《醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)視聽說(shuō)第二版》課件Unit1

ContentsPartIIntroductiontotheIntegumentarySystemPartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheIntegumentarySystemPartIIICelebrityandDiseasePartIVMedicalTerminologyRelatedtotheIntegumentarySystem1PartVFurtherThinkingPartIVideo:IntroductiontotheIntegumentarySystem2ThinkandTalkTheskinconsistsoftwolayers:theepidermisandthedermis.Beneaththedermisliesthehypodermisorsubcutaneousfattytissue.Theskinhasthreemainfunctions:protection,regulationandsensation.Theskinisastablebutflexibleoutercoveringthatactsasbarrier,protectingyourbodyfromharmfulthingsintheoutsideworldsuchasmoisture,thecoldandsunrays,aswellasgermsandtoxicsubstances.Theepidermisprotectsthebodybykeepingthingsthatmightbeharmfuloutandkeepingthethingsyourbodyneedstofunctionproperlyin.Bacteria,viruses,fungiandotherinfectiousagentsarekeptout.Sebumproducedbyglandshelpsinhibitmicrobestokeeptheskinwaterproof,sothatwaterandnutrientsarekeptinforthebodytouse.Reference3ThinkandTalkSpecializedcellsintheepidermishelpprotectyourbody,too.Melanocytescontainapigmentcalledmelaninandareresponsiblefortheskintoneorcolor.Theycanfilteroutultraviolet(UV)radiationfromthesun.Langerhanscellsarepartoftheimmunesystem.Theyactlikeguardsandsignalthebodywhentheydetectforeignsubstances,suchasbacterianotusuallyfoundontheskin.Reference4TaskOne:BlankFillinginterface (2)insides(3)reveals (4)incorporates (5)glands WatchandDo(6)thickness(7)sensations(8)touch(9)seals(10)dermal5TaskTwo:MultipleChoiceWatchandDo61.D2.B3.D4.B5.CTaskThree:DescriptionTheskinmakesup16%ofyourphysicalweight,andisthelargestorganinourbody.Itsmainpurposeistokeepourinsidesin.Skinisthefoundationoftheintegumentarysystem,whichalsoincorporateshair,nails,andspecializedglandsandnerves.Madeupofthreelayers,theepidermis,dermis,andhypodermis,skin’sthicknessvariesfrom0.5millimeterstofourmillimeters.Italsocarriesoutthreekeyfunctions:protecting,regulating,andsensing.Thehugesurfaceprocesseshundredsofphysicalsensations,relyingmostlyonMerkelcells.Inthefingertips,Merkelcells,coupledwithreceptors,giveusthesenseoftouch.Thissurfaceisalsothebody’sfirstmajorlineofdefense.Skineffectivelysealsoffourinsidesandalsoabsorbspressureandshockwithflexiblecollagen.WatchandDo7TaskThree:DescriptionTheepidermisismadeupmainlyofskincellscalledkeratinocytesthatarecompletelyreplacedeveryfourweeks.Theyformatightly-overlapping,waterprooflayerthat’sdifficultforinvadingmicrobestobreach.AnyharmfulmicrobesthatmakeitintotheepidermiswillencounterLangerhanscells,whichcandetectinvadersandcommunicatestheirpresencetoresidentimmunesystemT-cells.Acrucialfeatureofthisimmunedefenseistheseveralthousandspeciesofmicroorganismsthatinhabittheskin.Theseskinmicrobesensuretheimmunesystemisreadytoreactifthebodyisatrisk.Theskinisalsoasensoryorganthathelpsregulateourbody’stemperature.Nervesdetectwhetherourskiniswarmorcoldandcommunicatethatinformationtoourbrain.WatchandDo8TaskThree:DescriptionInreturn,thebraininstructslocalizedbloodvesselstoeitherexpandortoconstrictwhenthebodyistoowarmorcold.Upto25%ofthebody’sbloodiscirculatingthroughthedermis,makingthisprocessextremelyefficient.Underwarmconditions,theskin’ssweatglandswillsecretesweat,transferringheatoutofthebody.Haircanalsobestimulatedtoconserveorreleasebodywarmth.Theaveragehumanhas5millionhairfollicles.Ninetyto150,000ofthoseareonourscalp,wheretheyhelpshieldthelargesurfaceareaofourheadfromphysicaldamageandsunburn.WatchandDo9PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheIntegumentarySystem10PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheUrinarySystemVideoOneWhatIsVitiligo？VideoTwoWhatYourAcneSaysaboutYourHealth?11VideoOneWhatIsVitiligo？12ThinkandTalkRiskfactorsofvitiligo:Vitiligoismorecommoninpeoplebetweentheagesof10and30years.Otherfactorsthatmayincreaseyourchanceforvitiligoinclude: Familymemberswithvitiligoorhairturninggrayearly Certainautoimmunediseases,suchasthosethataffectthethyroidgland Higherlevelsofdepressionandsocialanxietyhavebeenreportedinpatientswithvitiligo.Patientsmayalsoexperiencelowself-esteem,socialstigmatization,shame,avoidanceofintimacy,adjustmentdisorder,fear,suicidalideation,andotherpsychiatricmorbidities.Reference13PartII-VideoOneWatchandDoTaskOne:BlankFillingpigmentation(2)20s(3)suffer(4)patches(5)pale(6)melanin(7)hair(8)exposed

