《醫(yī)學(xué)英語視聽說第二版》課件unit5

ContentsPartIIntroductiontotheImmuneSystemPartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheImmuneSystemPartIIICelebrityandDiseasePartIVMedicalTerminologyRelatedtoBlood,LymphandtheImmuneSystem1PartVFurtherThinkingPartIVideo:IntroductiontotheImmuneSystem2ThinkandTalkThemainkindsoflymphocytesthatattackforeigncellsinvadinghumanbodyareBlymphocytesandTlymphocytes.BlymphocytesandTlymphocyteshavedifferentfunctions.Bcellssearchouttheirtargetsandproduceantibodies,whileTcells,likethesoldiers,destroytheinvadersthattheBcellshaveidentified.So,basedondifferenttasks,Tcellsactuallycanbedividedintotwotypes:helperTcellsandkillerTcells.Reference3ThinkandTalkHelperTcells,withnocytotoxicactivityregulateboththeinnateandadaptiveimmuneresponses,andhelpdeterminewhichimmuneresponsesthebodymakestoaparticularpathogen.Theyjustcontroltheimmuneresponsebydirectingothercellstoaccomplishthesetasks,butkillerTcellsdestroycellsthatareinfectedwithviruses,orareotherwisedamaged.Reference4TaskOne:BlankFillingleukocytesphagocytesmacrophages dendriticcellsorchestratingWatchandDo(6)Infected(7)uniqueantigens(8)specialproteins(9)cyclethrough(10)neutralized

