專門用途英語簡介省公開課一等獎全國示范課微課金獎課件

PartI.OrientationofESP

1/361.WhatisESPESPisavariationofEnglishthatislearnd/taughtgenerallyforaclearlyutilitarianpurpose.2/36ItisunfairforEnglishlearnersmajoringinsciencestoacquireEnglishthroughclassicliteratureworkswhichisthetraditionalwayoflearninglanguage.ESP,aspartofLSP,ismoresuitablefortheminthatitoffersthemopportunitiestolearnwhattheyneedandsparewhattheyneednot.

——Steven.P3/36ESPshouldbeproperlybeseennotasanyparticularlanguageproductbutasanapproachtolanguageteachingwhichisdirectedbyspecificandapparentreasonsforlearning.

——Hutchison&Waters4/362.TheTaxonomyofESP5/363.TheDevelopmentofESPRegisterAnalysisTargetSituationAnalysisDiscourseAnalysisSkillsandStrategies6/361.TheDevelopmentofESPwhathowwhyhuman-oriented

7/364.GenreisESPAgenrecomprisesaclassofcommunicativeevents,thememberofwhichsharesamesetofcommunicativepurposes.Thesepurposesarerecognizedbytheexpertmembersoftheparentdiscoursecommunity,andtherebyconstitutetherationalforthegenre.——Swales8/364.GenreisESP9/364.GenreisESP10/36PartII.ParagraphsPatterns

——Anillustrationofgenre

11/361.TheTopicSentenceReaderswantto1.knowrightawaywhatthetopicis;2.havesomeideaofhowthistopicwillbedeveloped.12/361.TheTopicSentenceAsawriter,youshould1.allowreaderstoguesswhat’scomingandthusunderstanditmoreeasily;2.allowthemtoavoidreadingtheparagraphaltogetherifthesubjectmatterholdsnointerestforthem.13/361.TheTopicSentencee.g.Thehumanbodyismadeupofmillionsandbillionsofcells,eachofwhichcontains,amongothersubstances,millionsandbillionsofproteinmolecules....14/361.TheTopicSentencee.g....Anaveragecellcontainshundredofdifferentkindsofprotein,andallofthecellsofthehumanbodycontain,amongthem,asmanyas100,000differentkindsofproteins.Theseproteinscanperformmillionsofdifferentfunctions,aversalitywhichislargelyresponsibleforthephenomenoncalled“l(fā)life”.15/362.PatternsofOrganizationsomeofthemostcommonlyusedpatternsinEST1.choronologicaldescription;2.cause-and-effectanalysis;3.comparisonandcontrast;4.listing;5.general-to-particularorderingofdetails.16/362.PatternsofOrganizationthechoronologicaldescription;feature1:timeadverbsandphrases;in1995,lastweek,at10:15,first,second,soonaftertheprojectbegan,...17/362.PatternsofOrganizationthechoronologicaldescription;feature2:verbtensesequencing;Originallywewantedto...;Morerecentlywehaveattemptedto...;Nowwearetryingto...andinthefutureweshalltryto....18/362.PatternsofOrganizationthechoronologicaldescription;feature3:grammaticalparallelism;Mountthegratingneartheend...;Locatearideronthescale...;Adjustthegrating...;Readthedistanceonthescale....19/362.PatternsofOrganizationthechoronologicaldescription;e.g.TotalU.S.R&Dspendingisprojectedtoreachacurrentdollarlevelof$66.7billionin1981,anincreaseof10%overthe1980projectedlevelandnearlydoubletheamountspentontheseactivitiesin1975.Eveninconstantdollars,anddespitethereductionsinR&DprogramcontainedintheFederal1980and1981budgets,U.S.R&Dspendingin1981

isexpectedtofollowthegrowthtrendofthepastfiveyears,20/362.PatternsofOrganizationthechoronologicaldescription;whenR&Dfundinggrewatanaverageannualrateofbetterthan3%.ThatgrowthresultedinlargepartfromincreasedemphasisonsearchingformeanstoresolvenergeandenvironmentalproblemsandaresurgenceofdefenseR&Dactivity.Between1975and1978,thelastyearforwhichsurveydataareavailabe,energyaccountedforonethirdoftheR&Dspendingincreasewhile,atthesametime,amountingto10%ofthenationalR&Deffort.21/36GroupHomeworkSearchandpresentthedefinitions,featuresandexamplesofthefollowingparagraphpatterns.1.cause-and-effectanalysis;2.comparisonandcontrast;3.listing;4.general-to-particularorderingofdetails.22/362.PatternsofOrganizationthecause-and-effectanalysis;Thispatternisusedwhenyou1.makealogicalargument;2.describeaprocess;3.explainwhysomethinghappenedthewayitdid;4.predictsomefuturesequenceofevents.23/362.PatternsofOrganizationthecause-and-effectanalysis;connectivewordsandphrasessubordinateclausescausativeverbstherefore,thus,consequently,accordingly,asaresult,so,...since,because,dueto,...cause,giveriseto,affects,require,produce,...24/362.PatternsofOrganizationthecause-and-effectanalysis;

e.g.Whenozonereactswithnitricoxide,theozoneisdestroyedandNO2isformed.25/362.PatternsofOrganizationthecomparisonandcontrast;connectivewordsandphrasescomparativeconstructionssubordinateclauseshowever,ontheotherhand,conversely,similarly,likewise,in/bycontrastto/with,...more/less/ratherthan,as...as,while,but,whereas26/362.PatternsofOrganizationthecomparisonandcontrast;e.g.1.ProgramXwillbeeasytoimplement,whereasprogramYwouldentailanumberofcomplications.2.ModelXisreliableandefficient,whereasmodelYisunreliableandrelativelyinefficient.27/362.PatternsofOrganizationlisting;Principlesoflisting1.Allitemsinalistshouldbecastinparallelgrammaticalform;2.Iftheitemsinalistarenotequallyimportant,theyshouldbearrangedindescendingorderofimportance.28/362.PatternsofOrganizationlisting;Inadditiontogoalandnuclearenergy,awidevarietyofotherpowersourcesarealsofrequentlydiscussedinthenewsandinscientificliterature;unfortunately,mostarenotyetforpracticaluse.Geothermalenergyisoneofthemostpracticalofproposednewsources.ItisalreadyinuseinItaly,Iceland,andNorthernCaliforniabutisnotyetmeetingallexpectationsforit.29/362.PatternsofOrganizationlisting;Solarenergyseemsanelegantideabecauseitisinexhaustibleandaddsnonetheatorcarbondioxidetotheglobalenvironment.Yetpresentmethodsofexploitingitmakesolarenergyhopelesslyinadequateasamajorpowersourceinthenextfewdecades.Sophisticatedwindmillstogenerateelectricityareunderstudybysome.Biomassconversionisalsogettingunderway.30/362.PatternsofOrganizationlisting;Someofthesesourcesofenergy,whichwenowgenerallyregardasesoteric,maywellprovethemselvesandmakeasubstantialcontributionoverthelongruniftheircostscanbebroughtwithinreason.31/362.PatternsofOrganizationlisting;Inadditiontogoalandnuclearenergy,awidevarietyofotherpowersourcesarealsofrequentlydiscussedinthenewsandinscientificliterature;unfortunately,mostarenotyetforpracticaluse.Geothermalenergyisoneofthemostpracticalofproposednewsources.ItisalreadyinuseinItaly,Iceland,andNorthernCaliforniabutisnotyetmeetingallexpec