商務英語閱讀第一單元

Chapter1GeneralViewofInternationalBusinessWTOPara1engagedininternationaltransactionsbeinvolvedinoriginate引起,發(fā)明,發(fā)起,創(chuàng)辦vi.起源,發(fā)生restrictionsn.限制,約束virtually:infacttariffs:關稅quotas:配額embargo:禁運boycotts:聯(lián)合抵制barrier:貿易壁壘TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)inter-governmentalorganization:政府間的組織flow:流暢(be)basedon:以……為基礎services:服務settle:解決;平息tradedispute:貿易爭端negotiation:談判promotecooperation:促進合作jointdecision-making:共同決策consensus:一致同意;一致意見body:機構;團體council:決策班子;委員會committee:委員會consistof:由…組成entiremembership:全體成員administrativesupport:行政支撐secretariat:秘書處Geneva,Switzerland:瑞士的日內瓦Para.2tradingsystem:貿易系統(tǒng)dateback:追溯到…BrettonWoods:布雷頓森林conference:會議delegate:代表conceive:構思create:創(chuàng)立;創(chuàng)建theWorldBank:世界銀行theInternationalMonetaryFund:國際貨幣基金組織1Internationaltradeorganization(ITO):國際貿易組織aspecializedagency:個別機構charter:憲章ambitious:有抱負的;有雄心壯志的extendbeyond:擴充;延伸worldtradedisciplines:世界貿易原則commodityagreement:國際商品協(xié)定restrictivebusinesspractices:限制性經營辦法internationalinvestment:國際投資Havana:哈瓦拉(古巴首都)Cuba:古巴ratification:批準legislation:立法opposition:反對theU.S.Senate:美國上議院drivingforces:動力announce:宣布seek:尋求congressionalratification:國會的批準effectively:有效地eventualresult:最后的結果subsequent:隨后的;后來的creation:創(chuàng)建;創(chuàng)立theGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT):關貿總協(xié)定beconcernedwith:關注…primarily:主要的(mainly)reducebarrierstotheinternationaltradeofgoods:減少國際商品貿易壁壘resultfrom:由…所產生provisional:臨時的prosperous:興旺發(fā)達的multilateral:多邊的;多國的internationalcommerce:國際貿易overhaul:徹底改革due:應得的;預期的massivemodification:巨大的改革UruguayRound:烏拉圭回合(在烏拉圭的多次國際貿易談判)Para3regulate:控制;調節(jié);規(guī)范regulatingworldtradeofgoods:規(guī)范國際商品貿易tariffbarriers:關稅壁壘non-tariffbarriers:非關稅壁壘notlongafter:soongivebirthto:產生(resultin…)defacto:實際上;實事上informally:非正式的overtheyears:duringthefollowingyearsevolve:發(fā)展;進化setout:訂立conductinternationaltrade:進行國際貿易institution:機構temporary:暫時的;臨時的recognize:認可replace:代替amend:修改incorporate:合并liveon:繼續(xù)存在updated:最新的text:版本(version)keyprinciples:主要原則adopt:采用GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS):服務貿易總協(xié)定intellectualproperty:知識產權Trade-RelatedAspectsofInternationalPropertyRights(TRIPS):與貿易有關的知識產權協(xié)定Para4signatory(signatories):簽署各國intend:打算setupaworldwidetradingorganization:建立世界貿易組織intheevent:最后(eventually)reachanunderstanding:達成一致意見(not)increasetariffsbeyondtheirexistinglevel:增加的關稅不超過現在的水平Abolition:廢除mostfavorednation:最惠國tradingprivileges:貿易特權extend:擴展;延伸systemsofpreferences:優(yōu)惠系統(tǒng);特惠系統(tǒng)CommonwealthPreference:英聯(lián)邦關稅特惠制tradingblocs:貿易集團establishment:建立common-markettypeagreements:共同市場協(xié)定EC:abbr.歐共體(EuropeanCommunity)Outward-looking:外向型的Insular:adj.