2025屆廣東省河源市高三畢業(yè)班調(diào)研模擬測(cè)試（二）英語(yǔ)試題【含答案解析】

2025屆河源市高三畢業(yè)班調(diào)研模擬測(cè)試（二）英語(yǔ)注意事項(xiàng)：1.答卷前，考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)等填寫在答題卡上。2.回答選擇題時(shí)，選出每小題答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。如需改動(dòng)，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案標(biāo)號(hào)?；卮鸱沁x擇題時(shí)，將答案寫在答題卡上。寫在本試卷上無(wú)效。3.考試結(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題，每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。AThankyouforyourinterestinTheUCLAHealthVolunteenSummerProgram.Onceyouareacceptedintotheprogram,youmaybeginyourvolunteeringinthefollowingcriticalareas:WayfindingWayfindersarestationedathospitalentrancesandgreeteachvisitor/patientalongwithprovidingwheelchairassistance.Wayfindersmustbefriendlyandhavegoodcommunicationskills2-hourshiftsareavailableMonday-Fridaybetween8:00a.m.-4:00p.m.Duetothestandingnatureofthisposition,4hourswillberewardedfor2hoursofWayfindingservice.FloatersFloatershelpdeliverpatientmailandnewspapers.Assignmentscanchangeeachshiftdependingonneedsofthedepartment,VolunteersareassignedtotheVolunteerOfficeforone4-hourshiftperweekMonday-Fridaybetween9:00a.m.-4:00p.m.PatientTransportPatientTransportvolunteersareresponsiblefordischargingpatientsandhelpingthepatienttransportstaff.Thisisagreatopportunityforstudentstoseeallareasofthehospitalandgetclinicalexposure.Shiftsareavailablesevendaysaweekanytimebetween8:00a.m.-8:00p.m.ApplyingtotheSummerVolunteenProgramStep1:SignupforanInformationSessiononzoom.Sign-upsareonafirstcome,firstservebasis.Step2:Submitallrequiredapplicationformsonlineforreviewandapproval.Step3:AttendoneIn-PersonOrientation(培訓(xùn)).Thereisonlyonesession,andwewillnothavemake-upsessions.step4:Complete50volunteerhoursbyAugust31,2025.1.WhatcanwelearnaboutWayfinding?ATimebonuswillbegiven. B.Itisavailableonweekends.C.Assignmentschangewithneeds. D.Ittrainsvolunteerstofindways.2.WhatisanadvantageofPatientTransport?A.Itoffersclinicaltraining. B.Itassistsintreatingpatients.C.Itprovidesflexibleshifts. D.Ithelpsshowpatientsaround.3.Whatareapplicantsexpectedtodowhenapplyingfortheprogram?A.Signupassoonaspossible. B.Trackvolunteerhours.C.Attendamake-uporientation. D.Reviewapplicationforms.【答案】1.A2.C3.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校健康志愿者暑期項(xiàng)目，包括其工作內(nèi)容和申請(qǐng)方法?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Wayfinding中“Duetothestandingnatureofthisposition,4hourswillberewardedfor2hoursofWayfindingservice.(由于該職位的站立性質(zhì)，提供2小時(shí)尋路服務(wù)可獲得4小時(shí)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì))”可知，尋路志愿者可以獲得時(shí)間獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。故選A項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)PatientTransport中“Shiftsareavailablesevendaysaweekanytimebetween8:00a.m.-8:00p.m.(每周7天，從早上8點(diǎn)到晚上8點(diǎn)的任何時(shí)間都可以輪班)”可知，病人轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)崗位的優(yōu)勢(shì)是上班時(shí)間非常靈活。故選C項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)ApplyingtotheSummerVolunteenProgram中“SignupforanInformationSessiononzoom.Sign-upsareonafirstcome,firstservebasis.(報(bào)名參加一個(gè)關(guān)于zoom的信息會(huì)議。報(bào)名是先到先得的)”可知，申請(qǐng)?jiān)擁?xiàng)目時(shí)，申請(qǐng)人需要盡快報(bào)名。故選A項(xiàng)。BGrowingupinCyprus,Elenafeltshewasdifferentfromothergirls—shewasinterestedinbiology.Butitwasafamilytragedythathelpedshapeherdeterminationtomajorinmedicine.“MyparentslosttheirfirstchildbecausehehadDown’ssyndrome.HepassedawaywhenIwasaboutsevenyearsold,”shesays.“AndIguessthat’salwaysbeenplayingonmymindandIgraduallyformedtheideaofstudyingmedicine.”Atabout14,shesethersightsonstudyingmedicineintheUK.