如何了解企業(yè)的流動資金與盈虧平衡點

了解企業(yè)的盈虧平衡點與流動資金

UnderstandingYourBreakevenandWorkingCapital[企業(yè)名稱BusinessName]目標Objectives…介紹

Introductions解釋我們的作用

Explanationofourrole注意事項與會議秩序

Housekeeping目標Objectives…掌握盈虧平衡點的概念及其計算方式

Togainanunderstandingofbreakevenpointsandcalculations學會計算本企業(yè)的盈虧平衡點

Tobeabletoapplybreakevencalculationstoyourbusiness掌握流動資金的概念

Togainanunderstandingoftheconceptofworkingcapital學會對本企業(yè)的流動資金進行簡單的計算

Tobeabletoapplysimpleworkingcapitalcalculationstoyourbusiness盈虧平衡點的定義WhatIsBreakeven?盈虧平衡點是指在某一銷售水平上，企業(yè)達到盈虧持平

TheBreakeventhresholdisthelevelofsalesatwhichthebusinessmakesneitheraprofitnorloss.銷售盈虧平衡點BreakevenSales…盈虧平衡是指在某一銷售水平上，企業(yè)既無利潤，也不虧損

Breakevenisthelevelofsalesatwhichthebusinessmakesneitheraprofitnorloss.總成本TotalCosts總銷售額TotalRevenue銷售額SalesRevenue成本Costs盈虧平衡點銷售額BreakevenSalesRevenue盈虧平衡點總成本BreakevenTotalCostsLossProfit固定成本FixedCosts定義Definitions…在計算盈虧平衡點之前，必須了解以下財務項目的定義

Inordertocalculatethebreakevenyoumustfirstunderstandsomefinancialdefinitions:銷售成本CostofSales(orCostofGoodsSold);毛利GrossProfit;毛利率GrossProfit%;and總營業(yè)費用TotalOverheads.成本種類TypesofCosts…成本共分為三類

Therearethreetypesofcosts固定成本Fixedcosts;變動成本Variablecosts;and作業(yè)成本Activitycosts.將貴公司的支出按固定、變動及作業(yè)等三種成本進行歸類

ClassifyyourexpensesintoFixed,VariableandActivityexpenses.$$$銷售200,000減去退貨15,000185,000減去銷售成本期初庫存10,000加上采購55,000減去采購退貨6,00049,000加上貨物運進費用1,00050,00060,000減去最終庫存7,00053,000毛利132,000損益表典型實例

ExampleofaClassifiedP&LStatement$$$Sales200,000LessSalesreturns15,000185,000LessCostofSalesOpeningstock10,000PlusPurchases55,000LessPurchasesreturns6,00049,000PlusFreightinwards1,00050,00060,000LessClosingstock7,00053,000GrossProfit132,000損益表典型實例

ExampleofaClassifiedP&LStatement$$$毛利132,000加上其他營業(yè)收入.折扣和租金收入

9,000141,000減去經營費用銷售費用廣告費10,000銷售人員薪資30,000貨物運出費用5,00045,000損益表典型實例

ExampleofaClassifiedP&LStatement$$$GrossProfitc/fwd132,000PlusOtheroperatingrev.DiscountsandRentreceived

9,000141,000LessOperatingexpensesSellingexpensesAdvertising10,000Salessalaries30,000FreightOutwards5,00045,000損益表典型實例

ExampleofaClassifiedP&LStatement$$$減去銷售費用45,000行政費用薪資30,000辦公費用5,000保險費6,000折舊–辦公室家具3,00044,000財務費用壞帳2,000問題帳款1,000利率2,0005,00094,000純營利47,000損益表典型實例

ExampleofaClassifiedP&LStatement$$$LessSellingexpensesc/fwd45,000AdminexpensesSalaries30,000Officeexpenses5,000Insurance6,000Depn–Officefurniture3,00044,000FinanceexpensesBadDebts2,000Doubtfuldebts1,000Interest2,0005,00094,000NetOperatingProfit47,000損益表典型實例