內向型的;海島的,孤立的,超然物外的abolishquotas:廢除配額KennedyRound:肯尼迪回合accountforabout80%ofinternationaltrade:占…..Para.5emphasis:重點;強調shift:轉換;轉移thenorth-southdialogue:南北對話conduct:進行;實行theUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(UNCTAD):聯(lián)合國貿易與發(fā)展會議primarycommodities:初級商品discriminate(against):歧視protectionistpolicy:貿易保護主義政策freeraccesstomarkets:更自由進入市場的機會WTOAgreements:世貿協(xié)定Part1expansion:擴充governing:控制;調節(jié)cover:包括globalexchangeofgoods:全球商品交易capital:資本multi-nationalorganization:多國貿易(be)capableof:能….resolve:解決tradeconflicts:貿易沖突;貿易爭端playakeyrole:發(fā)揮關鍵性的作用settletradedisputes:解決貿易爭端atitsheart:起核心作用legal:法定的ground-rules:章程essentially:本質上bindgovernmentstokeeptheirtradepolicies:約束各國政府保持貿易政策不變withinagreedlimits:已經過協(xié)議的范圍內asnegotiatedandsignedgovernments:作為經過談判和簽署協(xié)議的各國政府objective:目標;目的achieve:實現tolerance:寬容generosity:大度impartialmeansofsettlingtradedisputes:公正解決貿易爭端的辦法overridingpurpose:最重要的目的undesirablesideeffects:不希望發(fā)生的副作用obstacles:障礙ensure:確保;保證individuals:個體transparent:透明的readily:容易地ascertainable:確定的predictable:可預見的protectionism:貿易保護主義bloated:膨脹的inefficient:低效率的closure:關閉draft:草擬draftedandsignedbycommunityoftradingnations:由各貿易國共同草擬和簽署的considerabledebate:充分的辯論controversy:爭論function:作用forum:論壇Part2disputesettlement:解決爭端conflictinginterest:利益沖突bringactionsonitsowninitiative:獨自采取行動initiateactions:采取行動disputesettlementprocess:解決爭端程序spellout:講清除;詳細說明UnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes:解決爭端規(guī)則和程序的諒解govern:管理;統(tǒng)治;控制disputesettlementbody:解決爭端機構aspecialassembly:立法機構consultation:磋商interestedthird-parties:有利益關系的第三當事人theestablishmentofapanel:建立專家組investigate:調查allegedviolations:對違反…的指控appellatereview:上訴審查AppellateBody:上訴機構adoptionofthepanel:采納專家意見appellatedecisionbytheDisputeSettlementBody:解決爭端機構的上訴裁決implementationofthedecisionadopted:執(zhí)行所采納的裁決escalating:逐步上升的;循序漸進的three-stepprocess:三個步驟voluntaryconformity:自愿一致theviolatingmember:侵害方compensation:賠償theinjuredmember:被侵害方tradeconcessions:貿易讓步;妥協(xié)accomplish:實現retaliation:報復arbitration:仲裁AgreementEstablishingtheWorldTradeOrganization:建立世界貿易組織協(xié)定Part3antidumping:反傾銷imposition:強加impositionofantidumping:強加反傾銷(報復)countervailingmeasures:抵銷措施;補償措施fairvalue:公平價值dumping:傾銷recognize:公認prohibit:禁止anestablishedindustry:已有的工業(yè)materially:從物質上inhibit:抑制;約束domesticindustry:國內工業(yè)provide:規(guī)定impose:強行征稅antidumpingduty:反傾銷稅inappropriatecircumstances:在適當的情況下outline:概述subsidy:津貼;補助金bounty:津貼bestow:給予artificiallycheaper:人為造成的便宜emergingindustries:新興工業(yè)amembernation:成員國acountervailingduty:反傾銷稅;反補貼稅offset:抵銷Part4lengthyandcomplex:漫長而復雜的legaltexts:法律文本coverawiderangeofactivities:涉及范圍廣governmentpurchases:政府采購foodsanitationregulations:食品衛(wèi)生規(guī)則intellectualproperty:知識產權fundamentalprinciples:基本原則runthroughoutallofthesedocuments:應用與所有文件worldwide,multilateraltradingsystem:全世界多邊貿易系統(tǒng)statesv.:規(guī)定discrimination:歧視discriminate:歧視grante:準予;承認most-favoured-nation(MFN)status:最惠國地位nationaltreatment(國民待遇)freer:更自由的prediatable:可以預見的arbitrarily:任意地;隨意地morecompetitive:更據競爭性的discouraging:打擊marketshare:市場份額beneficial:受益的flexibility:靈活性specialprivileges:特權Part6cost-free:免費的;不付出代價的attain:獲得applicant:申請者gothrough