“Despitebeingastudentfromaforeigncountry,IachievedA-levelsinallmysubjects,consideredsuitableformedicine,”shesays.Nowasaconsultantsurgeonatoneofthebusiestmajortrauma(創(chuàng)傷)unitsinEngland,Elenahasspokenofhersuccessfulcareerandthechallengesshehasencounteredasafemaledoctorincludingsometimeshavingtoremindpatientssuspiciousofherthat“Iamthesurgeon”.Elena’smainjobisworkingwiththemajortraumateam,butisalsoinvolvedintheteamdealingwithpatientsthathaveseveresurgicalissues.“WhenI’maconsultant,Ihaveapositionofresponsibilitynotonlytowardsmypatients,butalsotowardstheteamthatIcooperatewith,”shesays.Workinghard,shehasneverexperiencedprejudicefromothermalesurgeons,whoshowgreatrespectforher.Elenadoesnotshyawayfromthefactthatbeingawomanhassometimesfeltlikeadisadvantage.“Findwhatyoulovedoingdayafterday,becauseyourprofessionalcareerisalongtime,andittakesalot—probablylike20or30yearsofyourlife.Therefore,it’sofgreatsignificancetodowhatyouarefondofandthenjustgoforit,”shesays.4.WhatinspiredElenatopursueacareerinmedicine?A.Achildhoodincident. B.Herdesireforbeingdifferent.C.Herinterestinbiology. D.Encouragementfromherparents.5.WhatwasonechallengeElenafaced?A.Gainingacceptancefromherpatients. B.AchievingA-levelsinherEnglishstudies.C.Obtaininggoodscoresasaforeignstudent. D.Remindingherselfaboutherbeingadoctor.6.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A.Respectfromothersurgeons. B.Elena’smainresponsibilities.C.PrejudicefromElena’spatients. D.Medicalstaff’sdevotiontothejob.7.WhatisElena’sadviceonchoosingacareer?A.Makealong-termprofessionalplan. B.Knowyourstrengthsandweaknesses.C.Followyourpassionanddetermination. D.Understandyourcareerresponsibilities.【答案】4.A5.A6.B7.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了埃琳娜受家庭悲劇的影響，決心從醫(yī)，并介紹了她作為一名女醫(yī)生的成功職業(yè)生涯以及她所遇到的挑戰(zhàn)。【4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Butitwasafamilytragedythathelpedshapeherdeterminationtomajorinmedicine.‘MyparentslosttheirfirstchildbecausehehadDown’ssyndrome.HepassedawaywhenIwasaboutsevenyearsold,’shesays.‘AndIguessthat’salwaysbeenplayingonmymindandIgraduallyformedtheideaofstudyingmedicine.’(但正是一場(chǎng)家庭悲劇幫助她下定決心主修醫(yī)學(xué)?！拔腋改甘チ怂麄兊牡谝粋€(gè)孩子，因?yàn)樗加刑剖暇C合癥。我七歲左右的時(shí)候，他就去世了，”她說(shuō)?！拔蚁脒@件事一直縈繞在我的腦海中，我逐漸形成了學(xué)醫(yī)的想法?！?”可知，是童年時(shí)期的一場(chǎng)家庭悲劇激發(fā)了埃琳娜追求醫(yī)學(xué)事業(yè)的決心。故選A項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Elenahasspokenofhersuccessfulcareerandthechallengesshehasencounteredasafemaledoctorincludingsometimeshavingtoremindpatientssuspiciousofherthat‘Iamthesurgeon’.(埃琳娜談到了她成功的職業(yè)生涯以及她作為一名女醫(yī)生所遇到的挑戰(zhàn)，包括有時(shí)不得不提醒對(duì)她表示懷疑的病人“我是外科醫(yī)生”)”可知，埃琳娜面臨的一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)是獲得病人的接受。故選A項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“Elena’smainjobisworkingwiththemajortraumateam,butisalsoinvolvedintheteamdealingwithpatientsthathaveseveresurgicalissues.“WhenI’maconsultant,Ihaveapositionofresponsibilitynotonlytowardsmypatients,butalsotowardstheteamthatIcooperatewith,”shesays.Workinghard,shehasneverexperiencedprejudicefromothermalesurgeons,whoshowgreatrespectforher.(埃琳娜的主要工作是與主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)傷小組合作，但也參與了處理有嚴(yán)重手術(shù)問(wèn)題的病人的小組?！爱?dāng)我是一名顧問(wèn)時(shí)，我不僅要對(duì)我的病人負(fù)責(zé)，還要對(duì)我合作的團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)，”她說(shuō)。由于努力工作，她從未受到其他男外科醫(yī)生的偏見(jiàn)，他們對(duì)她非常尊重)”可知，本段介紹了埃琳娜的主要職責(zé)。故選B項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中“‘Findwhatyoulovedoingdayafterday,becauseyourprofessionalcareerisalongtime,andittakesalot—probablylike20or30yearsofyourlife.Therefore,it’sofgreatsignificancetodowhatyouarefondofandthenjustgoforit,’shesays.”