《電子信息類專業(yè)英語》課件-第8章

Unit8ComputerBasics科技英語中倍數(shù)增減的翻譯

Wecandefineacomputerasadevicethatacceptsinput,processesdata,storesdata,andproducesoutput.Accordingtothemodeofprocessing,computersareeitheranalogordigital.Theycanbeclassifiedasmainframes,minicomputers,workstations,ormicrocomputers.Allelse(forexample,theageofthemachine)beingequal,thiscategorizationprovidessomeindicationofthecomputer’sspeed,size,cost,andabilities.

Computerarchitecture,incomputerscience,isageneraltermreferringtothestructureofallorpartofacomputersystem.Thetermalsocoversthedesignofsystemsoftware,suchastheoperatingsystem(theprogramthatcontrolsthecomputer),aswellasreferringtothecombinationofhardwareandbasicsoftwarethatlinksthemachinesonacomputernetwork.Thus,computerarchitecturecoverscomputersystems,microprocessors,circuits,andsystemprograms.

Therearefivemajorelementsthatmakeupthesystem’shardware:thearithmetic/logicunit,controlunit,memory,input,andoutput.Thearithmetic/logicunitperformsarithmeticandcomparesnumericalvalues.Thecontrolunitdirectstheoperationofthecomputerbytakingtheuserinstructionsandtransformingthemintoelectricalsignalsthatthecomputer’scircuitrycanunderstand.Thecombinationofthearithmetic/logicunitandthecontrolunitiscalledthecentralprocessingunit(CPU).Thememorystoresinstructionsanddata.Theinputandoutputsectionsallowthecomputertoreceiveandsenddata,respectively.

Inadditiontothehardwaredesign,thearchitectsmustconsiderwhatsoftwareprogramswilloperatethesystem.Software,suchasprogramminglanguagesandoperatingsystems,makesthedetailsofthehardwarearchitectureinvisibletotheuser.

Operatingsystemsformicro,mini,andmainframecomputersperformmanyservices.Theseservicescanbeclassifiedeitheras“external”or“internal.”Theoperatingsystemprovidesexternalservicesthathelpusersstartprograms,managestoreddata,andmaintainsecurity.Theoperatingsystemalsoprovidesinternalservices“behindthescenes”toensurethatthecomputersystemfunctionsefficiently.Theoperatingsystemcontrolsinputandoutput,allocatessystemresources,managesthestoragespaceforprogramsanddata,anddetectsequipmentfailurewithoutanydirectionfromyou.

Aprogramminglanguageisalanguageusedtowriteinstructionsforthecomputer.Itletstheprogrammerexpressdataprocessinginasymbolicmannerwithoutregardtomachine-specificdetails.Asprogramminglanguagesbecamemorepowerfulandabstract,buildingefficientcompilersthatcreatehigh-qualitycodeintermsofexecutionspeedandstorageconsumptionbecameaninterestingcomputerscienceprobleminitself.Acompiler,incomputerscience,isacomputerprogramthattranslatessourcecodeintoobjectcode.

科技英語中倍數(shù)增減的翻譯

英語表示倍數(shù)增減的句型多種多樣，英漢在表述或?qū)Ρ缺稊?shù)方面存在著語言與思維差異，很容易譯錯?，F(xiàn)將常用的英語倍數(shù)句型及其譯法歸納如下：

1.倍數(shù)增加的譯法

基本句型

1：?Aisntimesasgreat(long,much,…)asB.

A的大小(長度,數(shù)量,……)是B的n倍。

Aisntimesgreater(longer，more，…)thanB.

A比B大(長，多，……)n-1倍。

例如：

Thiswireisthreetimesaslongasthatone.(Or:Thiswireistwicelongerthanthatone.)

這段導(dǎo)線的長度是那段的3倍(即長兩倍)。

基本句型2：

increasetontimes

increasentimes／n-fold

increasebyntimes

increasebyafactorofn

增加到n倍(或增加了n-1倍)。

例如：

(1)Theproductionofintegratedcircuitshasbeenincreasedtothreetimesascomparedwithlastyear.

集成電路的產(chǎn)量比去年增加了兩倍。

(2)Theoutputofelementshasbeenraisedfivetimesasagainst2006.

元件的產(chǎn)量比2006年增加了4倍。

(3)Thedrainvoltagehasbeenincreasedbyafactoroffour.

漏電壓增加了3倍(即增加到原來的4倍)。

注：在這類句型中increase常被raise、grow、go等詞所替代。

2.倍數(shù)減少的譯法

基本句型

1：?aisntimesassmall(light，slow，…)asb.

a的大小(重量，速度，……)是b的1/n。

aisntimessmaller(lighter，slower，…)thanb.

a比b小(輕，慢，……)(n-1)/n。

例如：

Thehydrogenatomisnearly16timesaslightastheoxygenatom.

氫原子的重量約為氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子約輕15/16)。

基本句型2：?

decreasentimes

n-folddecreasebyntimes

decreasebyafactorofn

減少到1/n[或：減少(n-1)/n]

這里的decrease常被reduce、shorten、go/slowdown等詞替代。

例如：

(1)?Switchingtimeofthenew-typetransistorisshortened3times.

新型晶體管的開關(guān)時間縮短了1/3(即縮短到2/3)。