加州海綿城市策略-與水為友

GowanusCanaldlandstudioCONSERVANCY醐，Hl道？phdlandstudioGowanusCanalNYSCASITE:TheGowanusCanalisahiddenlandmarkinBrooklyn,NewYorkthatisavaluableassettothelocalandbroadercommunity.Formerlyawetlandcreek,thecanalisborderedbyindustrialbuildingsandsurroundedbyresidentialneighborhoods.Thecanalgivescharacterandhistorytothesurroundingneighborhoods,yetpublicaccesstothewater'sedgeiscurrentlylimitedtopublicly-ownedstreetsthatterminateatthecanal.Thephysicalconditionofthebulkheadhasbeenneglectedandcombinedseweroutfalloverflowsandstreetsurfacerunoffregularlydraindirectlyintothecanal.Industrialactivitiesintheareahavepollutedthesurroundingsoilandcanalbed,introducingindustrialtoxinstothewater.In1999localgovernmentagenciesaddressedthepollutionissuesbyreactivatingtheGowanusFlushingTunnelandtheGowanusPumpStationattheheadofthecanalandalsoplanforadditionalclean-upanddredgingprojectsinthefuture.Recentplansforrezoningofareasadjacenttothewater,aswellastheincreaseddemandforrealestateinthispartofBrooklynhavespurredsporadicprivatedevelopmentprojects,andalthoughtheseplansprovideaccesstothewaterfrontwithintheirimmediatesites,theydonotpresentaunifiedplanforthedevelopmentofapubliclyaccessibleopenspacesystemforthecanalasawhole.Inordertoprovidepublicaccesstopotentialrecreationalspacesalongthecanalandtoimprovethesoilandwaterquality,theSPONGEPARK?wasinvented.GOALS:TheSPONGEPARK?isdesignedasaseriesofpublicurbanwaterfrontspacesthatslow,absorbandfiltersurfacewaterrunoffwiththeintendedgoalofcleaningupthecontaminatedcanalwater,activatingthecanaledgeandcommunicatingalargervisionforstewardshipoftheenvironmenttoacommunitywithmanycompetingvoices,agendasandconcerns.SIZE:TheGowanusCanalis100’wideand1.4mileslongfromtheheadatButlerStreettowhereitopenstotheGowanusBay.Itvariesindepthfrom4’to16'.Considerationofecologicalsystems,whetherurbanorrural,involvesunderstandingtheinputsfromageographicperspective.Forthisreason,welookedatboththephysiographicandjurisdictionalwatershedboundariesoftheGowanuswhichincluded2.5squaremilesofBrooklyn’sParkSlope,CarrollGardensandBoerumHillneighborhoods.Surfacewaterrunofffromthe1758acrewatershedflowsintotheGowanuscanalbymeansofcombinedseweroutfalls,stormoutfallsanddirectstreetsurfacerunoff.GowanusSPONGEPARK?openspacedevelopmentincludesanew40'canaledgesetbackandconversionofstreetendstoparkspaces,resultingin16acresofavailablelandwithwhichtowork.Ourdesignconsistsof7acresofesplanade,4.4acresofrecreationalopenspaceandofwhich3.5acresofpermeablewaterremediationandretentionareamanagestherunofffromthemoreimmediate326acrecatchmentareaadjacenttothecanal.Proposedback-upwaterstorageunitssimilartocistemswouldmediateextremeweatherconditionsandprovideadditionalstoragecapacity.COST：