(她說(shuō)：“找到你每天都喜歡做的事情，因?yàn)槟愕穆殬I(yè)生涯很長(zhǎng)，需要花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間——可能像你生命中的20或30年。因此，做你喜歡的事情，然后放手去做，這是非常有意義的?！?可知，埃琳娜建議選擇職業(yè)時(shí)要追隨自己的熱情和決心。故選C項(xiàng)。CPlasticbottlesandbagscanbevaporizedintochemicalbuildingblocksandturnedintonewplasticswithallthepropertiesoforiginalmaterials.Therearehurdles(障礙)stilltoovercome,butthenewprocessisabigsteptowardatrulycirculareconomyforplastic.About5billiontonnesofplastichasgonetolandfillsincethe1950s,andrecyclingeffortshaveonlytackled9percentofwhatwehaveproduced.Withcurrenttechniques,plasticsdegradeineachrecyclingroundandendupinlandfillafteronlyafewcyclesoftheprocess.JohnHartwigattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,andhiscolleagueshadpreviouslydevelopedaprocessthatbrokedownwasteplasticintoitsconstituentparts,butitreliedontheexpensivemetalcatalysts(催化劑).Now,histeamhasdiscoveredanimprovedprocessthatworksonbothpolyethylene,fromwhichmostplasticbagsaremade,andpolypropylene,whichisusedtomakeharderobjects.Anditreliesonlyoncatalystsconsideredsocommonthattheyareessentially“dirt”,saysHartwig.Inexperiments,theteamusedtwocatalyststoturnamixtureofpolyethyleneandpolypropyleneintooriginalchemicalsforplasticwiththeefficiencyofnearly90percent.However,Hartwigwarnsthattherearestillmanyhurdlestoovercome,andthattheprocesshasonlybeentestedinthepresenceofasmallnumberofcommonadditives(添加物).“Therewillbeadditivesthatwillaffectthecatalysts,”hesays.Thismaymeanhavingawaytoseparatethoseadditivesorfindingcatalyststhatareresistanttothem.CressidaBowyerattheUniversityofPortsmouth,U.K.,saysthatevenifwehaveaprocessthatcansplitwasteplasticintoconstituentpartsandwithstandadditives,otherissuesremain.Thedegreeofpoisonousnessanddisposalofthecatalystsandadditivesmustbeconsidered,shesays.“Thesecouldoutweighanyperceivedbenefitsofrecyclingtechnologies.Recyclingshouldnotbeseenasanykindofsolutiontomaintainingorincreasingproductionofsingle-useandunnecessaryplasticsandcontinuingthecurrentprevailingtake-make-wasteculture,”sheadds.8.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?A.Theharmplasticwastesdotohumans.B.Thealarmingspeedofmakingplasticwastes.C.Thelowefficiencyofcurrentplasticrecycling.D.Thepressingenvironmentalpollutionbyplasticwastes.9.Whichhastheclosestmeaningtotheunderlinedword“dirt”inparagraph3?A.Materialsquiteessential. B.Materialseasilyaccessible.C.Materialsabundantinplastics. D.Materialsbasictotheproducts.10.WhatdoesHartwigthinkoftheimprovedprocess?A.Itisnotfullypreparedforpracticaluse.B.Itreducestheneedforsingle-useplastics.CItneedsfurtherresearchtodevelopnewmaterials.D.Itcanbeappliedtoalimitednumberofcommonplastics.11.WhatcanbeinferredfromCressidaBowyer’swords?A.Recyclingdoesn’tproduceanyharmfulsubstancesandpoisons.B.Healthandenvironmentalpollutionshouldbethebiggestconcern.C.Recyclingcanberelieduponasasolutiontowidespreaduseofplastics.D.Theimprovedprocessisasbeneficialandsustainableasitisthought.【答案】8.C9.B10.A11.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了塑料回收領(lǐng)域的一項(xiàng)新進(jìn)展，即通過(guò)使用常見(jiàn)催化劑將廢棄塑料分解為原始化學(xué)成分，從而制造出具有原生材料所有特性的新塑料。盡管這項(xiàng)技術(shù)展示了實(shí)現(xiàn)塑料循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的巨大潛力，但仍有許多挑戰(zhàn)需要克服，包括處理塑料中的添加劑問(wèn)題和考慮催化劑及添加劑的毒性和處置方法?！?題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第二段“About5billiontonnesofplastichasgonetolandfillsincethe1950s,andrecyclingeffortshaveonlytackled9percentofwhatwehaveproduced(自20世紀(jì)50年代以來(lái)，約有50億噸塑料被送往垃圾填埋場(chǎng)，而回收工作僅處理了我們所生產(chǎn)塑料的9%)”可知，這段主要講的是當(dāng)前塑料回收效率很低，故選C項(xiàng)。