:經過existingmembers:現有成員國prospectivemembers:申請加入的國家engageinsomepainfulreforms:進行一些難度很大的改革curbexportsubsidies(subsidy):控制;抑制enforcementoflaws:強制執(zhí)行法律intellectualpropertypiracy:侵犯知識產權的行為1.2Globalization1.2.1.globalization:全球化globe:地球;世界integrated:綜合的amoreintegratedandinterdependentworldeconomy:更加綜合和相互依賴的世界經濟components:成分;因素theglobalizationofmarkets:全球化市場theglobalizationofproduction:全球化生產1.2.1.1themergingofhistoricallydistinctandseparatenationalmarketsintoonehugeglobalmarketplace:從過去的明顯的單一國內市場融匯為一個巨大的全球市場thetasteandpreference:品味和偏好convergeonaglobalnorm:匯聚為一個全球標準Citicorpcreditcards:花旗銀行信用卡Levi’sjeans:Levi’s牛仔服SonyWalkmansandDiscmans:Nintendogameplayers:任天堂游戲機holdup:認為prototypical:典型的trend:趨勢LeviStrauss:一公司名(Levi’sstrauss牛仔褲)benefactor:貢獻者;恩人;捐助者facilitator:推動者standardizedproduct:標準化產品thesizeofthesemultinationalgiants:跨國公司規(guī)模facilitate:推動;促進triple:增至三倍accountfor:占targetemergingmarkets:瞄準新興市場closeto:nearlyPart2prevalence:流行SonyPlayStations:索尼游戲站pushtoofar:(將某事)過分擴大givewayto:讓位于….significant:重要的relevantdimensions:相關方面distributionchannels:銷售渠道culturallyembeddedvaluesystems:根深帝固的文化價值觀念marketingstrategy:營銷策略andthelike:andsoonoperatingpractice:操作習慣customize:為用戶定制bestmatchconditionsinacountry:最好地與當地國家的情況相適應promote:開發(fā)varyingcarmodels:不同的汽車類型arangeoffactors:一系列的因素trafficcongestion:交通擁堵Part3currently:目前;現在universalneedtheworldover:全球性的需要theworldover:allovertheworldcommodity:商品aluminum:鋁microprocessor:微型處理器DRAMs:computermemorychips:電腦存儲芯片commercialjetaircraft:商用噴氣式飛機financialassets:金融資產USTreasurybills:美國短期債券,償還期一般為三到六個月futuresontheNikkeiIndex:日經期貨指數theNikkeiIndex東京證券交易所Eurobonds:歐洲債券Mexicanpeso:墨西哥比索Part4animportantfeature:特點;特征confront:面對;對抗competitor:競爭對手innationafternation:一個又一個國家rivalry:競爭rival:對手Pepsi:百事可樂Ford:美國福特汽車公司Toyota:豐田汽車Boeing:波音公司Air-bus:空中客車Caterpillar:公司名Komatsu:公司名Nintendo:任天堂Sony:索尼gainanadvantage:取得優(yōu)勢homogeneity:同質:同種multinationalenterprise:跨國企業(yè)emerge:出現convergence:集中homogeneous:相似的;同類的1.2.1.2TheGlobalizationofProductiontendency:趨向source:尋找(searchfor)takeadvantageofnationaldifferences:利用國家之間的不同inthecostandquality:在成本與質量方面factorsofproduction:生產要素overallcoststructure:全部成本結構functionality:功能majorcomponentparts:主要零件supplier:供應商fuselage,doorsandwings:機身,機門和機翼thenoselandinggear:飛機起落架wingflaps:副翼;阻力板rationale:基本原理outsource:外購;外包perform:從事;做enhance:提高;增強Part2dispersal:分散getintotheact:參加;插手SwanOptical:公司名(acompany)manufacturer:制造商distributor:銷售商eyewear:眼鏡revenue:收入jointly:共同的minoritystake:少數股份locations:地方(places)designereyewear:設計師的眼鏡chargeapremiumprice:獲取保險費溢價disperse:分散competitiveadvantage:競爭優(yōu)勢exemplify:例證;作為…例子irrelevant:不恰當的;不相關的theoutsourcingofproductiveactivities:外購(外包)的生產活動substantial:很大的;重要的impediment:障礙optimaldispersion:理想的分散(生產活動)Part3traveldowntheroadtoward…:gotoward…characterizedby…以…為特點importantactorsinthisdrama:這個舞臺上的重要演員foster:促進merely:onlyrespond:相應;回應1.2.2.ImplicationsfortheGlobalizationofProductiondecline:下降ImplicationsforInte