英語專業(yè)詞匯學的部分重點講解

英語專業(yè)詞匯學的部分重點講解

chapter3

questionsandtasks

1)explainthefollowingtermswithexamples:

a.morpheme

b.allomorphs

c.freeandboundmorpheme

d.boundroot

e.inflectionalmorpheme

2)whatarethedifferentsbetweeninflectionalandboundaffixes?

3)howarewordsclassifiedonthemorphemelevel?

4)inwhattwowaysarederivationalaffixesclassified?

5)whataretheinflectionalaffixesinmodernenglish?

6)analyzethemorphologicalstructuresofthefollowingwordsandpointoutthetypeofmorphemes.

recollection

nationalists

unearthly

revive

分析“denaturalization”

關于第三章的筆記！

denaturalization

n.非自然化,剝奪國籍,變性

a)de*natur*al*iz*ation

i.

de-

isaddedtoaverbinordertochangethemeaningoftheverbtoitsopposite.

de-

isaddedtoanouninordertomakeitaverbreferringtotheremovalofthethingdescribedbythenoun.

eg.1)defrost:vt.除霜,使(冰的食物)融化vi.解凍

frost:n.霜,霜凍,嚴寒v.結霜

1.naturalizationn.移入,移植

ii.nature

*naturen.自然,自然界,大自然,自然狀態(tài),本性,天性,種類

iii.–al:adjectivesuffix

suffixn.[語]后綴,下標vt.添后綴

*natural

adj.自然的,自然界的,關于自然界的,天生的,天賦的,普通的,正常的,簡單自然的本位號

iv.

–ize

:verbsuffix

1.natural:adj.(1)天然的,自然產生的;(2)物質(世界)的,非精神的

2.naturalizev.使入國籍,移植；促使符合于自然

(ifthegovernmentofacountrynaturalizessomeone,theyallowapersonwhowasnotborninthatcountrytobecomeacitizenofit.)

3.–ation:nounsuffix（1）表示“動作”（2）表示“結果”（3）表示“狀態(tài)”naturalization

n.移入,移植

關于Chapter4(1)

1)構詞法的種類：affixation;compounding;conversion;shortening(clipping,cronymy);blending

2)clipping:截短法

a)cell:cellularphone(n.便攜式電話)

b)flu:influenza(流行性感冒)

3)acronymy:首字母縮略詞

a)WTO:WorldTradeOrganization

b)laser:lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation

4)blending:拼綴詞

a)smog:(n.煙霧)

sm(oke)+(f)og

b)brunch:br(eakfast)+(l)unch

(n.早午餐)

c)motel:motor+hotel

(n.汽車旅館)

d)

telephone+quiz

{這兩個拼成什么我忘了？？？？）

區(qū)別non-與un-前綴

Thereisoccasionaluncertaintyastothechoicebetweentheprefixesun-andin-.

Ingeneral,thenativeEnglishformun-isthemorewidelyapplicable.Itistheusualchoicewithsimplestems,asinunfair,unclean,uneven,or

unripe,andwithwordsbearingnativeEnglishendings:

unceasing,unmindful,unwealthy,unselfish,or

unwholesome.In-isusedprimarilywithestablishedwordsoriginallyhavingLatinendings:inaccurate,incapacity,indivisible,insignificant,illegal,impossible,orirregular.SometimestheadditionofaLatinatesuffixtoawordchangesitfromthe

un-categorytothein-category:thus,wehaveunable,unequal,unjust,undivided,andunstablebutinability,inequality,injustice,indivisible,and

instability.AfewwordswithLatinatesuffixesdotakeun-:

unadventurous,unceremonious,unconditional,and

unconventional.Afewstemsappearwithbothprefixeswithdistinctionsofmeaning.

Inhumanmeans“brutal,monstrous”whileunhumanmeans“notofhumanform,superhuman.”Whenusedwithadjectives,

un-oftenhasasensedistinctfromthatof

non-.Non-picksoutthesetofthingsthatarenotinthecategorydenotedbythestemtowhichitisattached,whereasun-picksoutpropertiesunlikethoseoftheprototypicalexemplarsofthecategory.Thusnonmilitarypersonnelarethosewhoarenotmembersofthemilitary,whereassomeonewhois

unmilitaryisunlikeaprototypicalsoldierindress,habits,orattitudes.

例如：non-scientific(非科學領域)

unscientific(notscientific不科學的)

c)Juxtaposition(ofantonyms):反義詞并置

.hereandthere四處，到處

.upanddown上上下下，一處處

.hitormiss不論命中不命中;不管成功不成功;胡亂地

（hitandmiss不論命中不命中;不管成功不成功;胡亂地）

.rainorshine(1)不論晴雨,風雨無阻(2)無論如何,在任何情況下

.wealandwoe(for[in]wealandwoe)無論是禍是福,無論在順境或逆境

.firstandlast總的說來,主要地,始終,完全

.highandlow各處，到處;高低貴賤的人們

.backandforth來回;往復；前前后后

.rightandleft(1)向[從]左右兩邊(2)到處,四面八方

.soonerorlater或早或遲

.playfastandloose(takeadvantagebytellinglies)反復無常;出爾反爾;靠不住

.moveheavenandearth(doanythingpossible)想盡一切辦法;竭盡全力

.fromheadtofoot從頭到腳

.fromstarttofinish自始自終,徹頭徹尾

.manandwife:夫妻

.throughthickandthin同甘共苦;在任何情況下;不避艱險,赴湯蹈火

.nowandthen(=everyonceinawhile).不時,時而,偶而

.offandon(=onandoff)斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地;不規(guī)則地

.sinkorswim(1)孤注一擲;不管好歹(2)獨立生活,自己去闖

3.figuresofspeech(修辭格):

a)Largenumbersofidiomsareusedintheirmetaphoricalmeaning.

b)simile:

Afigureofspeechinwhichtwoessentiallyunlikethingsarecompared,ofteninaphraseintroducedbylikeoras,asinHowlikethewinterhathmyabsencebeenorSoareyoutomythoughtsasfoodtolife(Shakespeare).明喻一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進行比較，通常在由like或as引導的短語中，如“我的離開好象是冬天來臨”或“你對我的思想就象食物對于生命一樣重要”（莎士比亞）

.(As)muteasafish:默不作聲

.asdeadasadoornail:Undoubtedlydead.確已死亡的

.asgracefulasaswan:姿態(tài)優(yōu)美,舉止端莊

.likearatinahole:甕中之鱉

.eatlikeahorse:大吃

.sleeplikealog:睡得死死地

.Timeflieslikeanarrow:光陰似箭。

.spendmoneylikewater:花錢如流水

.asfirmasrock:屹立不動的；值得信賴的

c)metaphor:

Afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatordinarilydesignatesonethingisusedtodesignateanother,thusmakinganimplicitcomparison,asin

“aseaoftroubles”or“Alltheworld'sastage”(Shakespeare)隱喻一種語言表達手法，通常用指某物的詞或詞組來指代他物，從而暗示它們之間的相似之處，如“憂愁之?！被颉罢麄€世界一臺戲”(莎士比亞)

i.Insomeidioms,animalsareusedtorefertopeople:

.blacksheep:敗類；害群之馬；不肖之徒(thememberthoughttobeadisgraceinthefamily)

.adarkhorse:(1)賽馬時出冷門的馬(2)出人意料的獲勝者(3)[美政]出冷門的候選人(4)品德、性格、才能不明的人(apersonwhotendstokeeptheiractivities,feelings,orintentionssecret,andwhomayhaveunexpectedqualitiesorabilities.)

.greymare:(thewiferulesherhusband)

ii.Inanimatethingstorefertopeople:

1.newbroom:新就職者,新上任的官員

Anewbroomsweepsclean.新官上任三把火

2.flattire:(AmEaboringperson)討厭的人

3.thesaltoftheearth:社會中堅(來自《圣經》);為眾人表率的人物,最好的人(thefewofthehighestexcellence)

iii.Thingstorefertosomethingelse.

1.bedofdust墳墓(grave)

2.crocodiletears鱷魚淚,假慈悲(signsofinsinceresorrow)

3.awetblanket掃興的事,掃興的人(somethingthatspoilsthepleasure,etc)

4.blackbottle毒藥(poison)

iv.Actions,statetorefertoabstractideasorotheractions,state,etc.

1.sitonthefence觀望形勢,抱騎墻態(tài)度;躊躇;猶豫未決(takeimpartialattitude)

2.cutthegroundfromundersb拆某人的臺;以先發(fā)制人的手段破壞某人計劃;使某人論點站不住腳(destroysomeone’ssuccessbytakinghisideas,actingbeforehim)

3.fallfromgrace墮落,犯罪;【宗】失卻天恩(deteriorateorcommitcrime)

d)metonymy:

Afigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated,asintheuseof

WashingtonfortheUnitedStatesgovernmentorof

theswordformilitarypower.

換喻，轉喻一種一個詞或詞組被另一個與之有緊密聯(lián)系的詞或詞組替換的修辭方法，如用華盛頓代替美政府或用劍代替軍事力量

i.inthecradle在幼年時代;在最初的時侯(inone’schildhood)

ii.livebyone’spen以寫作為生,吃筆墨飯(livebywriting)

iii.fromthecradletothegrave從生到死(frombirthtodeath)

iv.make(up)apurse(1)募捐,籌款(2)儲蓄,攢錢(raisemoney)

e)synecdoche:

Afigureofspeechinwhichapartisusedforthewhole(as

handfor

sailor),thewholeforapart(as

thelawfor

policeofficer),thespecificforthegeneral(as

cutthroatfor

assassin),thegeneralforthespecific(as

thieffor

pickpocket),orthematerialforthethingfromwhichitismade(as

steelfor

sword).

舉隅法，提喻法一種修辭方法，以局部代表整體（如用手代表水手），以整體代表局部（如用法律代表警官），以特殊代表一般（如用直柄剃刀代表殺人者），以一般代表特殊（如用賊代表扒手），或用原材料代表用該材料制造的東西（如用鋼代表劍）

metonymy&synecdoche

Theydifferinthattheformerisacaseofusingthenameofonethingforanothercloselyassociatedwithitandthelatteristhatofsubstitutingpartforthewholeandviceversa.

i.earnone’sbread維持生活(makealiving)

ii.fallintogoodhands遇到好人（goodpeople）

iii.twohandsarebetterthanone兩人智慧勝一人

f)personification:

Afigureofspeechinwhichinanimateobjectsorabstractionsareendowedwithhumanqualitiesorarerepresentedaspossessinghumanform,asin

Hungersatshiveringontheroador

Flowersdancedaboutthelawn.擬人，人格化給無生命的東西或者抽象的東西賦予人的個性或繪以人的形象，如在句子饑餓站在路上顫抖或花兒在草地上翩翩起舞

Artisticrepresentationofanabstractqualityorideaasaperson.

擬人化表現(xiàn)把抽象事物或思想賦予人性的藝術表現(xiàn)手法

i.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失敗是成功之母。

ii.Actionspeaklouderthanwords[諺]行動比語言更有效。

iii.Thepotcallsthekettleblack.[諺]五十步笑百步;烏鴉嫌豬黑。

iv.Fireandwateraregoodservants,butbadmasters.[諺]水火無情。

g}euphemism:

Afigureofspeechinwhichanoffensive,harsh,orbluntwordorexpressionisavoidedandonethatismilderbutlesspreciseoraccurateisusedinstead.

委婉，委婉的說法用一個適度的、不直接的、含糊的詞來取代一個令人感到粗魯的、過于率直、具有冒犯性的詞：

i.payacallofnature[口](大小便的委婉語)上廁所,解手(theneedtopasswateroremptythebowels)

ii.sleeparound到處去睡，到處與人發(fā)生性行為(befreewithone’ssexualfavoursorbehavepromiscuously)

iii.powderone’snose(婦女上廁所的委婉語)去化妝室,出去一下(gototherestroom)

3}variationofidioms:習語的變異形式

1.Characterizedbysemanticunityandstructuralstability,idiomsdonotallowchangesasarule.

Butstructuralstabilityisnotabsolute.

2.variationofidioms:

a}replacement:（代替）

Insomeidioms,aconstituentmaybereplacedbyawordofthesamepartofspeech,resultinginsynonymousorantonymous

i.makeafigure:嶄露頭角

cutafigure:嶄露頭角,出風頭

ii.makeagreatcoup:大獲成功,一鳴驚人

pulloffagreatcoup:極大成功，一鳴驚人

iii.catchholdof:抓住v.

get/seize/takeholdof:抓住,得到/抓住,占領/握住

iv.keepone’sword:守信v.

breakone’sword:食言,失信v.

v.takeheart:振作v.

loseheart:喪失勇氣v.

b)additionordeletion:（增詞或減詞）

Insomeinstances,moreconstituentscanbeaddedordeleted,whichdoesnotaffectthemeaningoftheidioms.

i.behindbars:關在監(jiān)牢里

behindthebars

ii.allnight:整夜,通宵,徹夜

forallnight:

iii.forgood:永久地,一勞永逸地

forgoodandall:永久地adv.

iv.asbroadaslong:長寬相等的,無區(qū)別的

asbroadasitislong:

v.thankone’sstarts:謝天謝地

thankone’sluckystarts:謝天謝地

c)position-shifting:（移位）

Thepositionofcertainconstituentsinsomeidiomscanbeshiftedwithoutanychangeinmeaning.

i.dayandnight=nightandday:

ii.youngandold=oldandyoung:

iii.pinbacksb’sears=pinsb’searsback:收拾某人

d)shortening:（縮略）

Thisoccasionallyoccursinproverbsandsayings,whereonlyapartofthemisusedinsteadofthewhole.

i.thelaststraw:終于使人不支的最后一擊,導火線

Itisthelaststrawthatbreaksthecamel'sback.[諺]最后添加的一根稻草壓斷駱駝背脊;最后湊上的一個細小因素引發(fā)一場大禍。

ii.velvetpaws:(1)虛假的溫柔(2)掩蓋殘酷行為的外衣

velvetpawshidesharpclaws:笑里藏刀,口蜜腹劍

iii.Jackofalltrades(Jackofalltradesandmasterofnone三腳貓):n.萬事通；博而不精的人

e)dismembering:（肢解）

ItiswhatImeanbybreakinguptheidiomsintopieces,anunusualcaseofuseofidiomsparticularlyinliteratureorpopularpresstoachievespecialeffect.

Idiomsandphrase:

1)heartandsoul:adv.全心全意地

2)whiteelephant:n.[a.+n.]somethinguselessandunwantedbutbigandcostly.大而無用的東西,白象,累贅物

3)hightea:n.Afairlysubstantialmealthatincludesteaandisservedinthelateafternoonorearlyevening.下午茶下午或傍晚前進食的非常豐富的餐食包括茶水

4)coldshoulder:n.InformalDeliberatecoldnessordisregard;aslightorasnub怠慢故意的冷落或輕視；怠慢或輕慢

5)redherring:n.Somethingthatdrawsattentionawayfromthecentralissue.轉移注意力者把注意力從中心論題轉移開的東西

6)narrowescape:n.九死一生,幸免于難

7)braintrust:n.[n.+n.]agroupofpeoplewithspecialknowledgewhoanswerquestionsorgiveadvice.智囊團，專家顧問團一個通常非正式地擔任顧問和政策制定者的專家小組，尤指政府部門中的

8)fleshandblood:n.[n.+conj.+n.]relativesorfamily一個人的血親；親屬

(2)Humannatureorphysicalexistence,togetherwithitsweaknesses.人的本性包括各種弱點的人的本性或物質存在

9)anappleofdiscord:n.[n.+prep.+n.]causeofdisagreementorargument,etc.爭端,禍根

10)Jackofalltrades(Jackofalltradesandmasterofnone三腳貓):n.萬事通；博而不精的人

11)flyintheointment:n.[n.+prep.+n.]somethingthatspoilstheperfectionofsomething.小挫折

12)braindrain:n.智囊流失

13)theinsandtheouts:n.執(zhí)政黨和在野黨,復雜情況

14)sonandheir:n.子嗣

15)partandparcel:n.重要的部分

16)afriendincourt:n.有勢力的朋友

17)wetblanket:n.弄濕的毯子,掃興的事Onethatdiscouragesenjoymentorenthusiasm.

18)cat'spaw:n.受人利用者；傀儡

19)king'sweathern.好天氣

20)Achilles'heel:n.Aseeminglysmallbutactuallymortalweakness.阿喀琉斯的腳踝一看來很小但致命的弱點//

21)cutanddried:adj.[a.+a.]alreadysettledandunlikelytobechanged.固定的；已成定局的；已決定的;不大會改變的//

22)aspoorasachurchmouse:adj.[as+a.+as+n.]having,orearning,barelyenoughmoneyforone’sneeds.一貧如洗,赤貧的//

23)wideofthemark:adj.[a.+prep.+n.]notatallsuitable,correctetc.毫不相關

24)beyondthepale:adj.[prep.+n.]beyondthelimitofproperbehaviour.在...范圍之外

25)upintheair:adj.[adv.+prep.+n.]uncertain.懸而未決

26)highanddry:adj.（船）在岸上；孤立無援，被遺棄【a.+a.】

Heleftmehighanddry.他使我陷于困境

27)uptothehammer:adv.第一流,極好

28)nullandvoid:adj.無效的

29)highandmighty:<口>趾高氣揚地;驕傲自大的；位高權大的

30)onthego:(1)[口]在進行活動,忙碌;(2)剛要動身

31)oncall:adj.隨叫隨到的,待命的

32)wetbehindtheears:adj.少不更事的,初出茅廬的,乳臭未干的

33)lookinto:調查，研究

34)goon:continue

35)putoff:推遲,拖延,搪塞,使分心,使厭惡,扔掉,脫掉,勸阻

36)turnon:

37)getawaywith:dosomethingwrongwithoutbeingpunished.(phrasalverbs)僥幸成功,逃避懲罰[責備,追究]

38)putdownto:statethatsomethingiscausedorexplainedby.(phrasalverbs)把……歸結于

39)followone’snose:[v.+poss.+n.]gostraightahead,gointhesamedirection.筆直走,憑本能做事(verbphrases)

40)makeit:[v.+pron.]arriveintime;succeed.及時趕到，成功(verbphrases)

41)fallflat:[v.+a.]failcompletelyinitsintendedorexpectedeffect.達不到預期效果,完全失敗(verbphrases)

42)givesb.thebag:[v.+pron.+n.]fireordismisssomebody.(verbphrases)

43)singadifferenttune:[v.+a.+n.]changeone’sopinionorattitude(verbphrases)

44)callitaday:[v.+pron.+n.]decideoragreetostopeithertemporarilyorforgood.暫時停止；結束一天的工作(verbphrases)

45)chopandchange:[v.+conj.+v.]fluctuateorvaryconstantly;keepchangingone’sopinion,etc.

持續(xù)浮動或變動；不斷變換注意和觀點，等等(verbphrases)

46)swimagainstthestream:[v.+prep.phrase]dotheoppositeofwhatmostpeoplewanttodo;goagainstthewaythingsarehappening.反潮流；逆潮流行事(verbphrases)

47)comebacktoearth:[v.+adv.+prep.phrase]stopimaginingordreaming.(verbphrases)

48)makeendsmeet:[v+n+v]earnwhatitcoststolive.收支相抵(verbphrases)

49)keepthepotboiling:[v+n+v-ing]earnenoughtomaintainanadequatestandardofliving;keepasituationactive,amusing,etc.謀生,維持生活,使保持活潑(verbphrases)

50)letthedogseetherabbit:[v+n+inf(不定是式)]donotgetinthewayofanotherwhowishestoseeordosth.不要擋某人的視線或礙某人的事(verbphrases)

51)bitethehandthatfeedsone:repaykindnesswithwrong,turnagainstorhurtahelperorsupporter.恩將仇報(verbphrases)

52)playtothegallery:v.迎合低級趣味;嘩眾取寵,迎合低級趣味

53)fallshort:v.