【9題詳解】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)原文第三段“Now,histeamhasdiscoveredanimprovedprocessthatworksonbothpolyethylene,fromwhichmostplasticbagsaremade,andpolypropylene,whichisusedtomakeharderobjects.Anditreliesonlyoncatalystsconsideredsocommonthattheyareessentially“…”,saysHartwig.(現(xiàn)在，他的團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種改進(jìn)的工藝，該工藝既適用于制造大多數(shù)塑料袋的聚乙烯，也適用于制造較硬物體的聚丙烯。哈特維格說(shuō)，它只依賴于被認(rèn)為非常常見(jiàn)的催化劑，這些催化劑本質(zhì)上就是“……”)”可知，此處說(shuō)的催化劑很常見(jiàn)，也就是容易獲取的材料，所以“dirt”在這里的意思接近“Materialseasilyaccessible”，故選B項(xiàng)。【10題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第四段“However,Hartwigwarnsthattherearestillmanyhurdlestoovercome,andthattheprocesshasonlybeentestedinthepresenceofasmallnumberofcommonadditives(添加物).“Therewillbeadditivesthatwillaffectthecatalysts,”hesays.Thismaymeanhavingawaytoseparatethoseadditivesorfindingcatalyststhatareresistanttothem.(然而，哈特維格警告說(shuō)，仍有許多障礙需要克服，而且該工藝只在少量常見(jiàn)添加劑存在的情況下進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。他說(shuō)：“會(huì)有添加劑影響催化劑?！边@可能意味著要有一種方法來(lái)分離這些添加劑，或者找到對(duì)它們有抵抗力的催化劑)”可知，哈特維格認(rèn)為改進(jìn)后的工藝還沒(méi)有完全為實(shí)際應(yīng)用做好準(zhǔn)備，還有很多問(wèn)題需要解決，故選A項(xiàng)?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文最后一段“CressidaBowyerattheUniversityofPortsmouth,U.K.,saysthatevenifwehaveaprocessthatcansplitwasteplasticintoconstituentpartsandwithstandadditives,otherissuesremain.Thedegreeofpoisonousnessanddisposalofthecatalystsandadditivesmustbeconsidered,shesays.“Thesecouldoutweighanyperceivedbenefitsofrecyclingtechnologies.Recyclingshouldnotbeseenasanykindofsolutiontomaintainingorincreasingproductionofsingle-useandunnecessaryplasticsandcontinuingthecurrentprevailingtake-make-wasteculture,”sheadds.(英國(guó)樸茨茅斯大學(xué)的克雷斯達(dá)?鮑耶說(shuō)，即使我們有了一種可以將廢塑料分解成組成部分并能耐受添加劑的工藝，其他問(wèn)題仍然存在。她說(shuō)，必須考慮催化劑和添加劑的毒性程度以及處置問(wèn)題?！斑@些可能會(huì)超過(guò)回收技術(shù)帶來(lái)的任何可感知的好處?；厥詹粦?yīng)被視為維持或增加一次性和不必要塑料生產(chǎn)以及延續(xù)當(dāng)前盛行的“取—造—廢”文化的任何解決方案?！?”可知克雷斯達(dá)?鮑耶說(shuō)即使我們有了一種可以將廢塑料分解成組成部分并能耐受添加劑的工藝，其他問(wèn)題仍然存在，必須考慮催化劑和添加劑的毒性程度以及處置問(wèn)題，可以推斷出，克雷斯達(dá)?鮑耶認(rèn)為健康和環(huán)境污染應(yīng)該是最大的關(guān)注點(diǎn)，不能只看到回收工藝的好處而忽視了其他方面帶來(lái)的不良影響，故選B項(xiàng)。DTop-downprocessingistheprocessofusingcontextorgeneralknowledgetounderstandwhatweperceive(感知).In1970,psychologistRichardGregoryintroducedtheconcept.Heclaimedthatperceptionisconstructive.Theprocessingplaysanimportantroleinourinteractionswithourenvironment.Ourfivesensesareconstantlytakingininformation.Atanygiventime,weareexperiencingdifferentsights,sounds,tastes,smells,andwaysthingsfeelwhenwetouchthem.Ifwepaidattentiontoeachoneofoursensesallthetime,we’dneverdoanythingelse.Itenablesustosimplifytheprocessbyrelyingoncontextandourpre-existingknowledgetounderstandwhatwenotice.Ifourbrainsdidn’temploytop-downprocessingoursenseswouldoverwhelmus.Top-downprocessinghelpsusunderstandwhatoursensesareperceivinginourdailylives.Forexample,supposeyoureceiveanimportantletterbutafewdropsofwaterhaveruinedpartofthetext.Afewlettersindifferentwordsarenowjustsmudges(污跡).Yet,you’restillabletoreadtheletterinitsentiretyusingtop-downprocessing.Youusethecontextofthewordsandsentencesinwhichthesmudgesappearandyourknowledgeofreadingtocomprehendthemeaningoftheletter’smessage.SeeawordLO*E,withoneletterknockeddown,yetyouarestillabletoquicklyrecognizethewordasLOVE.Ontheonehand,top-downprocessingservesapositivefunctionbysimplifyingthewaywecomprehendoursensoryperceptions.Itenablesustoshortcutthecognitivepathbetweenourperceptionsandtheirmeaning.Ontheotherhand,patternscanalsopreventusfromperceivingthingsinuniqueways.Sowemayunderstandthepatternofhowtouseamobilephone,butifthemanufacturercomesoutwithanewphonethatemployscompletelyuniqueinteractionpatterns,wemaynotbeabletofigureouthowtouseit.Besides,asourknowledgeislimitedandbiased(片面的)incertainways,itcanleadtoperceptualerrors.12.