醫(yī)學節(jié)肢動物學

MEDICALARTHROPODOLOGY

醫(yī)學節(jié)肢動物學(MEDICALENTOMOLOGY)（醫(yī)學昆蟲學）Introduction

Medicalentomologyisabiologicalsciencedealingwitharthropodsthataffectthehealthofhumansorothervertebrateanimals,throughtheirabilitytotransmitcausalagentsofdisease,throughtheirdirectattacks,orasaresultoftheharmfuleffectsproducedbycontact.ThemaincharactersofarthropodMetamerism(體軀分節(jié)），orsegmentedbody,bilaterallysymmetricalforms(兩側對稱），withsegmentedjoinedappendagesChitinousexoskeleton(幾丁質外骨骼）Internalstructure:

ventralnervecord

opencirculatorysystemMainclassesof

MedicalArthropodaInsecta(昆蟲綱）Arachnida

（蛛形綱）Crustacea

（甲殼綱）Chilopoda

（唇足綱）Diplopoda

（倍足綱）InsectaMosquitoes蚊,flies蠅,cockroach蟑螂，fleas蚤,sandflies

白蛉,lice虱,etc.ArachnidaMites螨，ticks蜱，spider蜘蛛，scorpion蝎子，etc.CrustaceaCrayfish蝲蛄,freshwatercrab溪蟹,etc.ChilopodaCentipede蜈蚣（百腳）DiplopodaMillipede馬陸InjuriesofarthropodsDirectinjuries:Ectoparasites---annoyance,bloodortissuefluidfeedingEndoparasites---parasitizinginhostskin,viscera,

producingscabies(疥瘡）,ormyiasis（蠅蛆病）Envenomization（螫刺）Allergicreactions---asthma(哮喘）,allergicrhinitis（過敏性鼻炎）InjuriesofarthropodsIndirectinjury—transmissionofvector-bornediseases(傳播蟲媒?。〢.Mechanicaltransmission

Inthiscasearthropodisnotanintegralpartinthelifecycleofthemicroorganism.InjuriesofarthropodsIndirectinjury—transmissionofdiseases

（傳播蟲媒?。〣.Biologicaltransmission

Inthiscasearthropodisanintegralpartinthelifecycleofthemicroorganism.Thisisthemostimportanttypeofdisease-transmission.BiologicaltransmissionCyclodevelopmentalbiologicaltransmission發(fā)育式Propagativebiologicaltransmission

繁殖式Cyclopropagativebiologicaltransmission

發(fā)育繁殖式Transovariantransmission

經卵傳遞式LifecycleInthelifecycle,theentiredevelopmentprogressofarthropodsusuallyundergoesaseriesofchangesbothinappearanceandinbehavior.Thistypeofgrowthistermedasmetamorphosis(變態(tài)）.metamorphosisA.Completemetamorphosis

(holometebolous)完全變態(tài)

Thecycleofdevelopmentinvolvesegg（卵）,larva（幼蟲）,pupa（蛹）,andadult（成蟲）.Eachstageismorphologicallydistinctfromtheothers,andalsopresentindifferenthabitat,e.g.mosquito,fly.metamorphosisB.Incompletemetamorphosis

(hemimetabolus)不完全變態(tài)或半變態(tài)

Thearthropodsundergogradual,orincompletemetamorphosis.Immaturestagescallednymphs(若蟲）gothroughaseriesofmolts,graduallyassuminganadultform.Thedifferencesbetweenadultandimmaturestagesaremainlyofmorphologicalsizeandsexuallymaturity,e.g.cockroach.

Lifecycleofmitesandticksishemimetabolus.Ithasfourstages:egg,larva,nymph,andadult.BehaviorsofinsectsManyaspectsofinsectbehaviorinlifehistoryareimportantindiseasetransmission,especiallythoserelatingtorelationshipsbetweenvectorsandhosts.Tounderstandthebehaviorsofaspecificinsectwouldalsohelpinchoosingcontrolmeasures.BehaviorsofinsectsBreedingandrestingsites(孳生地和棲息地）Feedingbehaviors(取食行為）Movementsofinsectvector(昆蟲的行為）Seasonalabundance(季節(jié)消長）Wintering(越冬）Arthropods,Vector-BorneDiseases,andBioweaponAmongthemostcontagiousanddeadlyorganismsofinfectiousdiseasesarethosecarriedbyarthropods.Diseasesthattransmittedbyarthropodsarecalledvector-bornedisease.Innature,insectsharbormanypathogens,andtheyhavetheabilitiesofpropagationanddispersion,theyhadbeenusedasidealvectorsforsomedeadlypathogensinwarshistorically.ControlofmedicalarthropodsVectorcontrolmethodsshould:BesafetotheuserandtheenvironmentBeeffectiveBeaffordableBesimpletounderstandandapplyControlofmedicalarthropodsMechanical(physical)controlBiologicalcontrolGeneticcontrolEnvironmentalmanagementLegalpestcontrolChemicalcontrolArthropodsoftheMajorDiseasesTheyTransmit(1)VisualIDCommonNameGenusDiseasesBitingmidges蠓Culicoides-Visceral

filariasis(mansonellosis)內臟絲蟲病（曼氏絲蟲?。?Oropouchefever奧羅普切（病毒）熱Bodylice體虱Pediculus-Epidemictyphus流行性斑疹傷寒-Relapsingfever回歸熱-Trenchfever戰(zhàn)壕熱Blackflies蚋Simulium-Onchocerciasis(riverblindness)盤尾絲蟲?。ê用ぐY）flies蠅Dermatobia,Cordylobia,AmiotaMusca，Lucilia，Chrysomyia,etc.-Myiasis蠅蛆病-Biologicaltransmissionofdisease生物性傳播疾?。ńY膜吸吮線蟲?。?Mechanicaltransmissionofdiseases機械性傳播疾病（腸道傳染?。〢rthropodsoftheMajorDiseasesTheyTransmit(2)Horseflies,Deerflies虻Chrysops-Eyewormdisease(loa

loa)羅阿絲蟲病-Tularemia野兔熱Fleas蚤Xenopsylla,etc.-Plague鼠疫-Murinetyphus鼠斑疹傷寒Kissingbugs錐蝽Rhodnius,Triatoma,Panstrongylus-Chagas'disease恰格氏病

(Americantrypanosomiasis)（美洲錐蟲?。㎝ites螨Chiggermites恙螨Mousemites鼠螨Leptothrombidium

Sarcoptes

Lyponyssoides-Scrubtyphus恙蟲病-Scabies疥瘡-Rickettsialpox立克次體痘ArthropodsoftheMajorDiseasesTheyTransmit(3)VisualIDCommonNameGenusDiseasesMosquitoes蚊Aedes

伊蚊-Dengue登革熱-Yellowfever黃熱病-Viralencephalitis病毒性腦炎Anopheles按蚊-Malaria瘧疾Culex,Aedes庫蚊，伊蚊-Viralfevers多種蟲媒病毒