ExampleofaClassifiedP&LStatement損益表計劃

Profit&LossCalculations…毛利

GrossProfit=銷售–銷售成本

Sales–CostofSales

=$185,000-$53,000

=$132,000毛利率

GrossProfit%

=毛利GrossProfit銷售Sales=$132,000$185,000

=71.35%銷售盈虧平衡點BreakevenSales=費用Expenses

毛利率GP%

=$94,000

0.7135

=$131,745

X100X100損益表計算

Profit&LossCalculations…作業(yè)水平盈虧平衡

ActivityBreakeven=

銷售盈虧平衡BreakevenSales

平均銷售價值AverageSaleValue

=$131,745

$100=13,174工作jobs

損益表計算

Profit&LossCalculations…四種提高企業(yè)利潤率的方法

FourWaystoImprovetheProfitabilityofaBusiness…以下是四種可以提高企業(yè)利潤率的方法Herearealistofwaysyoucanimprovetheprofitabilityforyourbusiness…價格Price;變動及半變動成本VariableandSemiVariable-RelatedCosts;經營費用Overheads;and銷售額SalesVolume.

2% 9% 7% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4%

17% 14% 12% 10% 9% 8% 7% 7% 6%

23% 19% 17% 15% 13% 12% 11%10%

8%

29% 24% 21% 19% 17% 15%14%13% 10% 33% 29% 25% 22% 20% 18% 17%15% 12% 38% 32% 29% 26% 23% 21% 19%18% 14% 41% 36% 32% 29% 26% 24% 22%20% 16% 44% 39% 35% 31% 29% 26% 24%23% 18% 47% 42% 38% 34% 31% 29% 26%25% 20% 50% 44% 40% 36% 33% 31% 29%27% 25% 56% 50% 45% 42% 38% 36% 33%31% 30% 60% 55% 50% 46% 43% 40% 38%35% 如果現(xiàn)在的利潤率是…..Ifyourpresentmarginis...

20%

25%

30%35% 40% 45% 50% 55%

為獲得相同的利潤,你可以通過……來增加銷售額

Toproducethesameprofit,youcoulddecreaseyoursalesby… 如果調漲價格幅度為:Ifyouincreaseyourpriceby…2%

11% 9% 7% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4%4%

25% 19% 15% 13% 11% 10% 9% 8%6% 43% 43% 25% 21% 18% 15% 14%12% 8% 67% 47% 36% 30% 25% 22% 19%17% 10% 100% 67% 50% 40% 33% 29% 25%22% 12% 150% 92% 67% 52% 43% 36% 32%28% 14% 233% 127% 88% 67% 54% 45% 39%34% 16%

400% 178% 114% 84% 67% 55% 47%41% 18%

900% 257% 150% 106% 82% 67% 56%49% 20%

* 400% 200% 133% 100% 80% 67%57% 25%

* * 500% 250% 167% 125%100%83% 30%

* * * 600% 300% 200%150%120%

如果現(xiàn)在的利潤率是…..Ifyourpresentmarginis...

20%

25%

30%35% 40% 45% 50% 55%

為獲得相同的利潤,你可以通過……來增加銷售額

Toproducethesameprofit,youcoulddecreaseyoursalesby… 如果調漲價格幅度為:Ifyouincreaseyourpriceby…利潤提升戰(zhàn)略

ProfitImprovementStrategy…通過提高價格或銷量來增加銷售額

Increasesalesrevenuebyincreasingpriceand/orvolume將變動成本的增長控制在銷售額增長的百分比以內，不得超過

Keepvariablecostsatleastequaltoorbelowtherateofincreaseinsalesrevenue在總經營費用的范圍內，盡量提高生產力