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingparagraph2?A.Toexplainmainreasons. B.Togivepracticalexamples.C.Todrawspecificconclusions. D.Toanalysetheoreticalframeworks.13.Whatmaybethekeytounderstandingatextwithmissingletters?A.Pre-existingknowledge. B.Activeinteractions.C.Fivephysicalsenses. D.Lessonsfrommistakes14.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.Seeingisbelieving. B.Practicemakesperfect.C.Everycoinhastwosides. D.Experienceisthebestteacher.15.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodoaccordingtothetext?A.Introduceareadingmethod. B.Deepenunderlyingmeanings.C.Illustrateacognitivestrategy. D.Clarifyaproducingprocess.【答案】12.A13.A14.C15.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了自上而下的處理信息幫助我們理解感知到的事物，文章主要解釋了這一認(rèn)知過(guò)程?！?2題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Theprocessingplaysanimportantroleinourinteractionswithourenvironment.Ourfivesensesareconstantlytakingininformation.Atanygiventime,weareexperiencingdifferentsights,sounds,tastes,smells,andwaysthingsfeelwhenwetouchthem.Ifwepaidattentiontoeachoneofoursensesallthetime,we’dneverdoanythingelse.Itenablesustosimplifytheprocessbyrelyingoncontextandourpre-existingknowledgetounderstandwhatwenotice.Ifourbrainsdidn’temploytop-downprocessingoursenseswouldoverwhelmus.(這個(gè)過(guò)程在我們與環(huán)境的互動(dòng)中起著重要的作用。我們的五種感官不斷地接收信息。在任何給定的時(shí)間，我們都在體驗(yàn)不同的視覺(jué)、聲音、味道、氣味，以及觸摸事物時(shí)的感覺(jué)。如果我們一直關(guān)注我們的每一種感官，我們就永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)做其他事情。它使我們能夠通過(guò)依賴上下文和我們已有的知識(shí)來(lái)理解我們注意到的東西，從而簡(jiǎn)化這個(gè)過(guò)程。如果我們的大腦不采用自上而下的處理方式，我們的感官就會(huì)壓倒我們)”可知，作者寫第二段的目的是分析自上而下的處理是至關(guān)重要的主要原因。故選A?！?3題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Youusethecontextofthewordsandsentencesinwhichthesmudgesappearandyourknowledgeofreadingtocomprehendthemeaningoftheletter’smessage.SeeawordLO*E,withoneletterknockeddown,yetyouarestillabletoquicklyrecognizethewordasLOVE.(你可以利用出現(xiàn)污跡的單詞和句子的上下文以及你的閱讀知識(shí)來(lái)理解信件的意思?？吹揭粋€(gè)單詞“LO*E”，一個(gè)字母被敲掉了，但你仍然能很快認(rèn)出這個(gè)單詞是“LOVE”)”可知，理解一篇缺少字母的文章的關(guān)鍵是已有的信息。故選A。【14題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Ontheonehand,top-downprocessingservesapositivefunctionbysimplifyingthewaywecomprehendoursensoryperceptions.Itenablesustoshortcutthecognitivepathbetweenourperceptionsandtheirmeaning.Ontheotherhand,patternscanalsopreventusfromperceivingthingsinuniqueways.(一方面，自上而下的處理通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)化我們理解感官知覺(jué)的方式起到了積極的作用。它使我們能夠縮短我們的感知和它們的意義之間的認(rèn)知路徑。另一方面，模式也可以阻止我們以獨(dú)特的方式感知事物)”可知，自上而下的處理通常是有益的，但它也有局限性，有時(shí)會(huì)阻礙我們以新穎的方式感知事物或適應(yīng)不熟悉的情況的能力。因此，事物都有兩面性。故選C。【15題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Top-downprocessingistheprocessofusingcontextorgeneralknowledgetounderstandwhatweperceive(感知).In1970,psychologistRichardGregoryintroducedtheconcept.Heclaimedthatperceptionisconstructive.(自上而下的處理是使用上下文或一般知識(shí)來(lái)理解我們所感知的東西的過(guò)程。1970年，心理學(xué)家理查德·格雷戈里提出了這個(gè)概念。他聲稱感知是建設(shè)性的)”，結(jié)合文章主要說(shuō)明了自上而下的處理信息幫助我們理解感知到的事物，文章主要解釋了這一認(rèn)知過(guò)程?？芍?，作者想要說(shuō)明一個(gè)認(rèn)知策略。故選C。第二節(jié)（共5小題，每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。It’swellknownthatkidsbenefitfromeatingdinnerwiththeirfamilies.Infact,childrenwhospendthisqualitytimewiththeirparentsdobetterinschoolandhavelargervocabularies.____16____Butwhatyoumaynotknowisthateatingtogetherasafamilyhasbenefitsinotheraspectstoo.Healthyeatingcanbepromoted.Whenfamilieseattogether,theyusuallyhavehealthierhome-cookedmealsandconsumemorefruitsandvegetables.____17____Sotheytendtogiveupdestructivebehaviorandeatmoremindfullywhentheirchildrenarewatching.____18____Ithasbeenfoundthatfamilymealsmayleadtosocialbenefitsforparentsincludingthosewhohavelowerlevelsofthesymptoms(癥狀)ofdepressionandstress.Parentswhoeatwiththeirchildrenalsosaythattheyaremorelikelytobeinagoodmood.Whenparentsandkidseattogether,theyaredevelopinglinks.Inotherwords,theycanbuildstrongerconnections.TheywillturnofftheTV,putawaytheircellphonesandjusthaveface-to-faceconversations.Keeptheconversationspositiveandencouragekidstodiscusstheirday.____19____Eatingtogetherhelpspassonfamilytradition.____20____Whenteensgrowupinhomesthathaveregularfamilymeals,theyarefarmorelikelytocopythatpracticeintheirhomes.AstudypublishedintheJournalofFamilyPsychologyshowsthemorefrequentlyachildeatsfamilymealswithhisparents,themorebeeatswithhisownchildren.A.Socialskillscanalsobeakeyfactor.B.Eatingtogetherprofitsparents’mentalhealth.C.Plus,parentsshouldkeeplisteningmoreoften.D.Parentswanttobeamodelofgoodeatinghabits.E.Eatingasafamilyhandsdowngoodparentingskills.F.Themorethefamilycommunicate,thebettertheirrelationship.G.Theyalsohavelowerratesofanxietyandmanageemotionsmoresensibly.【答案】16.G17.D18.B19.F20.E【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了家人們一起吃飯不僅對(duì)孩子有益，同時(shí)也會(huì)在其他方面給人們帶來(lái)好處。【16題詳解】根據(jù)前文“It’swellknownthatkidsbenefitfromeatingdinnerwiththeirfamilies.Infact,childrenwhospendthisqualitytimewiththeirparentsdobetterinschoolandhavelargervocabularies.(眾所周知，孩子們從與家人共進(jìn)晚餐中受益。事實(shí)上，與父母共度這段美好時(shí)光的孩子在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)更好，詞匯量也更大)”可知，此處在講述和家人共進(jìn)晚餐的好處；G項(xiàng)“Theyalsohavelowerratesofanxietyandmanageemotionsmoresensibly.(他們也有更低的焦慮率和更明智地管理情緒)”承接上文，進(jìn)一步闡述與父母共度用餐時(shí)光給孩子心理健康和情緒上帶來(lái)的益處，其中also說(shuō)明與上文構(gòu)成并列遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。故選G項(xiàng)。【17題詳解】根據(jù)前文“Whenfamilieseattogether,theyusuallyhavehealthierhome-cookedmealsandconsumemorefruitsandvegetables.(當(dāng)家人一起吃飯時(shí)，他們通常會(huì)吃更健康的家常菜，吃更多的水果和蔬菜)”可知，本段主要講述，孩子們和家人共進(jìn)晚餐，會(huì)吃的更健康，所以D項(xiàng)“Parentswanttobeamodelofgoodeatinghabits.(父母想成為良好飲食習(xí)慣的榜樣)”解釋為什么會(huì)吃的健康的原因，符合本段主題；且D選項(xiàng)與下文“Sotheytendtogiveupdestructivebehaviorandeatmoremindfullywhentheirchildrenarewatching.(因此，當(dāng)孩子們看著他們時(shí)，他們往往會(huì)放棄破壞性的行為，吃得更用心。)”構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系。故選D項(xiàng)?！?8題詳解】設(shè)空位于段首，為本段中心句；根據(jù)后文“Ithasbeenfoundthatfamilymealsmayleadtosocialbenefitsforparentsincludingthosewhohavelowerlevelsofthesymptoms(癥狀)ofdepressionandstress.Parentswhoeatwiththeirchildrenalsosaythattheyaremorelikelytobeinagoodmood.(研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，家庭聚餐可能會(huì)給父母帶來(lái)社會(huì)效益，包括那些抑郁和壓力癥狀較低的父母。和孩子一起吃飯的父母也表示，他們更有可能心情愉快)”可知，一起吃飯可以有利于父母的心理健康，所以B項(xiàng)“Eatingtogetherprofitsparents’mentalhealth.(一起吃飯有利于父母的心理健康)”符合本段主題。故選B項(xiàng)。【19題詳解】設(shè)空位于段尾，是對(duì)前文的總結(jié)；根據(jù)前文“Whenparentsandkidseattogether,theyaredevelopinglinks.Inotherwords,theycanbuildstrongerconnections.TheywillturnofftheTV,putawaytheircellphonesandjusthaveface-to-faceconversations.Keeptheconversationspositiveandencouragekidstodiscusstheirday.(當(dāng)父母和孩子一起吃飯時(shí)，他們正在建立聯(lián)系。換句話說(shuō)，他們可以建立更強(qiáng)的聯(lián)系。他們會(huì)關(guān)掉電視，放下手機(jī)，只進(jìn)行面對(duì)面的交談。保持積極的對(duì)話，鼓勵(lì)孩子們討論他們的一天)”可知，本段主要講述父母和孩子一起吃飯，他們可以加強(qiáng)溝通，建立聯(lián)系，所以F項(xiàng)“Themorethefamilycommunicate,thebettertheirrelationship.(家庭溝通越多，他們的關(guān)系就越好)”是對(duì)前文的總結(jié)。故選F項(xiàng)。20題詳解】根據(jù)前文“Eatingtogetherhelpspassonfamilytradition.(一起吃飯有助于傳承家庭傳統(tǒng))”闡述關(guān)于家庭聚餐對(duì)家族傳統(tǒng)延續(xù)的益處；E項(xiàng)“Eatingasafamilyhandsdowngoodparentingskills.(作為一個(gè)家庭，飲食傳承了良好的育兒技巧)”可知，是對(duì)前文的進(jìn)一步解釋，符合文意。故選E項(xiàng)。第三部分語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題，每小題1分，滿分15分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。I’venevermetMrs.Poddar,theownerofthehousewhereIamlivinginthisforeigncountry.Ifinishedmy____21____throughapropertyagent.Mrs.Poddarisacomplete____22____forme.Yet,afewmonthslater,Mrs.Poddarinstructedmyagentto____23____myrent,andthenewrentisonlyhalfoftheoriginal!Feeling____24____,Iaskedmyagentaboutthereason.HetoldmethatMrs.Poddar____25____Iwasfromabroadstudyingherealoneandwasstill____26____thenewenvironment.Shedidthisjusttooffermesome____27____.Beingawayfrommyfamilyto____28____mycollegedegree,Ihavefoundthelifehere____29____inthepastfewmonths:nofriends,nofamiliarfood….Butthe_____30_____Mrs.Poddarshowedmeopenedanewworldtome,_____31_____menottoindulge(沉湎)innegativefeelingsandtoestablishnewrelationships.SoIdecidedto_____32_____withpeopleinmylocalareabyfirstlendingahandtoothers.Ononeoccasion,Ishoppedforgroceriesforanoldcouple,who_____33_____metoaheavymealtheymade.Actually,abouthalfofmysparetimeis_____34_____withofferinghelptopeopleinmyneighborhood.Weareindeedfromdifferent_____35_____,butthatdoesn’tloosenthetiesbetweenus.21.A.moving B.purchasing C.selling D.renting22.A.newcomer B.stranger C.friend D.helper23.A.lower B.cancel C.collect D.raise24.A.motivated B.confused C.excited D.annoyed25.A.anticipated B.suspected C.discovered D.argued26.A.wonderingat B.adjustingto C.lookinginto D.workingon27.A.convenience B.advice C.comfort D.freedom28.A.pursue B.change C.polish D.support29.A.boring B.adventurous C.tough D.eventful30.A.trust B.wisdom C.respect D.kindness31.A.forcing B.expecting C.encouraging D.commanding32.A.negotiate B.live C.correspond D.connect33A.treated B.entitled C.guided D.welcomed34.A.ready B.occupied C.stuck D.consistent35.A.neighborhoods B.families C.generations D.backgrounds【答案】21.D22.B23.A24.B25.C26.B27.C28.A29.C30.D31.C32.D33.A34.B35.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者在國(guó)外租房時(shí)，房東Poddar夫人雖然與作者素未謀面，卻主動(dòng)降低房租，給予作者溫暖，促使作者積極與他人建立聯(lián)系，幫助鄰里，感悟到盡管人們來(lái)自不同的背景，但彼此之間的聯(lián)系并不會(huì)因此減弱?！?1題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：我是通過(guò)房產(chǎn)中介完成租房的。A.moving移動(dòng)；B.purchasing購(gòu)買；C.selling售賣；D.renting租賃。根據(jù)前文“I’venevermetMrs.Poddar,theownerofthehousewhereIamlivinginthisforeigncountry.”和后文“throughapropertyagent.”可知，作者從未見(jiàn)過(guò)房東，所以是通過(guò)房產(chǎn)中介完成租賃程序。故選D項(xiàng)。【22題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：Poddar夫人對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)完全是個(gè)陌生人。A.newcomer新來(lái)的人；B.stranger陌生人；C.friend朋友；D.helper幫手。根據(jù)前文“I’venevermetMrs.Poddar”可知，作者從未見(jiàn)過(guò)Poddar夫人，所以她對(duì)作者來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)陌生人。故選B項(xiàng)?！?3題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，幾個(gè)月后，Poddar夫人讓我的中介降低我的房租，新房租只是原來(lái)的一半！A.lower降低；B.cancel取消；C.collect收集；D.raise提高。根據(jù)后文“thenewrentisonlyhalfoftheoriginal”可知，新房租只是原來(lái)的一半，即房東讓中介降低了房租。故選A項(xiàng)?！?4題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：我感到困惑，于是問(wèn)我的中介原因。A.motivated有動(dòng)力的；B.confused困惑的；C.excited興奮的；D.annoyed惱怒的。