5TaskTwo:ErrorCorrectionTheimmunesystemreliesonmillionsofdefensivewhitebloodcells,alsoknownasleukocytesthatoriginateinourbonemarrow.Antigensonthesurfaceofpathogensandotherforeignsubstances,betraythepresenceofinvaders.Leukocytescanbeclassifiedintotwomaincellulargroups,whichcoordinateatwo-prongedattack:phagocytesandlymphocytes.WatchandDo6TaskTwo:ErrorCorrection4.Hightemperaturesandswellingareactuallyprocessesdesignedtohelptheimmuneresponse.Awarmerbodymakesitharderforbacteriaandvirusestoproduceandspread,becausetheyaretemperature-sensitive.5.Theactualjoboftheimmuneresponseistostopathreatfromescalatingtodangerouslevelsinsideyourbody.Andthroughconstantsurveillanceovertime,theimmunesystemprovidesanotherbenefit:ithelpsusdeveloplongtermimmunity.WatchandDo7TaskThree:DescriptionTheimmunesystem,human’sdefensesystem,isa“teameffort,”involvingmanydifferentplayers.Theseplayerscanbedividedintotwogroups:thosethataremembersoftheinnateimmunesystemteamandthosethatarepartoftheadaptiveimmunesystem.Importantly,thesetwogroupsworktogethertoprovideapowerfuldefenseagainstinvaders.Specialcells,proteins,tissues,andorgansworktogethertoprotectthebodythroughtheimmuneresponse.WatchandDo8TaskThree:DescriptionThewhitebloodcellsorleukocytesincludetwobasictypes:phagocytesandlymphocytes,whichcombinetorecognizeanddestroydisease-causingorganismsorsubstances.Inmostcases,theimmunesystemcandefendhumansbodysystem,keeppeoplehealthyandpreventinfections,butsometimesproblemswiththeimmunesystemcanleadtoillnessandinfection.WatchandDo9PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheImmuneSystem10PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheUrinarySystemVideoOneHowtoPreventLeukemiaVideoTwoTransmissionandPreventionofHIVAudioAnemia11VideoOneHowtoPreventLeukemia12ThinkandTalkLeukemiaisatypeofcancerfoundinyourbloodandbonemarrowandiscausedbytherapidproductionofabnormalwhitebloodcells.Theseabnormalwhitebloodcellsarenotabletofightinfectionandimpairtheabilityofthebonemarrowtoproduceredbloodcellsandplatelets.Leukemiacanbeeitheracuteorchronic.Chronicleukemiaprogressesmoreslowlythanacuteleukemia,whichrequiresimmediatetreatment.Leukemiaisalsoclassifiedaslymphocyticormyelogenous.Lymphocyticleukemiareferstoabnormalcellgrowthinthemarrowcellsthatbecomelymphocytes,atypeofwhitebloodcellthatplaysaroleintheimmunesystem.Inmyelogenousleukemia,abnormalcellgrowthoccursinthemarrowcellsthatmatureintoredbloodcells,whitebloodcells,andplatelets.Reference13PartII-VideoOneThinkandTalkTherearefourbroadclassificationsofleukemia:acutelymphocyticleukemia(ALL),acutemyelogenousleukemia(AML),chroniclymphocyticleukemia(CLL),chronicmyelogenousleukemia(CML).Leukemiaoccursinbothadultsandchildren.ALListhemostcommonformofchildhoodleukemia,andAMListhesecondmostcommon.DecadesofresearchhaveledtovastlyimprovedoutcomesforchildrendiagnosedwithALL.ThetwomostcommonadultleukemiasareAMLandCLL.Reference14PartII-VideoOneWatchandDoTaskOne:BlankFillingthesofttissuestemcellsareresponsibleforMultiplyreplacedbynewcells(6)abnormalcellsareproduced(7)preventnormalcellsfromdoingtheirjobs(8)canceroftheblood15PartII-VideoOneTaskTwo:QuestionAnsweringSmokingmadeyoususceptibletodevelopingacutemyelogenousleukemia,whichisamoredangeroustypeofthediseaseasopposedtochronicleukemiathatdevelopsintheredmarrowfoundinflatbones.Benzeneistaggedasaleadingcauseofleukemia.Becauseanythingsyntheticallyproducedmaycontainbenzene.Anytypeofcancerthatrequireschemotherapyorradiationtherapyincreasesone’ssusceptibilitytodevelopingleukemia.WatchandDoWatchandDo16PartII-VideoOneTaskThree:ErrorCorrection1.Acutemyelogenousleukemiaisamoredangeroustypeofthediseaseasopposedtochronicleukemiathatdevelopsintheredmarrowfoundinflatbones.2.Studiesshowthatsmokingisnowthecauseofabout15percentoftheknownadultcasesleukemiaintheUnitedStatesalone.3.Exposuretobenzene,especiallyinhalingitthroughsmoking,shouldbeavoidedatallcosts.4.Leukemiaisalife-threateningandveryexpensivetotreat.Soitisbesttobeasknowledgeableaboutitspreventionaspossible.WatchandDoWatchandDo17PartII-VideoOneVideoTwoTransmissionandPreventionofHIV18ThinkandTalkPeopleshouldraisetheirawarenessaboutHIVbecausetherearestillmanymisunderstandingsoutHIVandAIDSamongthepeopleworldwide.Itishighlyimportanttopublicizetheinformationandknowledgeofthediseasetothepeopleinschoolsandinworkplaces,suchasvariousoffices,organizations,privateoffices,governmentagencies,hospitals,andbanketc.Maybetheeducationcouldbethebestwaytocreatetheawarenessaboutthedisease,byprovidingthebasicinformationaboutHIV,asfollows:?WhatisHIV??HowdoesHIVtransmittoothers??HowdoesAIDSdevelop??WhatarestagesofHIVinfection?Reference19PartII-VideoTwoThinkandTalk?WhatarevarioustestsforHIV??HowdowelivewithHIV??Whatarevarioussexuallytransmitteddisease?WeshouldhelporganizethecampaignsbothintheremoteareasandincityareasbyprovidingtheinformationaboutHIVandAIDSandpreventingpeoplefromtheHIVinfection.However,itisvitaltoprovidetheinformationinvariousplaceslikeschools,colleges,variouseducationalandotherorganizationsaswellasworkplaces.SuchinformationaboutHIVincludesthatitbelongstooneoftheimmunodeficiencydiseasesanditcouldbetransmittedbybloodtransfusionsandbreastfeeding.HIVawarenessiscriticalforpreventingtheHIVinfection,andwouldbehelpfulforclearingtheprejudicesanddiscriminationsagainstAIDS.Reference20PartII-VideoTwoTaskOne:OrderRearrangement3-4-1-2-5-7-6WatchandDo21PartII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:TrueorFalse1.F2.F3.T4.F5.TWatchandDo22PartII-VideoTwoTaskThree:BlankFillingWatchandDo23PartII-VideoTwovaginaloranalHIV-infectedsemenpenisandurethrasyphilisinfected(6)HIVpositive(7)sexualtransmission(8)secretions(9)lubricating(10)viralreplicationAudioAnemia24ThinkandTalkAnemiaisaconditioninwhichyoulackenoughhealthyredbloodcellstocarryadequateoxygentoyourbody’stissues.Havinganemiacanmakeyoufeeltiredandweak.Therearemanyformsofanemia,eachwithitsowncause.Anemiacanbetemporaryorlongterm,anditcanrangefrommildtosevere.Anemiasignsandsymptomsvarydependingonthecause.Iftheanemiaiscausedbyachronicdisease,thediseasecanmaskthem,sothattheanemiamightbedetectedbytestsforanothercondition.Reference25PartII-AudioThinkandTalkDependingonthecausesofanemia,youmighthavenosymptoms.Signsandsymptoms,iftheydooccur,mightinclude:?Fatigue?Weakness?Paleoryellowishskin?Irregularheartbeats?Shortnessofbreath?Dizzinessorlightheadedness?Chestpain?Coldhandsandfeet?HeadachesReference26PartII-AudioTaskOne:TrueorFalseFFFTTListenandDo27PartII-AudioTaskTwo:QuestionAnsweringListenandDoThisisbecauseoneofthekidney’smainfunctionsasidefromfilteringyourbloodistoregulatetheamountofredbloodcellsinyourblood.AccordingtoMaryBolster,thesymptomsofanemiaincludefatigue,paleskin,beingunfocused,acravingtochew,weaknessandfeelingfaint.Itmeasuresthehemoglobinandhematocrit,andthelevelsofyourredbloodcells.Itcanactuallyfeellikeaheartattackwhereyouhaverapidbreathingandirregularheartbeat,andachestpain.Becausesometimesoverexercisingcanexacerbateanemia.28PartII-AudioPartIIICelebrityandDiseaseVideoOneHalleBerryVideoTwoMarieCurieVideoOneVideoTwo29VideoOneHalleBerry30ThinkandTalkOpen.Reference31PartIII-VideoOneTaskOne:TrueorFalse1.T2.F3.T4.F5.TWatchandDo32PartIII-VideoOneTaskTwo:QuestionAnsweringBerryworksone-on-onewiththewomennotasatherapistbutasafriend.Whenshewentthere.shecouldactassomeonethatthosewomencantalkto,andconfidein.Besides.shecanoffersomeadvice,somelittlemoreinformationthatmightclicksomethingonforthem.Andsheenjoyedhertimewiththewomenandchildren.WatchandDo33PartIII-VideoOneTaskTwo:QuestionAnswering2.