(9)hands(10)join14PartII-VideoOneTaskTwo:QuestionsandAnswers1.Patchescausedbyvitiligoareusuallypermanent,buttreatmentsavailablecanimprovetheappearanceofskin.2.Nobodyknowsforcertainwhatcausesvitiligotodevelop.3.PeopleshouldmakeanappointmenttoseetheirGP.4.Vitiligoiscloselyassociatedwithautoimmuneconditions.5.Thepatientmightneedtohaveabloodtesttocheckhisthyroidfunction.WatchandDoWatchandDo15PartII-VideoOneTaskThree:Summary Vitiligoisaconditionthataffectsthepigmentationofyourskinandhair.CelebritiessuchasMichaelJackson,GrahamNortonandMADMEN’sJonHammalsosufferfromthecondition.Vitiligocausespatchesofskintolosecolorandturnpaleandwhite.Thisoccurswhentheaffectedareashavelittleornomelanin.Anyhairgrowingfromawhitepatchcausedbyvitiligoisgenerallywhiteaswell.Vitiligocanaffectanypartofyourbody,butmostoftenoccursonyourface,neckandhands.Patchsizesvary.Patchescausedbyvitiligoareusuallypermanent,althoughtherearetreatmentsavailablethatcanimprovetheappearanceofyourskin.Nobodyknowsforcertainwhatcausesvitiligotodevelop.Butwedoknowthatitisnotinfectious.WatchandDoWatchandDo16PartII-VideoOneTaskThree:SummaryVitiligoiscloselyassociatedwithautoimmuneconditions.Patientsmightneedtohaveabloodtesttochecktheirthyroidfunction.Thereareanumberofwaystotreatvitiligo,anddoctorswilladvisepatientsonthebestcoursetotake.WatchandDoWatchandDo17PartII-VideoOneVideoTwoWhatYourAcneSaysaboutYourHealth?18ThinkandTalkSymptomsofacnesigns:Whiteheads(closedpluggedpores)Blackheads(openpluggedpores)Smallred,tenderbumps(papules)Pimples(pustules),whicharepapuleswithpusattheirtipsLarge,solid,painfullumpsbeneaththesurfaceoftheskin(nodules)Painful,pus-filledlumpsbeneaththesurfaceoftheskin(cysticlesions)Thesefactorscanworsenacne:Hormones.Androgensarehormonesthatincreaseinboysandgirlsduringpubertyandcausethesebaceousglandstoenlargeandmakemoresebum.HormonalchangesrelatedtopregnancyandtheuseoforalcontraceptivesReference19PartII-VideoTwoThinkandTalkalsocanaffectsebumproduction.Andlowamountsofandrogenscirculateinthebloodofwomenandcanworsenacne.Certainmedications.Examplesincludedrugscontainingcorticosteroids,testosteroneorlithium.Diet.Studiesindicatethatcertaindietaryfactors,includingskimmilkandcarbohydrate-richfoods—suchasbread,bagelsandchips—mayworsenacne.Chocolatehaslongbeensuspectedofmakingacneworse.Stress.Stresscanmakeacneworse.Reference20PartII-VideoTwoWatchandDoTaskOne:BlankFilling

greasy(2)activities(3)coffee(4)exercise(5)anabolicsteroids(6)beard(7)hormonalimbalance(8)athletes

