湖南科技大學普通化學01緒論

普通化學GeneralChemistry-9-181/34教材：《普通化學》

(第五版)浙江大學普通化學教研組編王明華徐端鈞周永秋張殊佳修訂高等教育出版社，北京出版年：年7月2/34普通化學GeneralChemistry開課院：化學化工學院主講教師：易貴元講課對象：土木工程學院一〇級建工\地下專業(yè)周一：5-6一教404（第1-10周）周五：1-2一教204（第4-8周）3/34課程內(nèi)容緒論第一章化學熱力學基礎(chǔ)第二章化學反應(yīng)方向、程度和速率第三章酸堿平衡與沉淀平衡第四章電化學基礎(chǔ)第五章物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)第六章元素及其化合物第七章高分子化學介紹4/34本課程考評方法課堂出勤10%習題20%期末70%5/34作業(yè)認真完成作業(yè),每章交一次（交作業(yè)最大益處是能夠得到老師批改，所以有利于及時發(fā)覺自己還未完全了解問題。所以我們提議同學們選擇交作業(yè)。）作業(yè)應(yīng)該按時交給老師，遲交作業(yè)將不會被接收。按照化學學院要求，教師每次批改三分之一同學作業(yè)。6/34參考書目浙江大學普通化學教學組編，普通化學．高等教育出版社，傅獻彩編，大學化學．高等教育出版社，曲保中等編，新大學化學．高等教育出版社，張密林主編，大學化學．哈爾濱工程大學出版社，華彤文等編，普通化學原理．北京大學出版社，段連運等譯，化學與社會．化學工業(yè)出版社，宋天佑，簡明無機化學．高等教育出版社，華彤文，陳景祖等著.

《普通化學原理》第三版.北京大學出版社，RalphH.Petrucci,WilliamS.Harwood,F.GeoffreyHerring:GeneralChemistry(PrinciplesandModernApplications),8thEdition,HigherEducationPress.影印版，高等教育出版社，7/34什么是化學？一門主要基礎(chǔ)學科（化學與工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和國防當代化，同人民生活和人類社會等都有非常親密關(guān)系，化學是一門中心性、實用和創(chuàng)造性科學，化學與物理一起屬于自然科學基礎(chǔ)學科）研究物質(zhì)組成、結(jié)構(gòu)、性質(zhì)及其改變規(guī)律。Chemistry:(1)thesciencedealingwiththecompositionandpropertiesofsubstances,andwiththereactionsbywhichsubstancesareproducedfromorconvertedintoothersubstances;(2)theapplicationofthistoaspecifiedsubjectorfieldofactivity;(3)thechemicalproperties，composition,reaction,andusesofasubstances;(4)anyprocessofsynthesisoranalysissimilartothatusedinchemistry8/34研究現(xiàn)實狀況化合物>萬種；時間分辨率：1fs（femtosecond

）；空間分辨率：0.1nm；分析所需最小量：10-13g。1化學分支學科無機化學：無機物有機化學：碳氫化合物及衍生物分析化學：測量和表征物理化學：全部物質(zhì)系統(tǒng)高分子化學：高分子化合物若干新分支：環(huán)境化學、核化學等等9/342化學地位和作用化學仍是處理食物短缺問題主要學科之一化學繼續(xù)推進材料科學發(fā)展化學是提升人類生存質(zhì)量和生存安全有效保障化學在能源和資源合理開發(fā)和高效安全利用中起關(guān)鍵作用化學是生命科學主要支柱10/34怎樣學習？主動學習；預習和復習；課堂學習；課后練習；與同學交流，討論；認真準備考試。大學與中學不一樣，知識點多，面廣11/34上課基本要求課堂上請不要吃東西，假如沒有吃飽飯，能夠吃完后再進教室；有問題能夠示意老師，也能夠下課后給老師提出；上課時請不要接打手機；兩個作業(yè)本；一個計算器。12/34科學學習方法Observations(data)arethefoundationofthescientificmethoddatacanbequalitativeorquantitative.dataismostusefulwhencollectedundercontrolledconditions(experiments)experimentsmustberepeatableandreproducible13/34定律、規(guī)律Naturallaws

Alawisjustadescriptionofapatterninthedatacompactlysummarizepatternsinalargeamountofdataoftenapplyonlyunderspecialconditions

aredescriptionsofnature,notfactsorexplanations14/34假設(shè)條件Hypothesestentativeexplanationsdesignedtoguideexperimentationausefulhypothesismustbetestablemustberejectedorcorrectedwhentheyconflictwithexperiment15/34理論Theoriesawell-testedexplanationforexperimentaldatabasedonasetofhypotheses.mustbediscardedorrefinedwhentheycan'texplainnewexperimentalresultsscientifictheorieshavethreeaspects:philosophical,mathematical,andempirical.Understandallthree,orriskmisusingthetheory!

16/34完善理論agoodtheory...explainscurrentlyavailabledataisassimpleaspossible(butnosimpler!)accuratelypredictsresultsoffutureexperimentssuggestsnewlinesofworkandnewwaystothinkclearlyshowsunderlyingconnections17/34Problems:1.Thestatement,"Osmiumhasadensityof22.59g/cm3,whichmakesitthedensestelementknown"isanexampleof:ahypothesisalawanexperimentalobservationatheory18/34Anaturallawisanexplanationthathasbeenproved.atentativeexplanationforanaturalphenomenonobeyedunderanycircumstances.adescriptionofapatternorrelationshipinexperimentaldata.19/34物質(zhì)區(qū)分Matterisanythingthatoccupiesspaceandhasmass.Substanceismatterthathasadefiniteorconstantcompositionanddistinctproperties.Mixtureisacombinationoftwoormoresubstanceinwhichthesubstancesretaintheirdistinctidentities.20/34HomogeneousmixtureThecompositionofthemixtureisthesameeverywhere.SugarsolutionIcecream21/34HeterogeneousmixtureAheterogeneousmixtureismadeofdifferentsubstancesthatremainphysicallyseparate.Heterogeneousmixturesalwayshavemorethanonephase(regionswithuniformcompositionandpropertiesAmixtureofsandandsugarisaheterogeneousmixtureBloodisaheterogeneousmixturebecausethebloodcellsarephysicallyseparatefromthebloodplasma22/34元素、化合物Elementisasubstancethatcannotbeseparatedintosimplersubstancesbychemicalmeans.Compoundisasubstancethatcomposedoftwoormoreelementschemicallyunitedinfixedproportions.23/34物質(zhì)劃分MatterMixturesPureSubstancesSeparationbyPhysicalmethodsHomogeneousmixturesHeterogeneousmixturesElementsCompoundsSeparationbychemicalmethods24/34problem2Smokeisanexampleofa(n):1)gaseoussolution2)compound3)heterogeneousmixture4)homogeneousmixture5)element25/34problem3AntoineLavoisier,the"fatherofchemistry",listedlimeasachemicalelementinhistableof33knownelements.Whichofthefollowingobservationsshowsthatlimecannotbeanelement?1)Limereactswithwater,generatingalargeamountofheat.2)Limemeltsatatemperatureof2572°C.3)Limeandcarbondioxideareproducedwhenlimestoneisroasted.4)Whenacertainsoftmetalisburnedinoxygen,limeisproduced(withnootherproducts).26/34物質(zhì)物理和化學性質(zhì)PhysicalpropertyMeasurementofaphysicalpropertymaychangethearrangementbutnotthestructureofthemoleculesofamaterial.density,color,boilingpoint,volume,temperature,andmass.27/34物質(zhì)物理和化學性質(zhì)Chemicalproperty:

Measurementofachemicalpropertyinvolvesachemicalchange.Forexample,determiningtheflammabilityofgasolineinvolvesburningit,producingcarbondioxideandwater.28/34容量(廣度)性質(zhì)、強度性質(zhì)容量(廣度)性質(zhì)：ExtensivepropertyApropertythatchangeswhentheamountofmatterinasamplechanges.Examplesaremass,volume,length,andcharge.強度性質(zhì)：IntensivepropertyApropertythatdoesnotchangewhentheamountofsamplechanges.Example