【IEA】2024年西北歐氫監(jiān)測報(bào)告

NorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor

2024TheIEAexaminesthefullspectrumofenergyissuesincludingoil,gasandcoalsupplyanddemand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,accesstoenergy,demandsidemanagementandmuchmore.Throughitswork,theIEAadvocatespoliciesthatwillenhancethereliability,affordabilityandsustainabilityofenergyinits31membercountries,13associationcountriesandbeyond.Thispublicationandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityor

area.Source:

IEA.InternationalEnergy

AgencyWebsite:

IEAmember

countries:AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzechRepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew

ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak

RepublicINTERNATIONALENERGY

AGENCYSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublicof

TürkiyeUnitedKingdomUnited

StatesTheEuropeanCommissionalsoparticipatesintheworkofthe

IEAIEAassociation

countries:ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth

AfricaThailandUkraineNorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor

2024IEA.

CC.B.Y.4.0.AbstractAbstractNorthwestEuropeisattheforefrontoflow-emissionshydrogen1

development.ThisregionaccountsforaroundhalfofEurope’stotalhydrogendemand,andithasvastanduntappedrenewableenergyandcarbonstoragepotentialintheNorthSea.Italsohasawell-developed,interconnectedgasnetworkwhichcouldbepartiallyrepurposedtofacilitatethetransmissionanddistributionoflow-emissionshydrogenfromproductionsitestodemand

centres.Thedevelopmentoflow-emissionshydrogeninNorthwestEuropecouldgraduallyscaleupintheshort-tomedium-term.NorthwestEuropeancountriesnowhavetheambitiontodevelopupto30to40gigawatts

(GW)

of

electrolyser

capacity

by

2030.

However,

most

low-emissionshydrogenprojectsarecurrentlyintheearlystagesofdevelopment.Theirsuccesswilldependtoalargeextent

onsupportingmonitoringemissionspoliciesandregulatoryframeworks,withcontinuousofprogress.Thecost-efficientdevelopmentoflow-hydrogenmarketswillalsonecessitatea

regionalapproach

that

maximises

existing

synergies

among

national

markets.ThisisthesecondeditionoftheNorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor.Itprovidesanannualupdateoflow-emissionshydrogenmarketdevelopmentsinNorthwestEurope,andistheresultofcollaborationamongthecountriesinvolvedintheHydrogenInitiativeoftheCleanEnergyMinisterial(CEM-H2I)workstreamentitled“RoundtableontheNorth-WestEuropeanRegion”andthehydrogenworkinggroupofthePentalateral

Forum.ThecountriesanalysedinthisMonitorareAustria,Belgium,Denmark,France,Germany,Luxemburg,theNetherlands,Norway,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom.Marketmonitoringisaccompaniedbyregulardialogueswithkeystakeholderstofacilitatetheexchangeofinformationanddata

collection.1Whentheterm“l(fā)ow-emissionshydrogen”isused,theInternationalEnergyAgencyreferstohydrogenproducedviaelectrolysiswheretheelectricityisgeneratedfromalow-emissionsource(renewablesornuclear),biomassorfossilfuelswithcarboncaptureusageandstorage

(CCUS).PAGE|

3ThisdoesnotnecessarilyreflecttheofficialdefinitionsofthecountriesinvolvedintheMonitoronthecarbonintensityorsustainabilityofhydrogenproduction

methods.NorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor

2024PAGE|

4Tableof

contentsIEA.CCBY

4.0.Tableof

contentsExecutivesummary.....................................................................................5Hydrogenpoliciesandregulation

............................................................10Subsidyschemesandsupportmechanisms..........................................28

Hydrogen

demand......................................................................................43Hydrogensupply

........................................................................................53Productioncostsandpricediscovery.....................................................63

Hydrogen

trade...........................................................................................69Infrastructure

..............................................................................................78Annex

..........................................................................................................93NorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor

2024IEA.CCBY

4.0.PAGE|

5Executive

summaryExecutive

summaryLow-emissionshydrogencanplayasignificantroleindecarbonisingexistinggasandenergysystemsandwillbecriticaltothecountries’effortstomeettheirenergyandclimatetargets.Inadditiontoitsenvironmentalbenefits,low-emissionshydrogencanhelpreducerelianceonfossilfuelimportsinthemedium-term,bolsteringenergysecurity.NorthwestEuropeisattheforefrontoflow-emissionshydrogendevelopment.TheregionaccountsforaroundhalfofEurope’stotalhydrogendemand.IthasvastanduntappedrenewableenergypotentialintheNorthSeaandawell-developed,interconnectedgasnetworkwhichcouldbepartiallyrepurposedtofacilitatethetransmissionanddistributionofrenewableandlow-emissionshydrogenfromproductionsitestodemandcentres.Low-emissionshydrogenisdefinedhereashydrogenproducedviaelectrolysiswheretheelectricityisgeneratedfromalow-emissionssource(renewablesornuclear),biomass,orfossilfuelswithcarboncapture,utilisationandstorage(CCUS).Adetailedoverviewoftheterminologyisprovidedinthe

Annex.NorthwestEuropeancountriesareraisingtheirlow-emissionshydrogen

targetsAdoptingandimplementingclearhydrogenstrategies,includingmedium-

and

long-term

targets,

is

considered

essential

to

provide

thenecessaryimpetusandguidanceforthedevelopmentofhydrogenmarkets.SinceRussia’sinvasionofUkraine,severalNorthwestEuropeancountries

have

doubled

their

hydrogen

production

targets,

and

othersareconsideringincreases.Themajorityofthecountriesintheregionadoptedproductiontargetsforelectrolytichydrogen,whileNorwayoptedforatechnology-neutralapproach.Altogether,NorthwestEuropeancountriesnowhaveambitiontodevelopasmuchas30to40gigawatts(GW)ofelectrolysercapacityby2030.Nonetheless,recentmarketdevelopments,inflationandcostincreasesmightdrivecountriestorevisetheirtargets.Ingeneral,thefocushasbeenonupscalinghydrogenproductioninmanycountries,thoughtheattentionisalsorapidlyshiftingtostimulating

demand.Theregulatoryframeworkforlow-emissionshydrogencontinuedtoshapeupin

2023Inadditiontostrongpolicysupport,regulatorycertaintyisessentialtounlocktheinvestmentnecessarytoscaleupalow-emissionshydrogenmarketandfacilitatecross-border

trade.NorthwestEuropeancountriesandtheEuropeanUnioncontinuedtoadvanceregulatoryframeworksforlow-emissionshydrogenin2023.ThedelegatedactsoutliningdetailedrulesontheEUdefinitionofrenewablehydrogenwereformallypublishedinJune2023.IntheUnitedKingdom,theEnergyAct2023receivedRoyalAssent

inNorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor

2024PAGE|

6IEA.CCBY

4.0.Executive

summaryOctober2023.Itcreatesanewcomprehensivelegislativeregimefortheenergysystem,withkeyprovisionsrelatedtohydrogenbusinessmodelsandtheregulationofhydrogenpipelines,aswellascarbondioxide(CO2)transportandstorage.Andattheendof2023,theEuropeanUnionreachedaformalagreementontheHydrogenandDecarbonisedGasMarketsPackage,layingthefoundationsforthefutureEuropeanlow-emissionshydrogenmarket.NorthwestEuropeanhydrogenproductioncouldreach7Mtby2030…BasedontheIEA’sHydrogenProductionProjectsDatabase,NorthwestEurope’sproductionoflow-emissionshydrogen(andderivatives)couldreachjustabove7milliontonnes(Mt)peryearby2030ifallplannedprojectsbecomecommerciallyoperational(andtakingintoaccountassumptionsonefficiencyandutilisationfactors).Thiswouldequatetoapproximately2%oftheregion’stotalprimaryenergydemand.Electrolytichydrogensupplywouldcontribute55%oftotallow-emissionshydrogenproduction,whilefossilfuel-basedhydrogenprojectsequippedwithCCUSwouldaccountfor45%.Basedonannouncedprojects,theUnitedKingdom,the