根據(jù)后文“Iaskedmyagentaboutthereason”可知，作者不知道房東為何降低房租，所以感到困惑。故選B項(xiàng)?！?5題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：他告訴我，Poddar夫人發(fā)現(xiàn)我是從國(guó)外來(lái)這里獨(dú)自學(xué)習(xí)的，還在適應(yīng)新環(huán)境。A.anticipated預(yù)料；B.suspected懷疑；C.discovered發(fā)現(xiàn)；D.argued爭(zhēng)論。根據(jù)后文“Iwasfromabroadstudyingherealone”可知，房東發(fā)現(xiàn)了作者是從國(guó)外來(lái)這里獨(dú)自學(xué)習(xí)的。故選C項(xiàng)?！?6題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。句意：他告訴我，Poddar夫人發(fā)現(xiàn)我是從國(guó)外來(lái)這里獨(dú)自學(xué)習(xí)的，還在適應(yīng)新環(huán)境。A.wonderingat對(duì)……感到驚奇；B.adjustingto適應(yīng)；C.lookinginto調(diào)查；D.workingon致力于。根據(jù)前文“Iwasfromabroadstudyingherealone”和后文“thenewenvironment”可知，作者從國(guó)外獨(dú)自來(lái)這里求學(xué)，還在適應(yīng)新環(huán)境。故選B項(xiàng)?！?7題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：她這樣做只是為了給我一些安慰。A.convenience便利；B.advice建議；C.comfort安慰；D.freedom自由。根據(jù)前文可知，Poddar夫人發(fā)現(xiàn)作者是從國(guó)外來(lái)這里獨(dú)自求學(xué)，還在適應(yīng)新環(huán)境，由此推知，房東降低房租是為了給作者一些安慰。故選C項(xiàng)?！?8題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：離開(kāi)家人去追求我的大學(xué)學(xué)位，我發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)去幾個(gè)月這里的生活很艱難：沒(méi)有朋友，沒(méi)有熟悉的食物……A.pursue追求；B.change改變；C.polish打磨；D.support支持。根據(jù)后文“mycollegedegree”可知，作者離開(kāi)家人是為了追求大學(xué)學(xué)位。故選A項(xiàng)?！?9題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：離開(kāi)家人去追求我的大學(xué)學(xué)位，我發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)去幾個(gè)月這里的生活很艱難：沒(méi)有朋友，沒(méi)有熟悉的食物……A.boring無(wú)聊的；B.adventurous冒險(xiǎn)的；C.tough艱難的；D.eventful多事的。根據(jù)后文“nofriends,nofamiliarfood”可知，作者在這里沒(méi)有朋友，沒(méi)有熟悉的食物，所以生活很艱難。故選C項(xiàng)?！?0題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：但Poddar夫人對(duì)我表現(xiàn)出的善意為我打開(kāi)了一個(gè)新世界，鼓勵(lì)我不要沉湎于負(fù)面情緒，建立新的關(guān)系。A.trust信任；B.wisdom智慧；C.respect尊重；D.kindness善意。根據(jù)前文“Yet,afewmonthslater,Mrs.Poddarinstructedmyagentto3myrent,andthenewrentisonlyhalfoftheoriginal!”可知，房東主動(dòng)給作者降了房租，這是對(duì)作者表現(xiàn)出的善意。故選D項(xiàng)?！?1題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：但Poddar夫人對(duì)我表現(xiàn)出的善意為我打開(kāi)了一個(gè)新世界，鼓勵(lì)我不要沉湎于負(fù)面情緒，建立新的關(guān)系。A.forcing強(qiáng)迫；B.expecting期待；C.encouraging鼓勵(lì)；D.commanding命令。根據(jù)后文“menottoindulge(沉湎)innegativefeelingsandtoestablishnewrelationships”可知，房東的善意鼓勵(lì)作者不要沉湎于負(fù)面情緒，建立新的關(guān)系。故選C項(xiàng)。【32題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：所以我決定先幫助別人，與當(dāng)?shù)厝私⒙?lián)系。A.negotiate談判；B.live生活；C.correspond符合；D.connect聯(lián)系。根據(jù)后文“withpeopleinmylocalareabyfirstlendingahandtoothers”可知，作者決定先幫助別人，與當(dāng)?shù)厝私⒙?lián)系。故選D項(xiàng)。【33題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：有一次，我給一對(duì)老夫婦買雜貨，他們請(qǐng)我吃了一頓豐盛飯。A.treated請(qǐng)客，招待；B.entitled使有權(quán)；C.guided指導(dǎo)；D.welcomed歡迎。根據(jù)后文“metoaheavymealtheymade”可知，老夫婦請(qǐng)作者吃了一頓豐盛的飯。故選A項(xiàng)。【34題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：實(shí)際上，我大約一半的空閑時(shí)間都忙于幫助鄰居上。A.ready準(zhǔn)備好的；B.occupied忙于……的，從事……；C.stuck卡住的；D.consistent一致的。根據(jù)前文“halfofmysparetime”和后文“withofferinghelptopeopleinmyneighborhood”可知，作者大約一半的空閑時(shí)間都花在幫助鄰居上，即忙于幫助鄰居上。故選B項(xiàng)?！?5題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我們確實(shí)來(lái)自不同的背景，但這并不會(huì)弱化我們之間的聯(lián)系。A.neighborhoods街區(qū)；B.families家庭；C.generations一代人；D.backgrounds背景。根據(jù)前文“Iwasfromabroadstudyingherealone”和“SoIdecidedto12withpeopleinmylocalareabyfirstlendingahandtoothers.”可知，在國(guó)外租房求學(xué)的作者和當(dāng)?shù)氐泥従觽儊?lái)自不同的背景。故選D項(xiàng)。第二節(jié)（共10小題，每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Liuisathird-yearstudentatXi’anInternationalStudiesUniversitymajoringi