Achievegreaterproductivityfromtheresourcesfinancedbyoverheads確保對資產的嚴格控制

Ensurethattightcontrolisexercisedoverassets流動資金的定義

WhatIsWorkingCapital?流動資金就是流動資產減去流動負債Workingcapitalisthesumofcurrentassetsminuscurrentliabilities重要的定義包括

Importantdefinitions:庫存Inventory;在制品Workinprogress(WIP);債務Debtors;and債權Creditors.流動資金的重要性

WhyIsWorkingCapitalImportant?…沒有足夠的流動資金，企業(yè)將無法運營

YourbusinesswillFAILwithoutsufficientworkingcapital澳大利亞小型企業(yè)統(tǒng)計分析

SmallBusinessStatisticsinAustralia按2001年6月統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，小企業(yè)總數(shù)為1,162,000

1,162,000smallbusinessesoperatinginAustraliaatJune200135%的企業(yè)經營年限為1-5年

35%hadbeeninoperationfor1>5years19%的企業(yè)經營年限為5-10年

19%hadbeeninoperationfor5>10yearsSource:AustralianBureauofStatistics企業(yè)的發(fā)展需要資金的支持

AsaBusinessGrowsSoWillItsNeedForCash!增加庫存以適應不斷增加的銷售的需要

Increasedinventorylevelstocopewithincreasedsalesdemand;支付新增的營運成本，如工資等

Payforincreasedoperatingcostssuchaswagesetc;and支持不斷增加的應付款項，及其它流動資金需求

Supporthigherlevelsofdebtorsandotherworkingcapitalrequirements實例AnExample…第一年第二年收入1,000,0002,000,000銷售成本700,0001,400,000經營費用175,000350,000繳稅(40%)50,000100,000稅后純利潤75,000150,000應收帳款125,000250,000庫存160,000320,000應付帳款(75,000)(150,000)所需的凈流動資金210,000420,000資金來源:第一年的流動資金210,000第二年的利潤150,000360,000所有利潤再投資后的資金缺口135,00060,000實例AnExample…Year1Year2Revenue1,000,0002,000,000Costofsales700,0001,400,000Operatingexpenses175,000350,000Tax(40%)50,000100,000NetProfitaftertax75,000150,000AccountsReceivable125,000250,000Inventory160,000320,000Accountspayable(75,000)(150,000)Networkingcapitalrequired210,000420,000Fundedby:WorkingCapitalfromyear1210,000ProfitinYear2150,000360,000Cashshortfallafterallprofitshavebeenre-invested135,00060,000流動資金計算

CalculatingWorkingCapital…流動資金流動資產應收帳款$125,000庫存 $160,000總流動資產 $285,000流動負債應付帳款 $75,000所需的流動資金 $210,000

流動資金計算

CalculatingWorkingCapital…WorkingCapitalCurrentAssetsAccountsreceivable $125,000Inventory $160,000TotalCurrentAssets $285,000CurrentLiabilitiesAccountspayable $75,000WorkingCapitalRequired $210,000

流動資金管理原理

ThePrinciplesofWorkingCapitalManagement…

提高毛利率

IncreaseGrossProfit%將庫存周轉期最大化

MaximiseInventoryTurnover將應收款項周轉期最大化

MaximiseReceivablesTurnover將應付款項周轉期最小化

MinimisePayablesTurnover現(xiàn)金循環(huán)

TheCashCycle…流動資金中，用在應收款項與庫存上的金額占總流動資金的百分比是多少？

HowmuchofyourworkingcapitalistiedupinDebtorsandStockasapercentageofannualturnover?在與供貨商達成付款協(xié)議時，是否可以盡量地延長付款期？

Couldyouachievelongertradingtermswithyoursuppliers?

結論

Conclusion…你最希望從這次的演示說明中學到什么？Whathavebeenyourkeylearningpointsfromthispresentation?這次的演示說明是否達到的你的期望？Hasthepresentationmetyourexpectations