Netherlands,DenmarkandGermanyareexpectedtoaccountforthree-quarters

ofNorthwestEurope’slow-emissionshydrogenproductionby

2030.…h(huán)owever,lessthan4%oflow-emissionshydrogenprojectsareinadvancedstageof

developmentAccordingtotheIEA’sHydrogenProductionProjectsDatabase,lessthan

4%

of

the

projects

that

could

provide

low-emissions

hydrogensupplyby2030havebeencommitted,meaningtheyareeitherinoperation,havereachedafinalinvestmentdecision(FID)orareunderconstruction.Morethan95%arecurrentlyundergoingfeasibilitystudiesorareintheconcept

phase.Incontrast,inNorthAmerica,14%ofpotentiallow-emissionshydrogensupplyby2030issupportedbyprojectswhichareeitheroperational,havereachedFID,orareunderconstruction.InChina,projectswhichareeitheroperationalorareinamaturephaseofdevelopment(FIDand/orunderconstruction)accountformorethanhalfofexpectedlow-emissionshydrogensupplyby

2030.Scalingupoflow-emissionshydrogenrequiresgreaterpolicyattentionondemandcreationCreatingdemandforlow-emissionshydrogenisakeyinstrumenttostimulateinvestmentinlow-emissionshydrogensupplyincludingviaquotas,fuelstandardsandpublicprocurementrules.Demandsecurityisessentialfortheconclusionoflong-termofftakeagreements,

which

in

turn

can

help

to

de-risk

investment

and

improvetheeconomicfeasibilityoflow-emissionshydrogen

projects.HydrogendemandinNorthwestEuropeancurrentlystandsat

around4.5Mtperyear,makingupabout55%ofOECDEurope’stotaldemandandnearly5%oftotalglobaldemandforhydrogen.Inlinewiththeoverallglobaltrend,virtuallyallhydrogenconsumptioninNorthwestEuropeisconcentratedintherefiningandchemicalssubsectors.NorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor

2024PAGE|

7IEA.CCBY

4.0.Executive

summaryIntheEuropeanUnion,therevisedEURenewableEnergyDirective(REDIII)setslegallybindingtargetsforrenewablehydrogenuseinindustryandtransportby2030.TheimpliedrenewablehydrogendemandinNorthwestEuropeunderREDIIIwouldbe

approximately1.6

Mt

by

2030,

rising

to

2.3

Mt

by

2035.

This

is

well

below

announcedlow-emissionshydrogenambitionsfromNorthwestEuropeancountries.Combinedwiththeabsenceofeconomicincentivestobridgethecostgapbetweenrenewableandfossilfuelhydrogen,

thishelpsexplainthedifficultymanyprojectsdeveloperscurrentlyfaceinsecuringofftake

contracts.Steepcostreductionsareneededtomakerenewableelectrolytichydrogencompetitivewithunabatedgas-based

hydrogenInitial

price

discovery

suggests

that

renewable

hydrogen

prices

stoodalmostthreetimesoftheassessedlevelisedcostofhydrogen(LCOH)fromunabatedgasin2023.Thishighlightstheneedtoimprovethecost-competitivenessoflow-emissionsandrenewablehydrogen.UndertheIEA’sAnnouncedPledgesScenario

(APS),whichassumescountriesimplementnationaltargetsinfullandontime,thedeclinein

renewableelectrolytichydrogenproductioncosts,togetherwithacarbonpriceofoverUSD135pertonneofCO2-equivalent,couldensurethatthelevelisedcostofhydrogenfromrenewableelectrolysisiscomparablewiththeLCOHfromunabatedgasintheregion–andincertaincases,itwouldbe

lower.Supportmeasuresshouldtakeaholisticapproachandspantheentirevalue

chainTherelativelylowshareofcommittedprojectshighlightstheneedforaholisticapproachtosupportthenascentlow-emissionshydrogen

sector.Scalingitupwillrequireaneffective,interlockingframeworkofsubsidy

schemes

and

support

mechanisms

along

the

entire

value

chain–includingresearchanddevelopment,production,transportationand,inparticular,demand

creation.Public

funding

programmes

and

state-backed

risk-sharing

mechanisms(suchascontractsfordifference)canhelptode-riskinvestmentand

improvetheeconomicfeasibilityoflow-emissionshydrogenprojects.Demandcreationshouldbeakeyinstrumenttostimulateinvestment,including

via

quotas

and

public

procurement

rules.

The

European

Unionhas

launched

the

Hydrogen

Bank,

a

key

financial

instrument

which

aimstode-risk

investmentinrenewablehydrogenprojects.UndertheauctionscarriedoutthroughtheHydrogenBank,renewablehydrogenproducersbidforafixedpremiumtobridgethegapbetweentheir

productioncostsandthepriceconsumersarecurrentlywillingtopay.

Thefirstauctionround,totallingEUR800million,attracted132projectbidsandaccountedfor85GWofelectrolysercapacity,thoughonlyasmallfractionofthemwerefundedinthe

firstround.TheHydrogenMonitorprovidesadetailedoverviewofthevarioussubsidyschemesandsupportmechanismsavailablebothatthelevel

oftheEuropeanUnionandatnationallevelinNorthwestEuropeancountries.NorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor

2024PAGE|

8IEA.CCBY

4.0.Executive

summaryNorthwestEuropeisplayingakeyroleindevelopinginternationaltradeinlow-emissionshydrogenBasedonannouncedprojectsthataimtotradehydrogenorhydrogen-based

fuels,

16

Mt

of

hydrogen

equivalent

(H2-eq)

could

bemovedaroundtheglobeby2030.However,three-quartersof

export-orientedprojectsareinearlystagesofdevelopment.Lessthanone-thirdintermsofvolumeby2030haveidentifiedapotentialofftaker.CountriesintheNorthwestEuropeanregionaccountforthree-quartersofglobalimportvolumeby2030forwhichafinal

destinationhasbeenidentified.Instrumentssuchasauctionscanbeusedtocreateabiddingcompetitionforcontractsandhelpclosethegapbetweenproductioncostsandthepricesconsumersarewillingtopay.Forexample,Germany’sH2Globalauction-basedmechanismwillfacilitatetheconclusionoflong-termimportcontractsforlow-emissionshydrogenandhydrogenderivatives.Thescale-upofinternationaltradeinhydrogenandhydrogenderivativeswillalsorequirebuildinguptransportinfrastructure,includingports.NorthwestEuropehosts13ammonia-handlingfacilitiesand16facilitiesthathandlemethanol,mainlyconcentratedinGermany,Franceandthe

Netherlands.NorthwestEurope’shydrogennetworkcouldincreasetenfoldbyearly2030s,thoughfirminvestmentcommitmentsare

lackingAchievingambitioustargetsforlow-emissionshydrogendeploymentwill

require

accelerating

the

development

of

hydrogen

infrastructurefortransportandstorage.Basedonpipelineprojectannouncements,thelengthoftheregion’shydrogennetworkcouldincreasetenfoldtoover18000kilometres(km)byearly2030.However,themajorityofannouncedprojectslackfirminvestmentcommitments,whichalsoreflectscurrentuncertaintyindemand.Closetotwo-thirdsofthehydrogenpipelinesthatcouldbeoperationalby2030wouldberepurposednaturalgaspipelines.Repurposingexistingnaturalgaspipelines

to

serve

hydrogen

can

result

in

substantial

cost

savings

andshorterleadtimeswhencomparedwithnew-buildhydrogennetworks.This,inturn,couldtranslateintolowertransmissiontariffsandimprovethecost-competitivenessoflow-emissions

hydrogen.Undergroundstorageisessentialtounleashthefullpotentialoflow-emissionshydrogenasanenergy

carrierDeveloping

underground

storage

capacity

for

hydrogen

will

be

crucialfor

it

to

reach

its

full

potential

as

an

energy

carrier

and

respond

to

theevolvingflexibilityrequirementsofamorecomplexenergysystem.BasedontheIEA’sHydrogenInfrastructureProjectsDatabase,NorthwestEuropecoulddevelopover3terawatt-hours(TWh)ofhydrogenstoragecapacityby2030.However,just10%oftheexpectedcapacityby2030hasreachedFIDand/orisunderconstruction.Consideringtherelativelylongleadtimesofnew-buildhydrogenpipelinesandhydrogenstorageprojects,concentrated

andimmediateactionbyallstakeholderswouldberequiredtomeetthetargetssetfor

2030.NorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor

2024IEA.CCBY

4.0.Executive

summaryLessthan4%ofprojectsunderpinningtheexpectedlow-emissionshydrogenproductionby2030havealreadyreachedafinalinvestmentdecisionorareunder