DoctorsdiagnosedBerrywithTypeIIDiabeteswhenshewas

24.Shehelpedtospreadthewordtonearlyfivemillion

Americanswhoareunknowinglylivingwithdiabetes.She

thoughtthatchildhoodwassupposedtobeamagicaltime,

butforchildrenwithdiabeteslifewasn’tquitesocarefree.3.Knowthesigns.Irritability,excessiveurination,weightloss.If

youhaveanyearlysignspleasecallyourdoctor.Early

detectioncansaveyourlife.WatchandDo34PartIII-VideoOneVideoTwoMarieCurie35TaskOne:MultipleChoice1.D2.B3.D4.A5.DWatchandDo36PartIII-VideoTwoPartIVMedicalTerminology37PartIVMedicalTerminologyRoot1lymph/oRoot2erythr/o38Root1lymph/o39ThinkandTalklymphadenopathylymphadenectomylymphangitislymphomalymphoidlymphangiography…Reference40PartIV-Root1TaskOne:Matching1.e2.d3.f4.b5.c6.aPracticeandProduce41PartIV-Root1TaskTwo:Explanation-globin:acolorlessproteinobtainedbyremovinghemefromhemoglobin-stomy:surgicalopeningorcommunicationleuk/o:thecolorofwhite-rrhagia:excessivedischargeofblood-phil:havingaffinityforsomethingphag/o:swallowing,eating-penia:deficiencyPracticeandProduce42PartIV-Root1TaskThree:Review-globin:hemoglobin,myoglobin,hemoglobinuria-stomy:ileostomy,colostomy,coloproctostomyleuk/o: