【IRENA】尼泊爾農(nóng)業(yè)分散的可再生能源-2025

Decentralised

foragriculture

renewableenergy

inNepal

?IRENA2025

Unlessotherwisestated,materialinthispublicationmaybefreelyused,shared,copied,reproduced,printedand/orstored,providedthatappropriateacknowledgementisgivenofIRENAasthesourceandcopyrightholder.Materialinthispublicationthatisattributedtothirdpartiesmaybesubjecttoseparatetermsofuseandrestrictions,andappropriatepermissionsfromthesethirdpartiesmayneedtobesecuredbeforeanyuseofsuchmaterial.

ISBN:978-92-9260-660-2

Citation:IRENA(2025),DecentralisedrenewableenergyforagricultureinNepal,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.

Acknowledgements

ThisreportwasdevelopedundertheguidanceofGürbüzGonül(Director,IRENACountryEngagementandPartnerships),andauthoredbyKavitaRai(IRENA)andKushalGautam,YamunaGhale,ChitraNarayanswamyandStephaniePinnington(Consultants).ThisreportalsobenefittedfromcontributionsbyNawaRajDhakal,SantoshRai,andAmanulHakAnsari(AlternativeEnergyPromotionCentre),SabnamShivakotiandDipakBharadwaj(MinistryofAgricultureandLivestockDevelopment),LennekeBraamandSubashDhakal(SNVNepal),AshaSingh(UniversityCollegeLondon),NipunikaPerera(Expert),BishalParajuli,JiwooSunandWilsonMatekenya(IRENA).TechnicalreviewwasprovidedbyPaulKomor.

PublicationandeditorialsupportwereprovidedbyFrancisFieldandStephanieClarke.ThereportwaseditedbyJonathanGorvett,withdesignprovidedbyElkanodata.

Unlessotherwiseindicated,allthephotographsusedinsidethisreportarethecopyrightofKushalGautam.

ThecoverpagephotographbySiddharthaShresthashowsavillagepoweredbyasolarmini-gridinthemountainousUpperDolporegionofNepal.

TheassessmentwasfinanciallysupportedthroughvoluntarycontributionsbytheGovernmentofUnitedArabEmiratesandtheOpenSocietyFoundations.

Thedatacollectionandcountryco-ordinationwerefacilitatedbytheMinistryofAgricultureandLivestockDevelopment(MoALD)andtheAlternativeEnergyPromotionCentre(AEPC).

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Contents

Executivesummary9

1Introduction13

1.1Datacollection:Methods,sourcesandinputs13

2TheagricultureandenergylandscapeinNepal16

2.1Socio-economiccontextwithinachangingclimate16

2.2Policylandscapeforagriculturalmechanisation17

2.3Decentralisedrenewableenergy,electricityaccessanddemandintheagriculturalsector17

3Energyusepatternsandestimatedinvestments

inselectedagri-foodvaluechains20

3.1Maize20

3.2Apples25

3.3Fish30

3.4Millet33

4Keyrenewableenergypoweredtechnology

andequipmentoptionsforenhancingagri-foodvaluechains36

4.1ColdStorage37

4.2Solardryers37

4.3Solarirrigationpumps38

4.4Renewableenergypoweredmini-grids40

5Modelsfortheprovisionofagri-equipmentservices41

5.1Co-operative,orprivately-runcustomhiringcentres41

5.2Co-operativeownership43

5.3Commercialenterprisesandindustries43

5.4Accesstofinance45

6Keyrecommendations46

6.1Cross-cuttingrecommendationsapplicableacrossalltechnologies46

6.2Technology-specificrecommendations47

7References52

AppendixA:

Methodologyforestimatedinvestments54

AppendixB:

Theenergyconsumptionofeachcommoditybyfueltype56

AppendixC:

EstimationofenergyfromDREsbycommodity58

AppendixD:

DREinvestmentrequiredbycommodity60

AppendixE:

AnnualCO2emissionsoffset63

Figures

Figure1Locationsvisitedforthestudy·14

Figure2Electricitysalesforwatersupplyandirrigation(GWh),2013-2023·18

Figure3Agriculturalsectorenergyconsumption(PJ),2019-2021·19

Figure4Maizevaluechain·20

Figure5Maizevaluechain:PotentialDREinterventionsintheshortterm·24

Figure6Maizevaluechain:Investmentandpercentagefossilfueloffset25

Figure7Applevaluechain25

Figure8Applevaluechain:PotentialDREinterventionsintheshortterm29

Figure9Applevaluechain:Investmentandpercentagefossilfueloffset29

Figure10Fishvaluechain30

Figure11Fishvaluechain:PotentialDREinterventionsintheshortterm32

Figure12Fishvaluechain:Investmentandpercentagefossilfueloffset32

Figure13Milletvaluechain33

Figure14Milletvaluechain:PotentialDREinterventionintheshortterm34

Figure15Milletvaluechain:Investmentandpercentagefossilfueloffset35

Figure16Proposedsupportmodality44

Figure17ModelformobilisingDREfinanceinagri-enterprises45

Tables

Table1EstimatedCOemissionsoffsetandinvestmentrequiredinDREs·10

2

Table2Selectedfoodcommodityvaluechainanalysismatrix·15

Table3Farmercategoriesandaveragelandholdings·16

Table4AEPC’sDREsystemdeploymentstatus·18

Table5Useofequipment/manuallabourinthemaizevaluechain·21

Table6DREevaluationofequipmentinthemaizevaluechain·23

Table7Useofequipment/manuallabourintheapplevaluechain·26

Table8DREevaluationofequipmentintheapplevaluechain·28

Table9Useofequipment/manuallabourinthefishvaluechain·30

Table10DREevaluationofequipmentinthefishvaluechain·31

Table11Useofequipment/manuallabourinthemilletvaluechain·33

Table12DREevaluationofequipmentintheMilletvaluechain·34

Table13PotentialDREsolutions·36

Table14Comparisonofoperationalmodalities·42

4

DecentralisedrenewableenergyforagricultureinNepal

TableA1PercentageshareofDREsystems·54

TableB1Maize:Fossilfuelenergyconsumption·56

TableB2Apples:Fossilfuelenergyconsumption·56

TableB3Fish:Fossilfuelenergyconsumption·57

TableB4Millet:Fossilfuelenergyconsumption·57

TableC1Maize:EstimationofenergyfromDREs·58

TableC2Apples:EstimationofenergyfromDREs·58

TableC3Fish:EstimationofenergyfromDREs·59

TableC4Millet:EstimationofenergyfromDREs·59

TableD1Maize:DREinvestmentrequired·60

TableD2Apples:DREinvestmentrequired·61

TableD3Fish:DREinvestmentrequired·62

TableD4Millet:DREinvestmentrequired·62

TableE1Shareoftotalagriculturallandbycommodity·63

TableE2Shareoftotalenergyconsumptionbycommodity·64

TableE3Deducingthepotentialenergyoffsetoftheselectedcommodities·64

5

Boxes

Box1WhatisaCHC?·22

Box2Theimpactofnationalgridpowerinterruptions26

Box3OpportunityforDRE-baseddryers·31

Box4Solarcoldstoragepilots·37

Box5Casestudyofaproductiveend-usefromasolarmini-grid·40

Box6CHCsbenefittingwomen·42

Box7Theco-operativemodelintheapplevaluechain·43

Photographs

Seeddrill(left),maizethresher(right)·22

Applegradermachine(large),juicemaker·27

Fishfeedmachine,solarwaterpumpingsystemforfishpondtop-up,··30

Aeratorpoweredby1hpsubmersiblepump·30

Dryfishproductionataprivateenterprise·30

Mini-tiller,electrically-poweredmilletthresher33

Womenworkinginfishdryingenterprise,Bara·42

GuthichaurAgroFarm,Jumla·42

Note:Inthisreport,theexchangerateforconversionofNepaleserupees(NPR)toUnitedStatesdollars(USD)isUSD1=NPR133.29,asof29November2023.

6

DecentralisedrenewableenergyforagricultureinNepal

Abbreviations

micro-hydropower

MinistryofAgricultureDevelopment

MinistryofAgricultureandLivestockDevelopment

MinistryofEnergy,WaterResourcesandIrrigation

MinistryofLabourEmploymentandSocialSecurity

megawatt

NepalAgricultureCo-operativeCentralFederationLtd.

NationalAgricultureResearchCouncil

NationalCooperativeFederationofNepal

ADBN

AEPC

capex

CHC

CO2

DRE

EPC

MHP

MoAD

MoALD

AgriculturalDevelopmentBankNepal

AlternativeEnergyPromotionCentre

capitalexpenditure

customhiringcentre

MoEWRI

carbondioxide

MoLESS

decentralisedrenewableenergy

MW

NACCFL

engineering,procurementandconstruction

FAO

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

FGD

FWEAN

NARC

NCF

NEA

NGO

NPR

O&M

PJ

PMAMP

focusgroupdiscussion

FederationofWomanEntrepreneursAssociationsofNepal

NepalElectricityAuthority

FY

GDP

GHG

GRB

GWh

ha

hp

ICIMOD

financialyear

non-governmentalorganisation

grossdomesticproduct

Nepaleserupee

greenhousegas

operationsandmaintenance

genderresponsivebudgeting

petajoule

gigawatthour

hectare

horsepower

InternationalCentreforIntegratedMountainDevelopment

PrimeMinisterAgricultureModernizationProject

PPP

PSLP

PV

tCO2eq

TJ

UNFCCC

publicprivatepartnership

PrioritySectorLendingProgramme

photovoltaic

IRENA

ISPS

IWMI

kg

KII

kVh

kW

kWh

kWp

LPD

InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency

tonnesofcarbondioxideequivalent

institutionalsolarphotovoltaicsystem

terajoule

InternationalWaterManagementInstitute

UnitedNationsFramework

kilogramme

keyinformantinterview

kilovolthour

kilowatt

ConventiononClimateChange

USD

V

WECS

UnitedStatesdollar

volt

WaterandEnergyCommissionSecretariat

kilowatthour

kilowattpeak

litresperday

7

8

9

Executivesummary

Nepal’sagriculturalsectoraccountsfor24%ofthecountry’sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)andsupportsthelivelihoodsof62%ofitspopulation.Thecountryhasadiverselandscapeandclimate,enablingawidevarietyof

foodcropsandlivestocktobecultivated.Thisproduceisessentialinensuringthefoodsecurityofthepopulation.Severalchallenges,however,havehinderedthedevelopmentofthesector.Inparticular,highyouthunemploymenthasledtosignificantoutwardmalemigration,leavingagrowingburdenonwomen,whoalreadycarryaheavyresponsibilityfordomesticandfarmingactivities.

Inaddition,Nepal’sterrain,whichvariesgreatlyfromflatplainsinthesouthtohighmountainsinthenorth,ishighlyvulnerabletoclimatechange.Extremeweatherevents,suchasheavyrainfallanddrought,arebecomingincreasinglycommon,threateningimportantfoodcrops.

Mechanisation,whichinvolvestheintroductionoffarmingequipmenttoimproveproductivity,hasthepotentialtoimproveclimateresilience.Itcanalsohelpaddressmanyoftheotherfactorshinderingthesector’sdevelopment.Currently,however,thelevelofmechanisationinNepal’sagriculturalsectorisverylow.Thisisespeciallythecaseamongsmallholderfarmers,whorepresent27%ofthetotalfarmpopulation.

Whilemanyfactorsliebehindthis,limitedaccesstoreliableandaffordableenergyisoneofthemostpressing.Theagriculturalsectorreliesheavilyondiesel,makingup91%ofthetotalenergyconsumed,whilegrid-basedelectricityonlysupplies1.6%.Meanwhile,renewableenergyintegrationisstillinitsinfancyandcontributesonly0.3%oftotalenergyconsumed.Mostofthisisgeneratedbysolarphotovoltaic(PV)panels.

ThisstudymakesaninitialassessmentoftheenergyneedsofNepal’sagriculturalsectorandidentifiesopportunitiesformechanisationthroughtheintroductionofdecentralisedrenewableenergy(DRE)systems.Itconcentratesonfourimportantagri-foodvaluechains:maize,apples,fishandmillet.

ThestudywasledbytheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA),incollaborationwithNepal’sAlternativeEnergyPromotionCentre(AEPC)andtheMinistryofAgricultureandLivestockDevelopment(MoALD).TheworkispartofIRENA’sEmpoweringLivesandLivelihoods:RenewablesforClimateActioninitiative.1

Thefindingsshowthatthegreatestopportunitiesfordecentralisedrenewableenergy(DRE)solutionslieinpoweringnon-mobileequipment,suchaswaterpumpsforirrigation,andprocessingequipment,suchasshellers,mills,dryersandaerators.ThereisalsogreatpotentialfortheapplicationofDREinpoweringcoldstoragechains,whichcouldfurtherenhancefarmerincomebyreducingproducespoilage.

Inaddition,thestudyfoundthatmanyexistingrenewableenergymini-gridswithinthecountryareunder-utilisedandcouldbereconfiguredtosupplyaffordableandreliableenergyforagriculturalneeds.

Alongsidethesepotentialareasforimplementation,thestudyconcludedthatplanningforgridcompatibilityinthemediumtolongtermisveryimportant.Nepal’snationalelectricitygridisrapidlyexpanding,withruralelectrificationremainingatoppriorityforthegovernment.Therefore,itiscriticaltoexaminehowthesesystemswillcontinuetooperateandremainproductiveafterthegridextendstotheareasidentified–orwhentheenergyqualityprovidedbythegridisimproved.

BasedonanenergyneedsassessmentandthedemandformechanisationwiththeintroductionofDREsolutions,thestudyestimatedthepotentialcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsreductionintonnesofCO2equivalent(tCO2eq).Italsocalculatedthelevelofinvestmentnecessarytorealisethisoutcome,inUnitedStatesdollars(USD)(seeTable1).

1Fordetails,see

/Energy-Transition/Partnerships/Empowering-Lives-and-Livelihoods-Renewables-for-Climate-Action

10

Table1EstimatedCO2emissionsoffsetandinvestmentrequiredinDREs

EstimatedpotentialofoverallCO2emissionsoffsetperyear(replacingtheuseofdieselandpetrol)

206722tCO2eq*

EstimatedinvestmentrequirementinDREstooffsetthefossilfuelenergyintheshortterm,withinfiveyearsfor:

Maize

USD87million

Apples

USD1.1million

Fish

USD1.2million

Millet

USD24million

Notes:*SeeAppendixE;tCO2eq=tonnesofcarbondioxideequivalent.

ThereportconcludeswithaseriesofrecommendationstoscaleuptheintroductionofDREsystemsintothefouragri-foodvaluechainsexamined.Theserecommendationsarebrokendownintotwotypes:measuresthatapplyacrossallthetechnologiesconsidered;andtechnology-specificmeasures,withafocusonDRE-powereddryers,irrigationandcoldstorage,alongwiththeextensionofexistingmini-gridsforagriculturalpurposes.

Recommendationsapplicableacrossalltechnologies

a.Enhancegovernmentco-ordination

CollaborationbetweenMoALD,whichoverseestheNepaleseagriculturalsector,andtheMinistryofEnergy,WaterResources&Irrigation(MoEWRI),whichisresponsibleforoverseeingthescalingofrenewableenergyintegration,isessentialinrealisingthedesiredoutcomes.Thiscollaborationshouldincludejointplanning,knowledge-sharingandadedicatedbudgetforjointinitiatives.Thereisalsoaneedtobetterinvolveprovincialandlocalgovernmentstakeholderstoimprovetheintroductionofprogrammaticinterventions.Thesestakeholders’involvementshouldalsobeaccompaniedbyanupskillingoflocalstaffanddedicatedbudgetsforanyactivitieswhichtheywilloversee.

b.FocusattentiononhighpotentialopportunitiesforDREintegration

MuchofNepal’sfarmingequipment,suchastractorsandtheirattachments,isdieselpowered.Whilereplacingthesetechnologiescouldservetofurtherreduceemissions,thereiscurrentlynocommerciallyviablealternative.Therefore,thereportconcludesthatthefocusshouldbeonnon-mobileequipmentthatiseither:1)alreadypoweredbyelectricityfromthegrid,butnotrunproductivelyduetotheunreliabilityofthepower;or2)equipmentthatisrunondiesel-poweredgenerators,whichcouldbereplacedbyDREsystems.

Additionally,thestudyconcludesthattoachievethegreatestlong-termimpact,itisimportanttofocusonprojectsthatareunderpinnedbystrongbusinessmodelsandhavesustainablerevenuesources,aswellasavailableoptionsforoperationsandmaintenance(O&M).Withoutthesetwocriticalelements,systemswilllikelyfallintodisrepairorbeunderutilised.Workingwithenterprisesthatarealreadyengagingmultipleend-userswillbeanimportantentrypointforDREintegration,asincreasedusageofDREequipmentwillultimatelytranslateintoimprovedbusinessviability.

c.BuildawarenessofthebenefitsofmechanisationandenhancecapacityaroundtheuseofDRE

Itisimportanttoeducateendusersaboutthepotentialbenefitsofmechanisation.ThiswillservetodrivedemandforDREandDRE-poweredequipmentandhelptoensuretheeconomicviabilityofprojectsthatareintroduced.Suchbenefitsincludetheprospectforimprovedcropyields,reductionsinproducespoilage,increasingrevenues,andloweringtherequirementformanuallabourinput.Regionalcommunications