缺乏;不足;達不到(目標);不符合

54)singlow:謹慎小心地說話,說話謙和有節(jié)制

55)makegood:v.成功,補償,賠償;成功,實現(xiàn)

56)comeclean:v.全盤招供

57)toothandnail:adv.[n+n]withgreatviolenceanddetermination.竭盡全力

58)innothingflat:adv.[prep+n+a]inaverylittletime;soon.馬上,立刻

59)throughthickandthin:adv.[prep+n+conj+n]throughalldifficultiesandtroubles不畏艱險

英語詞匯學中的習語

1)heartandsoul:adv.全心全意地

2)whiteelephant:n.[a.+n.]somethinguselessandunwantedbutbigandcostly.大而無用的東西,白象,累贅物

3)hightea:n.Afairlysubstantialmealthatincludesteaandisservedinthelateafternoonorearlyevening.下午茶下午或傍晚前進食的非常豐富的餐食包括茶水

4)coldshoulder:n.InformalDeliberatecoldnessordisregard;aslightorasnub怠慢故意的冷落或輕視；怠慢或輕慢

5)redherring:n.Somethingthatdrawsattentionawayfromthecentralissue.轉移注意力者把注意力從中心論題轉移開的東西

6)narrowescape:n.九死一生,幸免于難

7)braintrust:n.[n.+n.]agroupofpeoplewithspecialknowledgewhoanswerquestionsorgiveadvice.智囊團，專家顧問團一個通常非正式地擔任顧問和政策制定者的專家小組，尤指政府部門中的

8)fleshandblood:n.[n.+conj.+n.]relativesorfamily一個人的血親；親屬

(2)Humannatureorphysicalexistence,togetherwithitsweaknesses.人的本性包括各種弱點的人的本性或物質存在

9)anappleofdiscord:n.[n.+prep.+n.]causeofdisagreementorargument,etc.爭端,禍根

10)Jackofalltrades(Jackofalltradesandmasterofnone三腳貓):n.萬事通；博而不精的人

11)flyintheointment:n.[n.+prep.+n.]somethingthatspoilstheperfectionofsomething.小挫折

12)braindrain:n.智囊流失

13)theinsandtheouts:n.執(zhí)政黨和在野黨,復雜情況

14)sonandheir:n.子嗣

15)partandparcel:n.重要的部分

16)afriendincourt:n.有勢力的朋友

17)wetblanket:n.弄濕的毯子,掃興的事Onethatdiscouragesenjoymentorenthusiasm.

18)cat'spaw:n.受人利用者；傀儡

19)king'sweathern.好天氣

20)Achilles'heel:n.Aseeminglysmallbutactuallymortalweakness.阿喀琉斯的腳踝一看來很小但致命的弱點

21)cutanddried:adj.[a.+a.]alreadysettledandunlikelytobechanged.固定的；已成定局的；已決定的;不大會改變的//

22)aspoorasachurchmouse:adj.[as+a.+as+n.]having,orearning,barelyenoughmoneyforone’sneeds.一貧如洗,赤貧的//

23)wideofthemark:adj.[a.+prep.+n.]notatallsuitable,correctetc.毫不相關

24)beyondthepale:adj.[prep.+n.]beyondthelimitofproperbehaviour.在...范圍之外

25)upintheair:adj.[adv.+prep.+n.]uncertain.懸而未決

26)highanddry:adj.（船）在岸上；孤立無援，被遺棄【a.+a.】

Heleftmehighanddry.他使我陷于困境

27)uptothehammer:adv.第一流,極好

28)nullandvoid:adj.無效的

29)highandmighty:<口>趾高氣揚地;驕傲自大的；位高權大的

30)onthego:(1)[口]在進行活動,忙碌;(2)剛要動身

31)oncall:adj.隨叫隨到的,待命的

32)wetbehindtheears:adj.少不更事的,初出茅廬的,乳臭未干的

33)lookinto:調查，研究

34)goon:continue

35)putoff:推遲,拖延,搪塞,使分心,使厭惡,扔掉,脫掉,勸阻

36)turnon:

37)getawaywith:dosomethingwrongwithoutbeingpunished.(phrasalverbs)僥幸成功,逃避懲罰[責備,追究]

38)putdownto:statethatsomethingiscausedorexplainedby.(phrasalverbs)把……歸結于

39)followone’snose:[v.+poss.+n.]gostraightahead,gointhesamedirection.筆直走,憑本能做事(verbphrases)

40)makeit:[v.+pron.]arriveintime;succeed.及時趕到，成功(verbphrases)

41)fallflat:[v.+a.]failcompletelyinitsintendedorexpectedeffect.達不到預期效果,完全失敗(verbphrases)

42)givesb.thebag:[v.+pron.+n.]fireordismisssomebody.(verbphrases)

43)singadifferenttune:[v.+a.+n.]changeone’sopinionorattitude(verbphrases)

44)callitaday:[v.+pron.+n.]decideoragreetostopeithertemporarilyorforgood.暫時停止；結束一天的工作(verbphrases)

45)chopandchange:[v.+conj.+v.]fluctuateorvaryconstantly;keepchangingone’sopinion,etc.

持續(xù)浮動或變動；不斷變換注意和觀點，等等(verbphrases)

46)swimagainstthestream:[v.+prep.phrase]dotheoppositeofwhatmostpeoplewanttodo;goagainstthewaythingsarehappening.反潮流；逆潮流行事(verbphrases)

47)comebacktoearth:[v.+adv.+prep.phrase]stopimaginingordreaming.(verbphrases)

48)makeendsmeet:[v+n+v]earnwhatitcoststolive.收支相抵(verbphrases)

49)keepthepotboiling:[v+n+v-ing]earnenoughtomaintainanadequatestandardofliving;keepasituationactive,amusing,etc.謀生,維持生活,使保持活潑(verbphrases)

第一章

1.WordAwordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

2.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.E.g.“woman”means‘Frau’inGerman,‘Femme’inFrenchand‘Funv‘inChinese.Ontheotherhand,thesamesound/rait/canmeanright,riteandwrite,thoughdenotingdifferentthings,yethavethesamesound.

3.Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.

(Atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns)

a).theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.

b).Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspelling

c).Influenceoftheworkofscribes/printingfreezesthespellingofwordsin1500

d).Borrowingofforeignlanguage

4.VocabularyVocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivensubjectandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.

ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.

Ë5.ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency,bynotion,byorigin

1).Basicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabulary.

1.allnationalcharacter(mostimportant)–

naturalphenomena

mostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthe

humanbodyandrelations

worldaroundus

namesofplantsandanimals

action,size,domain,state

numerals,pronouns,prep.,conj.

2.stability–theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife,theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative,someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow.

e.g.

arrow,bow,chariot,knight–past

electricity,machine,car,plane--now

3.productivity–theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords,

theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.

e.g.foot–football,footage,footpath,footer

4.polysemy–oftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.Becomepolysemous.

e.g.taketomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanother

toremove

5.collocability–quiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingandothers

e.g.heart–achangeofheart,aheartofgold

Non-basicvocabulary--

1.terminology–technicalterms

photoscanning,hepatitis,indigestion,penicillin,algebra,trigonometry,calculus

2.jargon–specializedvocabularyincertainprofessions.

Bottomline,ballparkfigures,bargainingchips,holdhimback,holdhimin,paranoid

3.slang--substandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasions

doughandbread,grassandpot,beaver,smoky,bear,catch,holler,Roger,X-rays,

Certainwordsarelabeledslangbecauseoftheirusage.

4.

argot–wordsusedbysub-culturedgroups

can-opener,dip,persuader

cant,jargon,argotareassociatedwith,ormostavailableto,specificgroupsofthepopulation.

5.dialectalwords–onlybyspeakersofthedialect

beauty,chook,cocky,station,auld,build,coo,hame,lough,bog

6.archaisms–wordsnolongerincommonuseorrestrictedinuse.Inolderpoems,legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.

7.neologism–newlycreatedwordswithnewmeaninge.g.microelectronics,futurology,

AIDS,internet,E-mail

oldmeaningacquirednewmeaninge.g.mouse,monitor

2).Contentword(notionalword)–denoteclearnotions.

Functionalword(emptyword,formword)–donothavenotionsoftheirown,expresstherelationbetweennotions,wordsandsentences.

a.

ContentwordsconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyarenumerous.

Functionalwordsareinasmallnumber.

b.Contentwordsaregrowing.

Functionalwordsremainstable.

c.Functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressionthancontentwords.

3).Nativewords–arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe15centurybytheGermantribes.

Ango-SaxonWords,50,000-60,000

Whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativeworld.Moreare

1.neutralinstyle

(notstylisticalspecific)

2.2.frequentinuse(inacademicfieldsandscienceFrench,LatinorGreekareused)(usage70-90%)

Borrowedwords(loanwords,borrowing)–wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguage.80%

Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing,wecanbringtheloanwordsunder4classes.

1.Denizens–wordsborrowedearlyandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishlanguage.

e.g.

port

fromportus(L)shift,change,shirt,pork

cupfromcuppa(L)

2.Aliens–retainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling

e.g.décor(F)

blitzkreeg(G)emir,intermez,rowtow,bazaar,rajar,statusquo

3.translationloans–formedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.

1).Wordtranslatedaccordingtothemeaning

e.g.

mothertoughfrom

linguamaternal(L)

blackhumorfromhumornoir

longtimenosee,surplusvalue,masterpiece

2).Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesound

e.g.

kulakfromkyrak(Russ)

lamafromlama(Tib)

ketchup

tea

4.Semanticloans–theirmeaningareborrowedfromanotherlanguage

e.g.

stupidolddump

newsassy

dreamoldjoyandpeace

pioneeroldexplorer/persondoingpioneeringwork

newamemberoftheyoungpioneer

fresholdimpertinent,sassy,cheeky

第二章

Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily(Europe,theNearEast,India)

Balto–Slavic

Indo-Iranian

Italic

Germanic

Prussian

Persian

Portuguese

Norwegian

Lithuanian

Hindi

Spanish

Icelandie

Polish

Italian

Danish

Bulgarian

Roumanian

Swedish

Slovenian

French

English

Russian

German

Albanian

Armenian

Celtic

Hellenic

Irish

Greek

Breton

Scottish

2.History(時間，歷史事件，特征)

1)OldEnglish(450-1150)totally50,000-60,000words

The1stpeopleknowntoinhabitEnglandwereCelts,thelanguagewasCeltic.

ThesecondlanguagewastheLatinoftheRomanLegions.

TheGermanictribescalledangles,SaxonsandJutesandtheirlanguage,Anglo-SaxondominatedandblottedouttheCeltic.NowpeoplerefertoAnglo-SaxonasoldEnglish.

Attheendof6thcentury,theintroductionofChristianityhasagreatimpactontheEnglishvocabulary.

Thecommonpracticewastocreatenewwordsbycombiningtwonativewords.

Inthe9thcentury,manyScandinavianwordscameintoEnglish.Atleast900wordsofScandinavianareinmodernEnglish,ourdailylifeandspeech.

特點:

highlyinflectedlanguage

complexendingsorvowelchanges(fullending)

2)MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)English,Latin,French

Until1066,althoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin,theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic.ButtheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.

Bytheendofthe13thcentury,Englishgraduallycomebackintopublicareas.

Between1250and150about9000wordsofFrenchorigincomeintoEnglish.75%ofthemaretillinusetoday.

Asmanyas2500wordsofDutchorigincomeintoEnglish.

特點:fewerinflections

leveledending

3)ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)earlymodernEnglish(1500-1700)

latemodernEnglish(1700-uptonow)

TheRenaissance,LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritage.

TheIndustrialRevolutionwasinthemid-17century.Withthegrowthofcolonization,Britishtentaclesbeganastretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe,thusenablingEnglishtoabsorbwordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.

AfterWorldWarII,manynewwordshavebeencreatedtoexpressnewideas,inventionsandscientific