupplementaryinformationChanBuddhismChineseBuddhistEthicsChanBuddhismisaschoolofMahayanaBuddhism(大乘佛教).Theword“Chan”derivesfromtheSanskrit“dhyana”,meaning“meditation”.InJapan,ChanBuddhismisknownas“Zen”.ChanBuddhismfirstemergedinthe5thcenturyinChina.ChanBuddhismassertsthatenlightenmentcanbeattainedthroughmeditation,selfcontemplation,andintuitionratherthanthroughthepracticeofgooddeeds,rites,andceremonies.TextCClassroomactivitiesCheckyouranswerstotheTask1inTextC.P210Suggestedanswer:1我:selforI.Buddhismbelievesthatthenotionof“self”isadelusionbecauseitisjustanimaginedentity,andhumanbeingsaremerelyapartoftheceaselessbecomingoftheuniverse.2禪:ChanorZen.ItderivesfromtheSanskrit“dhyana”,whichliterallymeansmeditation.MeditationhelpsaBuddhistachieveasuddenenlightenmentortransformation.3超然:detachmentornon-attachment.Detachmentisastateinwhichapersonovercomeshisorherattachmenttoself-regardingcaresorconcernsinordertoliveasereneandholylife.ChineseBuddhistEthicsUnit10

ChinesePhilosophyAcademicLanguageandDiscourseSpecializedvocabularySignpostlanguageFormalEnglishDiscourseanalysisofTextBSpecializedVocabularyChecktheanswerstoTask1/Languagebuilding-up/TextA.P201AcademiclanguageanddiscourseSuggestedanswers:11Taoism2theHappyMean/theGoldenMean/thedoctrineofthemean3Confucianism4wuwei/non-action5thesagesofold6theOneandtheMany21theGoldenMean2non-action3Confucianism/Taoism;Taoism/ConfucianismFindallthetermsrelatedtoChinesephilosophyinTextBandTextC.AcademiclanguageanddiscourseSpecializedVocabularyunityofheavenandhumanity;theFiveElements;Legalism;thestateorthodoxy;filialpiety;theGoldenMean;neo-Confucianism;substanceandfunction;natureanddestiny;theFiveConstantVirtues;ChanBuddhism;self;Enlightenment;attachment;detachmentSuggestedanswer:SignpostLanguageChecktheanswerstoTask2

/Languagebuilding-up/TextA.P202AcademiclanguageanddiscourseSuggestedanswers:1Allinall2Whatwehaveachievedsofar3Thus4InshortFormalEnglishAcademiclanguageanddiscourseSuggestedanswers:1expunged2repudiated3strife4contrived5equilibrium6diminutionChecktheanswerstoTask3

/Languagebuilding-up/TextA.P202FormalEnglishAcademiclanguageanddiscourseThefollowingsentencesarefromTextC.FindoneformalEnglishwordfromeachsentence.FormalEnglishAcademiclanguageanddiscourseSuggestedanswers:?indigenous:native?epitomize:beagoodexample?extinguish:kill?contamination:pollution?allegiance:loyalty?homage:respectThefollowingsentencesarefromTextC.FindoneformalEnglishwordfromeachsentence.AcademiclanguageanddiscourseTheWade-GilesromanizationsystemSupplementaryinformationAcademiclanguageanddiscourseTheWade-GilesromanizationsystemChinesecharactersWadeGilesPinyin毛澤東MaoTse-tungMaoZedong秦始皇Ch’inShihHuangQinShiHuang朱熹ChuHsiZhuXi北京PekingBeijing浙江ChekiangZhejiang國民黨KuomintangGuomindang敦煌TunhuangDunhuang青島TsingtaoQingdao清(朝)Ch’ing(Dynasty)Qing(Dynasty)SupplementaryinformationListening

ClassroomactivitiesUnit10

ChinesePhilosophyWorkinsmallgroupstodiscussthequestioninTask1/Listening.P210ListeningClassroomactivitiesIntegratedpracticeSuggestedanswer:InTaoismthecentralideaisrelationship.Humanbeingsshouldnottakenatureforathingtobemasteredbutasapartnerinarelationship.Thepurposeofhumanbeingsistobecomenaturalpartoftheo