constructionPotentiallow-emissionshydrogenproductioninNorthwestEuropein2030by

statusSource:IEA(2024),HydrogenProjects

Database.Operational/demonstrationIEA.CCBY

4.0.PAGE|

9NorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor

2024Hydrogenpoliciesand

regulationIEA.CCBY

4.0.Hydrogenpoliciesand

regulationPAGE|

10NorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor

2024Hydrogenpoliciesand

regulationIEA.CCBY

4.0.PAGE|

11NorthwestEuropeancountriesstrengthenedtheirhydrogenpoliciesandregulationsin

2023Strongpolicysupportandaclearregulatoryframeworkareessentialforthedevelopmentofhydrogenmarkets.Inpolicyterms,hydrogenstrategiesarecrucialtosetouttheroleoflow-emissionshydrogen

inthebroaderenergysystemandsettingmedium-andlong-termtargets.Andbesidesstrongpolicysupport,regulatorycertaintyisessentialtounlocktheinvestmentnecessarytoscaleupalow-emissionshydrogenmarketandfacilitatecross-border

trade.TheEuropeanUnion’sHydrogenStrategy,publishedinJuly2020,sets

out

a

vision

to

create

a

European

hydrogen

ecosystem

and

scaleupproductionandinfrastructuretoaninternationaldimension.Itsetsatargetfor40GWofrenewablehydrogenelectrolysercapacityby2030.InNorthwestEurope,ofthetencountriesincludedintheMonitor,sixhavealreadyadoptedspecificproductiontargetsby2030.Altogether,NorthwestEuropeancountriesforeseeelectrolysercapacitydeploymentofbetween30GWand40GWby

2030.SinceRussia’sinvasionofUkraine,theEuropeanUnionhasraiseditstargetforhydrogenproductionfrom5.6Mtto10Mtby2030,complementedby10Mtofimports.Similarly,severalNorthwestEuropeancountrieshavedoubled,orareconsideringincreasing,theirproductiontargets.TheyincludeGermany,whichdoubleditselectrolysercapacitytargetfrom5GWtoatleast10GWby2030.TheNetherlandsisaimingfor3-4GWofinstalledelectrolysercapacity

by

2030,

while

the

Dutch

parliament

recently

called

upon

thegovernmenttosetatargetof8GWinstalledcapacityby2032.InApril2022theUnitedKingdomdoubleditsambitionforlow-carbonhydrogenproductioncapacityfrom5GWtoupto10GWby2030.

InitsHydrogenProductionDeliveryRoadmap,publishedinDecember2023,theUnitedKingdomsettargetsfor6GWofelectrolyticand4GWofCCUS-enabledhydrogenby

2030.NorthwestEuropeancountriesandtheEuropeanUnioncontinuedtoadvancetheregulatoryframeworkforlow-emissionshydrogenin2023.

The

delegated

acts

outlining

detailed

rules

on

the

EU

definitionofrenewablehydrogenwereformallypublishedintheEUOfficialJournal

in

June

2023.

Belgium

adopted

its

Hydrogen

Act

in

July

2023,establishingaregulatoryframeworkforthetransportofhydrogenviapipeline.Attheendof2023theEuropeanUnionreachedaformalagreementontheHydrogenandDecarbonisedGasMarketsPackage,whichlaysthefoundationsforthefutureEuropeanlow-emissionshydrogenmarket.IntheUnitedKingdom,theEnergyAct2023createsanewcomprehensivelegislativeregimefortheenergysystem,

with

key

provisions

related

to

hydrogen

business

models

andtheregulationofhydrogenpipelines,aswellasCO2transportandstorage.Thefollowingsectionprovidesanoverviewofthekeyhydrogenpolicies,

production

targets

and

regulations

adopted

by

the

EuropeanUnionandNorthwestEuropeancountriescoveredinthis

Monitor.NorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor

2024PAGE|

12Hydrogenpoliciesand

regulationIEA.CCBY

4.0.Europe’sregulatoryframeworkforlow-emissionshydrogenisshaping

upKeyhydrogenpoliciesandregulationsenactedintheEuropeanUnionandNorthwestEuropesinceNovember

2022IEA.CCBY4.0.Sources:IEAanalysisbasedonvariouspolicydocuments(hydrogenstrategies,roadmapsand

papers).NorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor

2024PAGE|

13Hydrogenpoliciesand

regulationIEA.CCBY

4.0.EUregulationpavesthewayforanopenandcompetitivelow-emissionshydrogen

marketTheEuropeanUnionhascontinuedtoadvancetheregulatoryframeworknecessaryforthescale-upofalow-emissionshydrogenmarket.Thisincludedthepublicationofdetailedrulesonthedefinitionofrenewablehydrogenandestablishingaregulatoryframeworkunderpinningtheoperationoffuturehydrogen

networks.Delegatedactsonthedefinitionofrenewable

hydrogenAsforeseenunderArticles27(3)and28(5)oftheRenewable

Energy

Directive,

in

June

2023

the

European

Commission

formally

publishedtwodelegatedactsoutliningdetailedrulesontheEUdefinitionofrenewable

hydrogen:The

firstact

definestheconditionsunder

whichhydrogen,otherenergycarrierscanbefuelsofnon-biological

originhydrogen-basedfuelsandconsideredasrenewable(RFNBOs).The

secondact

providesamethodologyforcalculatinglife-cyclegreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsforRFNBOstoensurea70%reductioninCO2-equivalentcomparedtothenearestcomparable

fuel.Thedelegatedactsprovideregulatorycertaintybothtosuppliers

andconsumersonthedefinitionofrenewablehydrogen,whichisexpectedtohelpchannelEUfundstowardsrenewablehydrogenprojectsaswellasguidetheapprovalofnationalstateaid

schemes.Certainindustrialplayershaveraisedconcernsonthecomplexityofthedelegatedacts,claimingthatitcouldputatriskcertainprojectsunderdevelopment.Thenewrulesapplytobothdomestichydrogenproducersandimports.Threemaincriteriadefinewhatcanbeconsideredasrenewablehydrogen:Additionality:Startingfrom1January2028,renewablehydrogenproducerswillberequiredtoensurethatelectricityfedintotheirelectrolysersissourcedfromrenewableenergyinstallationsnoolderthanthreeyears.Projectdevelopersareexemptedfromadditionalityuntil2038iftheirhydrogeninstallationiscommissionedbefore2028.Temporalcorrelation:Hydrogenproductionhastobematchedtorenewableelectricityproductiononamonthlybasis

up

until

the

start

of

2030,

when

it

will

have

to

be

matchedwithinthesameone-hour

period.Geographicalcorrelation:Therenewableenergyassetsthatfeedtheelectrolysersproducinghydrogenhavetobelocatedeither:(1)inthesamebiddingzoneastheelectrolyser;(2)inaninterconnectedbiddingzone,providedthatelectricitypricesintherelevanttimeperiodontheday-aheadmarketinsuchinterconnectedbiddingzoneareequalto

or

higher

than

in

the

bidding

zone

where

the

hydrogen

isNorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor

2024PAGE|

14Hydrogenpoliciesand

regulationIEA.CCBY

4.0.produced;or(3)inanoffshorebiddingzoneinterconnectedwiththeelectrolyser’sbidding

zone.Whenelectricityissourcedfromthegrid,hydrogenproducersmaycountelectricitytakenfromthegridasfullyrenewableinthefollowing

cases:Iftheirinstallationsarelocatedinabiddingzonewheretheaverageproportionofrenewableelectricityexceeded90%inthepreviouscalendaryearandtheproductionofRFNBOsdoesnotexceedamaximumnumberofhourssetinrelationtotheproportionofrenewableelectricityinthebidding

zone.Iftheinstallationproducingtherenewableliquidandgaseoustransportfuelofnon-biologicaloriginislocatedinabiddingzonewheretheemissionsintensityoftheelectricityislowerthan18gCO2-eq/MJandthefollowingcriteriaaremet:(1)powerpurchaseagreementswithrenewableelectricityproducersareconcludedforanamountthatisatleastequivalenttotheamountofelectricitythatisclaimedasfullyrenewable;(2)theconditionsofgeographicalandtemporalcorrelationare

met.Iftheelectricityusedtoproducerenewablehydrogenisconsumedduringanimbalancesettlementperiodduringwhichthehydrogenproducercandemonstrate,that:(1)power-generatinginstallationsusingrenewableenergysourceswereredispatcheddownwards;and(2)theelectricityconsumedfortheproductionofhydrogenreducedtheneedforredispatchingbyacorrespondingamount.Iftheelec