BasedonexamplesofsimilarplantedurbanremediationsystemsinothercitieswithaNewYorkCitymultiplierfactoredin，thetotalprojectbudgetfortheopenspacesystemis$108.7Million.ThiswouldnotincluderestorationoftheexistingbulkheadorfullcleanupoftheGowanusCanalitself.ProjectsfundedbytheUSArmyCorpsofEngineers(USAGE),NewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation(NYSDEC),andtheNewYorkCityDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection(NYCDEP)areunderwaytomanagethecontaminatedwaterandsiltinthecanal.Futurephasesthatincluderestorationofculturalfacilitiesandadditionalremediationwetlandswithinthecanalareintendedtoworkinconcertwithagencyinitiativesthroughacombinationofprivateandfoundationfundingasthescopeandprogramisbetterdefined.PROCESS:TheGowanusCanalSPONGEPARK?isaninnovativeproposalthatoriginatesfromacollaborativeinterdisciplinaryapproachtourbandesign.InconsideringthemyriadofissuesfacingtheGowanusCanalateaminclud*ingarchitects,landscapearchitects,urbandesigners,sculptorsandscientistsbeganthedesignprocesswithathoroughanalysisoftheenvironmentalsystemsaffectingthewaterbody.Manypriorstudiescollectedandpresentedabundantanalysisbutnoneconsideredhowtheecologyofthesystemcombinedwithculturaldatamightsuggestdesignsolutions.Agencyandcommunitybuy-inwascriticaltotheearlysuccessoftheidea.Perhapsthiswastherightplanattherighttime,forthecommunityprocesshasprogressedwithoutmajoroppositionorcontroversy.Likewisewithagencybuy-in,allpartiesexpressedeagemesstomaketheprojecthappen.EarlymeetingswiththeDepartmentofCityPlanningstressedtheimportanceofinclusionofbroadwaterfrontsetbackIntherezoning.Communitymeetingsthatconveyedaflexibleframeworkthatcouldbendandadapttocommunityconcernscamenext.ThiswasfollowedbyinclusionoftheworkinapublicexhibitionhostedbytheNYAIAandasymposiumco-hostedbytheAIAandtheDesignTrustforPublicSpaceheldattheCenterforArchitecture.Intheaudienceatthesewell-attendedlecturesandpublicmeetingswererepresentativesoftheMayorsOfficeofSustainability,NewYorkCityDepartmentofTransportation(NYCDOT),NYCDEP,NYSDECandtheNewYorkCityDepartmentofParksandRecreation(NYCDPR).NYCDPRofficialsbecamecommittedsupportersoftheprojectandplantoestablishprototype‘greenstreets’onsitethatutilizesourconcepts.NYCDOTishelpingtocoordinateimplementationoftheprojectwithupcomingcapitalprojectsthatth勿haveforreconstructionofthestreetendsterminatingattheGowanus.Movingforwardthestrengthoftheplanliesintheclarityoftheideaandtheflexibilityoftheframeworktomaintainaunifiedfeelingwithdisparateagencyinput.Thepotentialforincrementaldevelopmentwillenablesectionsofthedesigntobedevelopedasprototypesoverthenext2-5years.dlandstudiolie137ClintonStreetBrookJynNY11201T718-d24-0244dlandstudioGowanusCanalCONSERVANCYNYSCACURRENTISSUESFACINGTHEGOWANUSCANALCONTAMINATEDCANALHYDROLOGYSTREETRUNOFFECOLOGYPOORHABITATSULFURCYANIDELEADMERCURYSULFURCEMENTLIMITEDWATERACCESSLACKOFMAINTENANCE一??SURFACEWATERCONTAMINATIONLIMITEDCANALEDGEACCESSVOLATILEORGANICCOMPOUNDS(VOCs)POLYCHLORINATEDBIPHENYLS(PCBs)SEMI-VOLATILEORGANICCOMPOUNDS(SVOCs)CULTURALPRESERVATIONDETERIORATINGBULKHEADREVOLUTIONARYWARMONUMENTCONTAMINATEDWATERLEADSTOPOORANIMALHABITATASBESTOS-CONTAININGMATERIALDATAFROM—.一?-?—GOWANUSCANAL.COMPREHENSIVEPLANGOWANUSCANALCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTCORPORATIO^JWWW.WJKIPED1A.COMLANDUSEPRIVATELYOWNEDiLIMITEDPUBLICACCESS1■'LOWWATERCLARITYODORCONTAMINANTSI?r—————i—faSOLIDWASTETRASHdlandstudiolie137ClintonStreetBrooklynNY11201T718-d24?O244dlandstudioPUBLICURBANWATERFRONTPUBLICACCESSANDURBANSTITCHINGTheSPONGEPARK?proposestoaddresstwokeyurbanissuespresentontheGowanusCanal:1.Lackofpublicwaterfrontaccess2.Physicaldivisionofneighborhoodsresultingfrommodernurbaninfrastructures.PropertiesadjacenttotheGowanusCanalareprivatelyowned,limitingpublicwaterfrontaccessexceptatstreetends.Thecanaloncefunctionedasamajortransportationrouteforindustriesalongthecanalbutwithchangesintheeconomiclandscape,currentlylessthanhandfuloftheseindustriesutilizethecanalasmeansoftransportation.Thecanalrepresentsanartifactofaoncethrivingindustrialcorridor,neglectedanddeterioratingduetolackofneedforwatertransport.TheSPONGEPARK?planproposesastrategyofurbanstitching,connectingthepublicandprivatelandsadjacenttothecanaltocreateacontinuousesplanadewithrecreationalspacesrunningthelengthofthecanal.Existingpublicstreetendswouldserveasentry-parksprovidingaccesstotheesplanadetothewater.Thesestreetendparksprovidespaceforcommunityorientedprogramssuchasdogruns,communitygardens,publicexhibitionspacesandtemporarymarkets.Perrequestofthecommunity,boatlaunchorladdersarelocatedateverystreet,creatingafurtherconnectivestitchingbetweenlandandwater.NeighborhoodscurrentlyseparatedbytheurbaninfrastructureofthecanalwillnowhavecommonspaceinwhichtocongregateintherecreationalspacesoftheSPONGEPARK?.ThelinearparkwillprovidephysicalaccessparalleltothecanalprovidingawaterfronturbanpromenadethatlinkstheneighborhoodsofBoerumHill,ParkSlopeandCarrollGardensfunctioningasasocial"sponge"thatabsorbsandmixescitizensofdiverseneighborhoods.REMEDIATINGLANDSCAPEThemostuniquefeatureoftheparkisitscharacterasaworkinglandscape:itsabilitytoimprovetheenvironmentofthecanalovertimewhilesimultaneouslysupportingactivepublicengagementwiththecanalecosystem.NewYorkCityhasacombinedsewersystem(seeERAdiagram).Currently,rainthatfallswithintheGowanuswatershedentersthestormdrainsandmixeswithrawsewageinthesanitarysewersystem.InaheavyrainfallthecombinedsewageandstormwateroverflowdirectlyintotheGowanusCanal.TheinnovativeSPONGEPARK?planproposesdivertingsurfacewaterrunoffintoawatermanagementsystemandpubliclyaccessibleparkthatincludesprogrammedurbanoutdoorspaceandvegetatedlandscapebufferstoslow,absorbandfilterthedirtywater,reducetheinputofstormwaterintothesewersystemandcreateanaccessiblewaterfront.TheSPONGEPARK?utilizesplantsthatremediatecontaminantsandthrivewithdifferentperiodicwaterinundationlevelstocontrolandcleansurfacewaterinputs.Afterthewateristreatedthroughthephytoremediativequalitiesoftheplantcommunitiesitwouldbeslowlyreleasedintothecanal.Inaddition,floatingremediationwetlandswouldincorporateamixtureofaquaticorganismsthatworkinconcerttoabsorborbreakdownorganictoxins,heavymetals,andbiologicalcontaminantsfromsewage.Contaminantsalreadyinthecanalwatersposeabroaderrangeofhealthrisks.Asaphasedproject,theedgeparkscouldbeconstructedinadvanceofcanalclean-uptoprovidesafeaccesstoacontinuouswaterfrontedge.HISTORICPRESERVATIONThedesignalsorecognizestheculturalcontextofcurrentandfutureresourcesbylinkingimportanthistoricsites,recreationareasandneighborhoodfacilities.ImportantsitesincludethecurrentlyinaccessibleRevolutionaryWarMemorialattheheadofthecanal,theOldStoneHouseinJJ.ByrneParkwhichwasonceconnectedbywatertowhatisnowtheGowanusCanal，ThomasGreenPlayground,GowanusDredgersboathouse&launch,andthehistoricwaterfrontitsetf.Theplancallsforaderelictindustrialstructurewithtremendousarchitecturalcharacterandhistoricvaluelocatedatthegeographicheartofthespacetoberevisionedasculturalamenitywithexhibition,performancespaceandofficesforcommunitygroups.dlandstudiolie137ClintonStreetBrookJynNY11201T718-d24-O244GowanusCanalCONSERVANCYNYSCATheuseofremediationwetlandsinthedesignalsorecognizesthenaturalhistoryoftheGowanuswatershedasawetlandcreek.TwoturningbasinslocatedontheEasternsideofthecanalwillberestoredasremediationwetlandsandawetlandeducationalcenterisprogrammedtopromotestudiesofremediationlandscapeandhabitatofGowanusCanal.Theformermarshwillnotberestoredtoits17thcenturystatebuttheplantcommunitiesandprocessesthathelpedcontrolfloodingandkepttheGowanusBaycleanwillbereintroducedina21stCenturyadaptation.PROCESS&IMPLEMENTATION:PublicandPrivatePartnershipTheclientanddesignersarecurrentlyengaginglocalgovernmentagencies,communityorganizations,andlocalstakeholderstobegintheprocessofcollaborativeimplementationoftheSPONGEPARK?.Ourgoalistoensurethatthebanksofthecanalarefullyopentothepublic,throughadynamicprocessthatinvolvesallmembersofthecommunity.TheSPONGEPARK?conceptualframeworkwillthenbedevelopedbyprivatedevelopersorganicallyovertime.ConcurrentwiththisdevelopmentareplansbypublicagenciessuchasUSAGE,NYSDECandNYCDEPtocleanthewaterandadjacenttoxicsites.ThesitemaywellbedesignatedaSuperfundsiteinthefuturewhichwouldhelpwithfundingtherenewalofthedamagedlandscape.ImplementationoftheSPONGEPARK?isbasedonaurbanpatchworkstrategytoretainandcomplimentthecharacteroftheneighbourhood.Preservationoftheidiosyncraticculture,aestheticandcontextofthecanalisanimportantgoalinrealizingtheopenspacenetwork.Werecognizethatqualifyofplaceisn'tbuittwithaone-strokegesturebutiscreatedwithinaprocess.ZoningchangesduetobeenactedbytheBrooklynOfficeoftheDepartmentofCityPlanningwillcreatea40'esplanadealongtheedgeofthecanal.Becauseoftheflexibilityoftheframework,needsofdisparategroupscanbemetandprogrammaticamenitiesaddedasthecommunityprocessprogresses.Togetthewordout,noticeswerepostedbyourclienttheGowanusCanalConservancyandpressreleasessenttolocalnewsorganizations.LocaltelevisionnewsstationNewYork1waspresentatthefirstpublicmeetingaswerewritersforthelocalrealestateblogsandthelocalnewspapers.About75peopleattendedourfirstpublicmeetingincludingrepresentativesfromcity,stateandfederalelectedofficialsaswellasstakeholdergroupsincludingtheGowanusDredgers,theFROGS,theGCCDC,andCommunityBoard6.ItisimportanttorecognizehowsignificantdevelopmentoftheGowanusCanalSPONGEPARK?istothefutureofurbaninfrastructuredevelopmentIntegratingstormwatermanagementtoreducepressureonexpensivesewerinfrastructurewhilealsocleaningthewaterandprovidingprogrammableurbanopenspaceisasyntheticideathatcanbeimplementedacrossthecountry.Ittsapplicabletomaturecitieswhoseinfrastructureistaxedbyageandgrowthaswellasinareaswhereindustrialdevelopmenthasleftbehindinhospitabletoxiclandscapes.Wehavewitnessedtheverycommendabletrendinnewdevelopmenttosetasidenaturalcorridors.WiththeSPONGEPARK?considerationoftheenvironmentbecomesanintegralpartofthewaythesystemfunctions.Thedesignproposesrealisticstrategiesforfixingbrokeninfrastructureinamannerthatsupportsthepromiseofacleanerfuture.C30DIAGRAMSPROVDEDBYU.S.ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCY.POTW：PUBLICLYOWNEDTREATMENTWORKSdlandstudioHYDROLOGYATEDWATERCURRENTISSUESFACINGTHEGOWANUSCANALREDUCEDODORIMPROVEDHABITATHAPPYANIMALSINCREASEDWATERCLARITY>-^-NEIGHBORHOODPASSIVEWATER__....<:RECREATION.???；.......LOCALECONOMIC40FTPUBLICEASEMENTATCANALEDGECULTURAL...PRESERVATION:LAVrxViiVlAir1!1trfAriVtHISTORICPRESERVATION.??OLDSTONEHOUSE'‘REVOLUTIONARYWARMONUMENTPRESERVATIONOFPOWERPLANTdlandstudiolie137aIntonStreetBrooklynNY11201T718424-0244www.dlandstudio.comGowanusCanalCONSERVANCYNYSCATAIVHNfflPOORHABITAToutrunUMtTEDCANALACCESSPROVIDEDBYSPONGEPARK?CONDITIONSIMPROVEDBYPLANTSPUBLICSPACECREATEDBULKHEADSTABILIZEDANDPRESERVEDSPONGEPARK?PREVENTSCSOOVERFLOWABSORBED-ANDCLEANEDBYPLANTS..ffEVOtUTtONAWVWARV-MONUMeNT-DETERtORATtNG—RillKHFAD_MATEDCAWtrC*"r"1-CYANtBE-.I"1_-MEncunv---JdlandstudioCURRENTLANDUSEPROPOSEDLANDUSE(WITH4OFTEASEMENT)PRE-URBANIZEDURBANIZEDDRAINAGEAREA1,286ACRES1,758ACRESADJACENTWETLANDS439ACRES0ACRESSURFACEIMPERVIOUSNESS10%62%dlandstudiolie137ClintonStreetBrooklynNY11201T718-d24-0244GowanusCanalCONSERVANCYNYSCACURRENTLYPROPOSEDRECREATIONAL3.8ACRES15.2ACRESRESIDENTIAL35.1ACRES35.1ACRESINSTITUTIONAL5.6ACRES5.6ACRESVACANT15.6ACRES12.6ACRESk——-----------------462%DATAFROMNEWYORKDEPARTMENTOFENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION23.5ADDmONALACRESOFWETLANDBASINACRESSPONGEPARK?WETLAND11.4ACRESSPONGEPARK?TOTALdlandstudioINANAVERAGERAINSTORM,WATERISCAPTUREBYFILTRAHONSWALES.EXCESSSTORMAVERAGERAINWATERBEGINSTOFLOWINTOTERRACEDREMEDIATIONWETLANDBASINS.AVERAGERAININANAVERAGERAINSTORM,MEADOWANDWETMEADOWPLANTINGZONESRECEIVEWATER.MEADOWWETMEADOWdlandstudiolie137ClintonStreetBrooklynNY11201T718424-0244www.dlandstudio.comGowanusCanalINAHEAVYRAINSTORM,WATERREACHESTHECANALEDGEBYFLOODINGANDOVERFLOWIINGTHROUGHTERRACEDREMEDIATIONBASINS.INADDITION,ANUNDERDOCKCISTERNSRELEASEEXCESSFILTEREDWATERINTOTHECANALINAHEAVYRAIN