第16講語(yǔ)法過(guò)關(guān)一（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）

第16講謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞【學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)】復(fù)習(xí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致復(fù)習(xí)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞高考語(yǔ)法知識(shí)回饋高考語(yǔ)法知識(shí)回饋謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)歷來(lái)是高考考查的重點(diǎn)。動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)考查雖多，但考向非常集中，最?？嫉氖且话氵^(guò)去時(shí)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，其次是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其他時(shí)態(tài)考查相對(duì)較少。因此備考重點(diǎn)是：①動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的基本用法②動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本用法③主謂一致高頻考點(diǎn)突破考點(diǎn)1動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(以動(dòng)詞do為例)現(xiàn)在時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般時(shí)do/doesdidshall/willdoshould/woulddo進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/aredoingwas/weredoingshall/willbedoingshould/wouldbedoing完成時(shí)have/hasdonehaddoneshall/willhavedoneshould/wouldhavedone完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have/hasbeendoinghadbeendoingshall/willhavebeendoingshould/wouldhavebeendoing1.一般時(shí)態(tài)(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)①表示經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。Wehavemealsthreetimesaday.我們一日吃三餐。②表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)及自然現(xiàn)象。Thesunsetsinthewest.太陽(yáng)從西方落下。③在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。I’llwritetoherwhenIhavetime.有時(shí)間我會(huì)寫信給她。(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)①表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的一次性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。Weoftenplayedbasketballtogether.我們(過(guò)去)經(jīng)常在一起打籃球。②時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，若主句用了過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，從句常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。Hesaidhewouldtellherthenewsassoonashemether.他說(shuō)他一見到她就把這個(gè)消息告訴她。單句語(yǔ)法填空①The80，000objectscollectedbySirHansSloane,forexample,(form)thecorecollectionoftheBritishMuseumwhich/thatopenedin1759.②TheunmannedChang’e－4probe(探測(cè)器)—thenamewasinspiredbyanancientChinesemoongoddess—(touch)downlastweekintheSouthPole－Aitkenbasin.③When/Asheaskedthevillagersonthebanksoftheriverwherehecouldfindthelegendary(傳奇的)artist,theysmiledand(point)downtheriver.④Newmethods(mean)thatfewerpeopleworkedinfarming⑤Whilerunningregularlycan’tmakeyouliveforever，thereviewsaysit(be)moreeffectiveatlengtheninglifethanwalking，cyclingorswimming.⑥Sarahsays，“MydadthinksIshouldtaketheoffernow.Butatthemoment，school(e)first.Idon’twanttogettooabsorbedinmodeling.”【答案】1.formed2.touched3，pointed4.meant5.is6es2．進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are＋現(xiàn)在分詞)①表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。Heisworkingonapaper.他在寫一篇論文。②與always，often等頻度副詞連用，表示經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行為或某種感情色彩。Thegirlisalwaystalkingaloudinpublic.這個(gè)女孩總是在公眾場(chǎng)合大聲說(shuō)話。③表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。這樣的動(dòng)詞有g(shù)o，e，start，leave，arrive，begin，return等。I’mleavingforBeijingnextmonth.我下個(gè)月要去北京。(2)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were＋現(xiàn)在分詞)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。Hewasreadinganinterestingbookthistimeyesterday.昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他在讀一本有趣的書。(3)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)(will/shall＋be＋現(xiàn)在分詞)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)或某一時(shí)段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常表示事情的正常發(fā)展。I’llbedoingsomehouseworktomorrowafternoon.明天下午我將要干些家務(wù)活。3．將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)(1)一般將來(lái)時(shí)①“will/shall＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，即單純的將來(lái)事實(shí)。IshallcallyouassoonasIarrive.我一到就給你打電話。TheywillprobablygotoShanghaifortheirholiday.他們可能去上海度假。②一般將來(lái)時(shí)的常用結(jié)構(gòu)·用于“Iexpect,I’msure,Ithink,Iwonder＋賓語(yǔ)從句”中·用于“祈使句＋and＋陳述句”中·與表示時(shí)間或條件的狀語(yǔ)從句連用Don’tworryabouttheexam.I’msureyou’llpass.不要擔(dān)心這次考試，我確信你會(huì)通過(guò)的。Ifyouaskhim,hewillhelpyou.如果你請(qǐng)他幫忙，他會(huì)幫助你的。③表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)·begoingtodosth表示計(jì)劃、打算要做某事或者有預(yù)兆要發(fā)生某事?！etodosth表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將做某事，或者按照職責(zé)、義務(wù)、規(guī)定等要做某事。·beabouttodosth表示即將發(fā)生某事。該結(jié)構(gòu)通常不與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。HeisgoingtospeakonTVthisevening.他今晚要在電視上講話。Lookatthedarkclouds.Itisgoingtorain.看這些烏云，要下雨了。Whenareyoutoleave/leavingforhome?你什么時(shí)候回家？Thetrainisabouttostart.火車就要開了。(2)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(should/would＋動(dòng)詞原形)①過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)是“立足過(guò)去，著眼未來(lái)”的一種時(shí)態(tài)，常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。Hesaidhewouldbehereateighto’clock.他說(shuō)他將在八點(diǎn)鐘到這里。②三種表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)·was/weregoingto＋動(dòng)詞原形·was/wereto＋動(dòng)詞原形·was/wereaboutto＋動(dòng)詞原形Ithoughtitwasgoingtorain.我當(dāng)時(shí)覺(jué)得要下雨。Hetoldmehewastogetmarriedthenextweek.他告訴我他下周結(jié)婚。4．完成時(shí)態(tài)(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has＋過(guò)去分詞)①表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作開始于過(guò)去，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(甚至到將來(lái))。常與之連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：lately，recently，inthelast(past)fewdays/years，sincethen，uptonow，sofar等。Inthepastfewyears，greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.在過(guò)去的幾年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。②表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果。常用的狀語(yǔ)有：already，ever，just(剛剛)，yet等。Hehasturnedoffthelight.(＝Thelightisoffnow.)他已經(jīng)關(guān)掉燈了。③在“最高級(jí)＋名詞”或“It/Thisis＋the＋序數(shù)詞＋time”之后的從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Thisisthefirsttime(that)Ihaveehere.這是我第一次來(lái)這里?！疽谆毂嫖觥縣avegoneto意為“去某地了”，表示此人現(xiàn)在還在那里沒(méi)有回來(lái)。havebeento意為“去過(guò)某地”，表示此人已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。Hehasgonetoliveabroad.他到國(guó)外居住了。HaveyoueverbeentoShanghai?你去過(guò)上海嗎？(2)過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had＋過(guò)去分詞)①一件事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去，而另外一件事情先于它發(fā)生(即表“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”)，那么發(fā)生在前的動(dòng)作要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。Hesaidthathehadbeenabroadfor3years.他說(shuō)他在國(guó)外待了3年了。②hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖。IhadhopedtoseemoreofShanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)③在“Hardly/Scarcely/Barely...when...”和“Nosooner...than...”句型中，when和than從句里用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，且用倒裝，表示“剛剛……就……”。Hardly/NosoonerhadIgothomewhen/thantherainpoureddown.我剛到家，大雨就傾盆而下。(3)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(have/has＋been＋現(xiàn)在分詞)①表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且還要繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。IhavebeenreadingHemingway’sFarewelltoArmsrecently.我最近一直在讀海明威的《永別了，武器》。②表示一個(gè)近期內(nèi)一直重復(fù)發(fā)生、反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。You’vebeensayingthatforfiveyears.這話你已經(jīng)說(shuō)了五年了。③現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(have/hasbeendoing)常和allthistime,thisweek,thismonth,allnight,allthemorning,recently等狀語(yǔ)以及since和for引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句連用。Hehasbeenwritingarticlestothenewspaperssincehebecameateacher.自從任教以來(lái)，他一直在為報(bào)刊撰稿。考點(diǎn)2動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be隨著主語(yǔ)的人稱、數(shù)和句子時(shí)態(tài)的不同而變化?，F(xiàn)在過(guò)去將來(lái)過(guò)去將來(lái)一般is/am/aredonewas/weredonewill/shallbedonewould/shouldbedone進(jìn)行is/am/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdonewill/shallbebeingdonewould/shouldbebeingdone完成have/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendonewould/shouldhavebeendone2.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義(1)“系動(dòng)詞look，sound，feel，smell，taste等＋形容詞/名詞”構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。Thesteelfeelscold.鋼摸起來(lái)很涼。(2)動(dòng)詞need,require,want,beworth后加動(dòng)詞－ing形式的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表被動(dòng)意義。Mywatchcan’twork;itneedsrepairing.我的手表不能用了，需要修了。(3)某些可和well，easily等副詞連用的不及物動(dòng)詞，如read，write,draw，wash，clean，cook，sell等。Nyloncleanseasily.尼龍容易清洗。單句語(yǔ)法填空①Thepartsofamuseumopentothepublic(call)galleriesorrooms.②Theartistwassurehewould(choose),butwhenhepresentedhismasterpiecetotheemperor’schiefminister,theoldmanlaughed.③And，asmorechildrenwereborn，morefood(need)．④ThisEnglishsayinghasmuchtruthinit：thebestplace(surround)byourlovedonesandwitharoofoverourhead.⑤Onthelastdayofourweek－longstay，we(invite)toattendaprivateconcertonabeautifulfarmontheNorthShoreunderthestars，listeningtomusiciansandmeetinginterestinglocals.【答案】1.arecalled2.bechosen3.wasneeded4.issurrounded5.wereinvited考點(diǎn)3主謂一致主謂一致是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上和主語(yǔ)一致，一般遵循三個(gè)原則，即：語(yǔ)法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。1．語(yǔ)法一致原則主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)決定了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。(1)動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、從句、不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。Havingtochangetrainsisasmallinconvenience.不得不換乘火車多少有些不便。(2)主語(yǔ)后接介詞短語(yǔ)或其他插入語(yǔ)，如with，togetherwith，aswellas，like，but，except，ratherthan，including，inadditionto等時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致。Tomaswellastwoofhisfriendswasinvitedtotheparty.湯姆以及他的兩個(gè)朋友一起被邀請(qǐng)參加聚會(huì)了。(3)定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與先行詞保持一致。Myfriendshowedmearoundthesmalltown，whichwasveryattractive.我的朋友帶我參觀了這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)，它非常迷人。(4)“manya/morethanone＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。each，every，no所修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，即使有and連接，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。EveryboyandeverygirlwishestoattendthepartytobeheldonSunday.每個(gè)男生和女生都希望參加即將在周日舉辦的聚會(huì)。2．意義一致原則意義一致原則指不管主語(yǔ)的形式是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，主語(yǔ)的意義決定了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。(1)集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若被看作一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；若被看作是集體中的每個(gè)成員，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。常見有：family，class，team，group，public，mittee，government，audience等。Theclassconsistsof25boysand20girls.這個(gè)班由25個(gè)男生和20個(gè)女生組成。Theclassaredoinganexperiment.全班學(xué)生都在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。(2)“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)/themajority＋of＋名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后名詞的數(shù)以及其表示的意義；all，some，half，most，therest等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)實(shí)際表達(dá)的意義。Aboutonethirdofthebooksareworthreading.這些書中大約有1/3值得一讀。(3)“the＋形容詞”表示一類人在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Thesickhavebeencuredandthelosthavebeenfound.病人已被治愈，失蹤的人也都找到了。(4)aquantityof后接不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，后接可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。quantitiesof后無(wú)論接可數(shù)名詞還是接不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Withmoreforestsbeingdestroyed，hugequantitiesofgoodeartharebeingwashedawayeachyear.由于越來(lái)越多的森林被毀，每年有大量的沃土被沖走。(5)“anumberof＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，“thenumberof＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Thenumberofthestudentsfromthenorthissmall.來(lái)自北方的學(xué)生人數(shù)很少。(6)表示時(shí)間、距離、重量、金額等復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。Threethousanddollarsisquitealotofmoneyforaboy.對(duì)于一個(gè)男孩來(lái)說(shuō)，3000美元是一筆大數(shù)目。3．就近一致原則就近一致原則指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于離它最近的主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)。(1)由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，notonly...but(also)．..，not...but...等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)常與最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。Eitheryouoroneofyourstudentsistoattendthemeetingthatisduetomorrow.要么是你或者你的一名學(xué)生將出席明天的會(huì)議。(2)由there，here引起的主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)通常和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。Therearethreebooksandapenonthedesk.桌子上有三本書和一支鋼筆。單句語(yǔ)法填空①Often,onlyasmallpartofamuseum’scollection(be)ondisplay.②Thisiswhydecoratingwithplants,fruitsandflowers(carry)specialsignificance.③“Thisreallyexcitesscientists，”CarlePieters,ascientistatBrownUniversity,says,“becauseit(mean)wehavethechancetoobtaininformationabouthowthemoon(construct)．”【答案】1.is2.carries3.means4.isconstructed隨堂練習(xí)Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．I(do)myhomeworkwhensomeoneknockedatthedoor.2．ThenallRyleewaslookingforwardto(be)tobeabletoseeWaba’sappearance.3．Thetwins,who(finish)theirhomework,wereallowedtoplaybadmintonintheplayground.4．Thesedams(construct)sodelicatelythattheylookmoreliketheworkofmanthanoflittledumbbeasts.5．However,apileofcellsdoesnothavethechewytextureofachickenbreast.Cellswithoutasupport(be)morelikeasoup,oratbestameatball.6．TherearemanydifferencesbetweenChinaandIndiawhenitestohowyoga(practise)．7．Andonweekends,she(teach)localkidswhoneededextrahelpwiththeirschoolwork.8．WhatIregretnow(be)nothavingeverreallydoneanythingforher.Isupposesheneverneededit.9．Asaresult,theirnumber(grow)fromjust20pairsto40pairsinthepasttwoyears.10．ArchaeologistsstartedanewexcavationatNo.1Pitin2009.The200newwarriors(find)asaresultofthiseffort.【答案】1.wasdoing2.was3.hadfinished4.areconstructed5.are6.ispractised7.taught8.is9.hasgrown10.werefoundⅡ.語(yǔ)法填空MybestfriendKaiyaislikeme.She1.____________(remind)meofmyself.Inthepast,I2.____________(be)neverconfidentbecauseofmyappearance.Peoplealwayslaughedatmyweight,myheight,myhairstyle,etc.Atthattime,Iwastheshorteststudentinmyclass.Istartedgettingdepressed.However,someonetoldmesomethingthatIwillalwaysremember.ItwasinMarch.Surroundedbyagroupofgirlswho3.____________(point)atmeandlaughedatme,Icouldn’thelpcrying.Thetearsrolleddownmyfacelikearushingriver.Tomysurprise,someoneliftedmyheadupandwipedthetearsfrommyeyes.IthenknewitwasourEnglishteacher,MissLi.Shesaid，“you4.____________(be)perfectthewayyouare.Youshouldneverchangeorhateyourself.People5.____________(accept)youforwhoyou6.____________(be)．Butifyoucannotacceptyourself,thenhowwillotherpeopleacceptyou？”I7.____________(inspire)byherwords.Overthepastfewmonths，I8.____________(learn)thatnooneisperfectandthatweallhaveflaws.NowIhavewonderfulfriendswho9.____________(love)meforwhoIam.Now,seeingKaiyacry，IdecidetotellherthesamethingMissLi10.____________(tell)me.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】英語(yǔ)老師的鼓勵(lì)讓我充滿自信。我決定把她的方法用來(lái)幫助我的好友。1．reminds根據(jù)第一句的時(shí)態(tài)可推知，本空應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，又因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)為She，故答案為reminds。2．was根據(jù)語(yǔ)境中的Inthepast可知，設(shè)空處用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故答案為was。3．pointed根據(jù)后面的laughed可知，設(shè)空處為pointed。4．a(chǎn)re本句為直接引語(yǔ)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。5．willaccept結(jié)合下文的thenhowwillotherpeopleacceptyou可知，答案為willaccept。6．a(chǎn)re由上下文語(yǔ)境可知，應(yīng)填are。7．wasinspired設(shè)空處表示過(guò)去的事情且主語(yǔ)與inspire為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。8．havelearned(learnt)根據(jù)前面的Overthepastfewmonths可知，設(shè)空處用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。9．love“who9.________(love)meforwhoIam”為定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為friends且設(shè)空處說(shuō)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故答案為love。10．told“MissLi10.________(tell)me”為定語(yǔ)從句，設(shè)空處表示過(guò)去的事情，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的用法是語(yǔ)法填空的?？键c(diǎn)，從形式上看，主要考查動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式，現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和過(guò)去分詞；非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)的考查頻率相對(duì)更高。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分類：①動(dòng)詞不定式②動(dòng)名詞③現(xiàn)在分詞④過(guò)去分詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞備考：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)高頻考點(diǎn)突破考點(diǎn)1非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式及句法功能種類時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)不定式一般式todotobedone√√√√√√進(jìn)行式tobedoing×完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone動(dòng)名詞一般式doingbeingdone√√×√√×完成式havingdonehavingbeendone分詞現(xiàn)在一般式doingbeingdone××√√√√完成式havingdonehavingbeendone××√√√√過(guò)去一般式done(vt.)表被動(dòng)與完成××√√√√考點(diǎn)2非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)1.分詞作狀語(yǔ)(表時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、方式或伴隨、讓步等)(1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果句子的主語(yǔ)是分詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，就用現(xiàn)在分詞形式(doing)；若現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，則用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式(havingdone)；若與句中主語(yǔ)為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生，用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)形式(havingbeendone)。Hearingthenews，theygotveryexcited.聽到這個(gè)消息，他們很興奮。Havingcleanedthedesks，webeganreadingbooks.擦完桌子后，我們便開始看書。Havingbeenshownaroundtheclassrooms，weweretakentoseethelibrary.我們被領(lǐng)著看了教室后，又被帶去看圖書館。(2)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。Seenfromthetopofthemountain，thecityisverybeautiful.從山頂上看，這座城市很漂亮。2．不定式作狀語(yǔ)(1)作目的狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)作必須是主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的，其他非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式不能用作目的狀語(yǔ)。常位于句首或句中，形式上可用inordertodo，soastodo，todo等，但soastodo不能置于句首。Inordertopasstheexam，heworkedhard.為了通過(guò)考試，他努力學(xué)習(xí)。Tokeepthemselvesawake,theysatonthefloorandtoldeachotherstoriesinturn/byturn.為了不至于睡著，他們坐在地板上輪流著講故事。(2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，經(jīng)常與only連用。Wehurriedtothestation，onlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleft.我們急匆匆趕到車站，結(jié)果被告知火車已開走了?！久麕熤附颉坎欢ㄊ阶鹘Y(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，而現(xiàn)在分詞表示自然而然的結(jié)果。Footballisplayedallovertheworld，makingitthemostpopularsport.世界各地的人們都在踢足球，使足球成了最受歡迎的運(yùn)動(dòng)。(3)作原因狀語(yǔ)。形容詞或過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面可接不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)。常見詞有：happy，lucky，sorry，proud，disappointed，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased等。We’reproudtobeyoungpeopleofChina.作為中國(guó)青年我們感到自豪。3．獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(1)構(gòu)成：名詞/代詞＋形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/不定式(2)特點(diǎn)：①獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在；②獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中作邏輯主語(yǔ)的名詞或代詞與后面的分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)等是邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系；③它表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句或并列句。Theworkdone(＝Aftertheworkhadbeendone),wewenthome.Weatherpermitting(＝Ifweatherpermits),theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishandscrossedunderhishead(＝andhishandswerecrossedunderhishead)．單句語(yǔ)法填空①ChineseresearchershopetousetheinstrumentsonboardChang’e－4(find)andstudyareasoftheSouthPole－Aitkenbasin.②Theyareeasy(care)forandmakegreatpresents.③Thenextmorninghehiredaboatandsetout(find)thewell－knownpainter.④Modernmethodsoftrackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid－1980s,andareexpensive(perform)consistentlyoveralargearea.⑤Nervously(face)challenges,IknowIwillwhispertomyselfthetwosimplewords“Beyourself”．【答案】1.tofind2.tocare3.tofind4.toperform5.facing考點(diǎn)3非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)1.動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)(1)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)通常置于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后，與所修飾的詞之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。Sheisalwaysthefirsttoeandthelasttoleave.(主謂關(guān)系)她總是第一個(gè)來(lái)，最后一個(gè)離開。Haveyougotalettertowrite?(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)你有信要寫嗎？(2)當(dāng)名詞或代詞被序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級(jí)，thelast,theonly等修飾，且不定式與其邏輯主語(yǔ)為主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，常用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)。Heisthebestmantodothejob.他是做這份工作的最佳人選。(3)當(dāng)被修飾詞是表示抽象意義的名詞時(shí)，常用不定式作后置定語(yǔ)且不定式常用主動(dòng)形式，常見的此類名詞有ability,chance，idea,plan,way,opportunity等。Shegotachancetofurtherherstudyabroad/tostudyfurtherabroad.她得到一次出國(guó)深造的機(jī)會(huì)?！久麕熤附颉孔鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式中，如果其中的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，不定式后面就要用必要的介詞。Henryisaverynicepersontoworkwith.亨利是個(gè)很好共事的人。2．動(dòng)詞－ing形式作定語(yǔ)單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞－ing形式一般作前置定語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞－ing短語(yǔ)一般作后置定語(yǔ)。表示用途的是動(dòng)名詞，說(shuō)明名詞的性質(zhì)、特征。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的是現(xiàn)在分詞。asleepingcar(＝acarforsleeping)asleepingchild(＝achildwhoissleeping)theboystandingthere(＝theboywhoisstandingthere)Doyouknowtheboytalking(＝whoistalking)totheteacher?3．動(dòng)詞－ed形式作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞－ed形式作定語(yǔ)，分詞與被修飾的名詞之間是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞－ed形式一般作前置定語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞－ed短語(yǔ)一般作后置定語(yǔ)。Thepollutedwatercauseddiseasesanddeath.TsinghuaUniversity,foundedin1911,ishometoagreatnumberofoutstandingfigures.【名師指津】作定語(yǔ)的不及物動(dòng)詞的分詞形式為doing和done,doing表示正在進(jìn)行；done表示已經(jīng)完成。boilingwater正在沸騰的水boiledwater已經(jīng)燒開的水單句語(yǔ)法填空①Agriculturegavepeopletheirfirstexperienceofthepoweroftechnology(change)lives.②Theyrepresenttheearth(e)backtolifeandbestwishesfornewbeginnings.③Astudyoftravelers(conduct)bythewebsiteTripAdvisornamesYangshuoasoneofthetop10destinationsintheworld.④Vanessawasn’ttheonlyone(get)infrontofthecrowd.MichaelJordanalsogaveamovingspeech.⑤Jimhasretired,buthestillremembersthehappytime(spend)withhisstudents.【答案】1.tochange2ing3.conducted4.toget5.spent考點(diǎn)4非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1.帶to的不定式(todo)作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))常見的有：ask,invite,tell,want,encourage,wish,expect,beg,request,require,advise,order,force,cause,allow,permit,forbid,warn,remind,teach,send,callon,waitfor,wouldlike/love/prefer等表示勸請(qǐng)、要求類動(dòng)詞，后用帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。Theteacheraskedustofinishourhomework.老師叫我們完成家庭作業(yè)。Thepolicemantoldtheboysnottoplayinthestreet.警察告訴孩子們別在街上玩耍。2．常見的接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞·一感：feel·二聽：hear,listento·三讓：let,make,have·四看：see,watch,notice,observe·半幫助：helpsbtodo/dosth不定式作賓補(bǔ)表示某人做某事的全過(guò)程或某事發(fā)生的全過(guò)程，強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的發(fā)生和結(jié)束。Isawhimleaveafewminutesago.我看見他幾分鐘前離開了。3．動(dòng)詞－ing形式作賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞－ing形式作賓補(bǔ)，表示動(dòng)作的過(guò)程，即動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未結(jié)束。賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)之間是主動(dòng)的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。Ihearsomeoneknockingatthedoor.我聽到有人在敲門。I’msorrytokeepyouwaitingforalongtime.對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。4．動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞形式作賓補(bǔ)著重動(dòng)作完成，表明動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，它與賓語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。Hesawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.他看到那個(gè)賊被警察抓起來(lái)了。Theteacherraisedhisvoiceinordertomakehimselfheard.那個(gè)老師提高聲音以便讓自己被聽到。單句語(yǔ)法填空①Andwhenhesawthemistsrisingfromtheriverandthesoftclouds(surround)themountaintops,hewasreducedtotears.②Oncehismessagewasdelivered,heallowedme(stay)andwatch.③IneedanewpassportsoIwillhavetohavemyphotographs(take)．④Theystartedbuildingtheirhutslateinthesummer,butdidnotgetthem(finish)beforetheearlyfrosts.【答案】1.surrounding2.tostay3.taken4.finished考點(diǎn)5非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)1.動(dòng)名詞和不定式作主語(yǔ)能作主語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有不定式和動(dòng)名詞。二者的區(qū)別是：(1)表示某一具體的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式；(2)表示比較抽象的一般行為傾向的，多用動(dòng)名詞。(3)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)通常位于句首；不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常置于句末，用it作形式主語(yǔ)放在句首。Smokingisprohibited(禁止)here.(抽象)此處禁止吸煙。Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.(具體)抽煙那么多對(duì)你不好。【名師指津】(1)如果表語(yǔ)是不定式，主語(yǔ)也是不定式；表語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞，主語(yǔ)也是動(dòng)名詞。Toseeistobelieve.＝Seeingisbelieving.眼見為實(shí)。(2)常用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的句型：Itis/was＋eq\b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(nouse/good,notanyuse/good,oflittleuse/good,worth))＋doingsthIt’snouseonlyplainingwithouttakingaction.不采取行動(dòng)只是抱怨是沒(méi)有用的。2．動(dòng)名詞和不定式作賓語(yǔ)(1)下列動(dòng)詞只能用不定式作賓語(yǔ)decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish；refuse，afford,manage，pretend；offer，promise，choose，plan；agree，ask/beg，help記憶口訣決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望拒絕付起設(shè)法裝主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃同意請(qǐng)求幫一幫ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.當(dāng)我經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)，她假裝沒(méi)看見我。(2)有些動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)avoid,miss,delaysuggest,finish,practiceenjoy,imagine,resistadmit,deny,envyescape,risk,pardonstand,keep,mind記憶口訣避免錯(cuò)過(guò)少延期建議完成多練習(xí)喜歡想象禁不住承認(rèn)否定與妒忌逃脫冒險(xiǎn)莫原諒忍受保持不在意Iwouldappreciateyourcallingbackthisafternoon.今天下午如果你能給我回電話，我將非常感激。(3)下列動(dòng)詞后接不定式和動(dòng)名詞，注意根據(jù)意思不同區(qū)別它們①forgettodosth忘記要去做某事(此事未做)forgetdoingsth忘記做過(guò)某事(此事已做過(guò)或已發(fā)生)remembertodosth記得去做某事(未做)rememberdoingsth記得做過(guò)某事(已做)②stoptodo停止(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事goontodo繼續(xù)(去做另外一件事情)goondoing繼續(xù)(原先沒(méi)有做完的事情)③regrettodosth對(duì)要做的事感到遺憾(遺憾地要去做某事)regretdoingsth對(duì)過(guò)去做過(guò)的事或未做過(guò)的事感到后悔(后悔做過(guò)或未做過(guò)某事)④trytodo努力、企圖做trydoing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法⑤meantodo(人)打算，有意要……meandoing(物)意味著⑥can’thelp(to)dosth不能幫助做某事can’thelpdoingsth情不自禁做某事3．不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)用的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有：不定式(todo)，動(dòng)名詞(doing)，和分詞(done，doing)(1)不定式作表語(yǔ)①Herwishwastobeeanartist.(表示主語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容/將來(lái)的動(dòng)作)她的愿望是成為一位藝術(shù)家。②Themostimportantthingistoputtheoryintopractice.(表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作)最重要的是要把理論應(yīng)用到實(shí)踐。(2)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，表示抽象概念。動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)一般用來(lái)表示“身份，職業(yè)”等。大部分時(shí)候主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)可以互換。①M(fèi)yjobisteaching.(Teachingismyjob.)我的工作是教書。(教書是我的工作)。②Seeingisbelieving.百聞不如一見/眼見為實(shí)。[個(gè)性比較]不定式、動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別一般來(lái)說(shuō)，表示比較抽象的一般行為時(shí)多用動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)；表示具體某次動(dòng)作，特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式。Theirjobisbuildinghouses.他們的工作是蓋房子。Ourtasknowistodevelopoureconomy.現(xiàn)在我們的任務(wù)是發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)。(3)分詞作表語(yǔ)“使……怎么樣”情感類動(dòng)詞，如surprise，interest，excite，puzzle，disappoint，astonish，encourage，inspire，shock，move等，它們的現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞表示狀態(tài)，是形容詞化的分詞。－ed形容詞修飾說(shuō)明人，－ing形容詞修飾說(shuō)明物。Thenewswasastonishing.消息是令人吃驚的。Mycousinisveryinterestedinplayingthepiano.我表妹對(duì)彈鋼琴很感興趣。單句語(yǔ)法填空①Scientistshaverespondedbynoting(note)thathungrybearsmaybecongregating(聚集)aroundhumansettlements,leadingtotheillusion(錯(cuò)覺(jué))thatpopulationsarehigherthantheyactuallyare.②Onourwaytothehouse，itwasrainingsohardthatwecouldn’thelpwonderinghowlongitwouldtaketo__get(get)there.③Butsomestudentsdidn’twant(wear)theuniform.④Youmaydrink,smoke,beoverweightandstillreduceyourriskof(die)earlybyrunning.⑤Istillremember(visit)afriendwho’dlivedhereforfiveyearsand(shock)whenIlearntshehadn’tcookedonceinallthattime.⑥Fastfoodisfulloffatandsalt;by(eat)morefastfoodpeoplewillgetmoresaltandfatthantheyneedintheirdiet.⑦Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,(lay)thetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofoverthetop.⑧Iwenttoaworkshopandgraduallygotgoodat(produce)thingswithclay.【答案】1.noting2.toget3.towear4.dying5.ducing隨堂練習(xí)Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．Butforthe“hoteliers”，that’smumanddad,thesurveyfoundtheaveragecosttothemhasgoneupsharply,andthattheyaresacrificingluxuriesandholidays(look)aftertheir“bigkids”．2．Thehospitalhasrecentlyobtainednewmedicalequipment,(allow)morepatientstobetreated.3．“Drawingonacurvedsurfaceisquitedifferentfromdoingsoonaflatpieceofpaper，”Zhaosaid,(note)thatthepigments(顏料)couldn’tbetoodrynortoowet.4．However,wearrivedaround7：20p．m,only(tell)thatwewenttothewrongplace.5．Thisisthecolourfulwaste(create)byaSwedishcitywithauniquerecyclingsystem.6．Forgrocerystores,theysuggest(encourage)shopperstobuymoreproducebyofferingsamplesoffruitandvegetablestothemupontheirenteringthestore!7．Peopleprobablycookedtheirfoodinlargepots，(use)twigs(樹枝)toremoveit.8．ThewolvesliveinavasttropicalsavannainSouthAmerica(call)theCorrado,whichboastsextraordinaryvarietiesof