《電子信息類專業(yè)英語》課件-第1章

Unit1IntroductiontotheHistoryofElectronicTechnology

科技英語翻譯概述(一)

——科技英語的特點(diǎn)

Thehistoryofelectronicsisastoryofthetwentiethcenturyandthreekeycomponents—thevacuumtube,thetransistor,andtheintegratedcircuit.In1883,ThomasAlvaEdisondiscoveredthatelectronswillflowfromonemetalconductortoanotherthroughavacuum.ThisdiscoveryofconductionbecameknownastheEdisoneffect.In1904,JohnFlemingappliedtheEdisoneffectininventingatwo-elementelectrontubecalledadiode,andLeeDeForestfollowedin1906withthethree-elementtube,thetriode.Thesevacuumtubeswerethedevicesthatmademanipulationofelectricalenergypossiblesoitcouldbeamplifiedandtransmitted.

Thefirstapplicationsofelectrontubeswereinradiocommunications.GuglielmoMarconipioneeredthedevelopmentofthewirelesstelegraphin1896andlong-distanceradiocommunicationin1901.Earlyradioconsistedofeitherradiotelegraphy(thetransmissionofMorsecodesignals)orradiotelephony(voicemessages).BothreliedonthetriodeandmaderapidadvancesthankstoarmedforcescommunicationsduringWorldWarⅠ.Earlyradiotransmitters,telephones,andtelegraphusedhigh-voltagesparkstomakewavesandsound.

Vacuumtubesstrengthenedweakaudiosignalsandallowedthesesignalstobesuperimposedonradiowaves.In1918,EdwinArmstronginventedthe“super-heterodynereceiver”thatcouldselectamongradiosignalsorstationsandcouldreceivedistantsignals.Radiobroadcastinggrewastronomicallyinthe1920sasadirectresult.Armstrongalsoinventedwide-bandfrequencymodulation(FM)in1935;onlyAMoramplitudemodulationhadbeenusedfrom1920to1935.

CommunicationstechnologywasabletomakehugeadvancesbeforeWorldWarⅡasmorespecializedtubesweremadeformanyapplications.Radioastheprimaryformofeducationandentertainmentwassoonchallengedbytelevision,whichwasinventedinthe1920sbutdidn’tbecomewidelyavailableuntil1947.BellLaboratoriespubliclyunveiledthetelevisionin1927,anditsfirstformswereelectromechanical.Whenanelectronicsystemwasprovedsuperior,BellLabsengineersintroducedthecathoderaypicturetubeandcolortelevision.ButVladimirZworykin,anengineerwiththeRadioCorporationofAmerica(RCA),isconsideredthe“fatherofthetelevision”becauseofhisinventions,thepicturetubeandtheiconoscopecameratube.

Theconceptoftheintegratedcircuitwasproposedin1952byGeoffreyW.A.Dummer,aBritishelectronicsexpertwiththeRoyalRadarEstablishment.Throughoutthe1950s,transistorsweremassproducedonsinglewafersandcutapart.Thetotalsemiconductorcircuitwasasimplestepawayfromthis;itcombinedtransistorsanddiodes(activedevices)andcapacitorsandresistors(passivedevices)onaplanarunitorchip.

Thesemiconductorindustryandthesiliconintegratedcircuit(SIC)evolvedsimultaneouslyatTexasInstrumentsandFairchildSemiconductorCompany.By1961,integratedcircuitswereinfullproductionatanumberoffirms,anddesignsofequipmentchangedrapidlyandinseveraldirectionstoadapttothetechnology.Microcomputers,medicalequipment,videocameras,andcommunicationsatellitesareonlyexamplesofdevicesmadepossiblebyintegratedcircuits.

科技英語翻譯概述(一)

——科技英語的特點(diǎn)

隨著現(xiàn)代化科技的發(fā)展，國外先進(jìn)技術(shù)與設(shè)備不斷引進(jìn)，這就要求工程技術(shù)人員具備一定的科技英語翻譯能力?？萍嘉捏w有其獨(dú)特語體，要達(dá)到清晰準(zhǔn)確、邏輯嚴(yán)密、結(jié)構(gòu)簡練的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，技術(shù)人員首先應(yīng)具備一定的英語基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，熟悉相關(guān)科技領(lǐng)域，了解科技英語的特點(diǎn)。

1.常使用無人稱的被動(dòng)語句

科技文章側(cè)重?cái)⑹峦评?，?qiáng)調(diào)客觀準(zhǔn)確。第一、二人稱使用過多，會(huì)造成主觀臆斷的印象。因此無人稱的被動(dòng)語句在科技英語中較多使用。

請比較：

(1)?I.Youmustpayattentiontotheworkingtemperatureofthemeter.

II.Attentionmustbepaidtotheworkingtemperatureofthemeter.

應(yīng)當(dāng)注意儀表的工作溫度。

(2)?I.?Wecanstoreelectricalenergyintwometalplatesseparatedbyinsulatingmedium.

Wecallsuchadeviceacapacitor,anditsabilitytostoreelectricalenergycapacitance.

WemeasurecapacitanceinFarads.

II.?Electricalenergycanbestoredintwometalplatesseparatedbyaninsulatingmedium.

Suchadeviceiscalledacapacitor,anditsabilitytostoreelectricalenergyistermed

capacitance.ItismeasuredinFarads.

2.常使用非謂語動(dòng)詞形式

科技文章要求行文簡練，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，為此常使用非謂語形式。

(1)?Adirectcurrentisacurrentflowingalwaysinthesamedirection.(動(dòng)名詞)

直流電是沿同一方向流動(dòng)的電流。

(2)?Incommunications,theproblemofelectronicsishowtoconveyinformationfromoneplacetoanother.(動(dòng)詞不定式)

在通信系統(tǒng)中，電子學(xué)要解決的問題是如何把信息從一個(gè)地方傳遞到另一個(gè)地方。

3.常使用后置定語

(1)?PCMisthemostbasicformofdigitalpulsemodulation.(介詞短語作定語)

PCM是最基本的數(shù)字脈沖調(diào)制形式。

(2)?Asinusoidaloscillatorgeneratesasignalhavingasinewaveform.(動(dòng)名詞短語作定語)

正弦波振蕩器可產(chǎn)生正弦波信號(hào)。

(3)?ThevoltageappliedtothediodeiscalledtheforwardbiasshowninFig.1.(過去分詞短語作定語)

如圖1所示，加到二極管兩端的電壓稱為正向電壓。

(4)Thispressurewhichmakestheelectronsflowfromoneendofthewiretotheotheriscalledvoltage.(從句作定語)

使電子從導(dǎo)線的一端流向另一端的壓力稱為電壓。

4.常使用固定句型表述

科技文中經(jīng)常使用固定的句型，從而形成科技文體區(qū)別于其他文體的標(biāo)志。例如，

“It