(9)occludes(10)sweat21PartII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:TrueorFalse1.F2.T3.T4.F5.FWatchandDo22PartII-VideoTwoPartIIICelebrityandDiseaseVideoOneMichaelJackson’sInterviewwithOprahWinfreyVideoTwoWinnieHarlow:MySkinDoesn’tDefineMeVideoOneVideoTwo23VideoOneMichaelJackson’sInterviewwithOprahWinfrey24ThinkandTalkJacksonisoneofthebest-sellingmusicartistsofalltime,withestimatedsalesofover350millionrecordsworldwide.Thrilleristhebest-sellingalbumofalltime,withestimatedsalesof66millioncopiesworldwide.BadwasthefirstalbumtoproducefiveBillboardHot100number-onesingles.Jacksonhad13BillboardHot100number-onesingles,morethananyothermaleartistintheHot100era,andwasalsothefirstartisttohaveatoptensingleintheBillboardHot100infivedifferentdecades.Hereceived13GrammyAwards,theGrammyLegendandGrammyLifetimeAchievementawards.Throughstageandvideoperformances,hepopularizedcomplicateddancetechniquessuchasthemoonwalk,towhichhegavetheReference25PartIII-VideoOneThinkandTalkname.Hissoundandstylehaveinfluencedartistsofvariousgenres,andhiscontributionstomusic,dance,andfashion,alongwithhispublicizedpersonallife,madehimaglobalfigureinpopularcultureforoverfourdecades.Reference26PartIII-VideoOneTaskOne:TrueorFalse1.T2.F3.F4.F5.TWatchandDo27PartIII-VideoOneTaskTwo:QuestionsandAnswers1.It’sinhisfamily,hisfathersaidit’sonhisside.2.No,thereisnosuchthingasskinbleaching.3.Usingmakeup.4.No.5.Art.WatchandDoWatchandDo28PartIII-VideoOneTaskThree:CriticalThinking1.No,thereisnosuchthingasskinbleaching.“I’mablackAmerican,I’mproudtobeablackAmerican,Iamproudofmyrace,IamproudofwhoIam,”JacksontoldWinfreyinthat1993interview.2.Ultimately,visiblesymptomsmaychangehowpatientsseethemselvesandhowtheyperceivetheirfuture.Multiplestudiesrevealconsistentlypoorerqualityoflifeandpsychosocialfunctioningscoresamongpatientswithvisibledermatologicskinconditionscomparedwiththosewhodonothavesuchconditions.Inaviciouscircle,stress,depressionandotherkindsofpsychologicalproblemscanexacerbatetheskinproblems.ThecommondermatologicalissuesthathavebeenWatchandDoWatchandDo29PartIII-VideoOneTaskThree:CriticalThinkingdocumentedtobemadeworsebystressincludeacne,rosacea,psoriasis,itching,eczema,painandhives,justtonameafew.3.

Reference:Socialscienceresearchshowsthataperson’sphysicalappearancehasameaningfulimpactontheirlifeexperiencesandopportunities,butthestoryismorecomplicatedthanpeoplemightexpect.Forthemostpart,attractivepeopleenjoyalotofperks.Forexample,apsychologicalconceptcalled“thehaloeffect”thathasstrongtiestobeauty.Insociety,physicalattractivenessconfersnumeroussocialadvantages.Peoplealsofoundthatpeople'sbeliefsabouttheirphysicalappearanceinfluencednotonlytheirperceptionsoftheirsocialWatchandDoWatchandDo30PartIII-VideoOneTaskThree:CriticalThinkingclassbutalsotheirsubsequentattitudestowardequality.Whenpeoplethinkthattheyaremorephysicallyattractive,theybelievethattheybelongtoahighersocialclass,independentoftheiractuallevelofphysicalattractivenessandobjectivesocialstatus.Andthereverseisalsotrue:Whenpeoplethinkthattheyarelessphysicallyattractive,theybelievetheybelongtoalowersocialclass.WatchandDoWatchandDo31PartIII-VideoOneVideoTwoWinnieHarlow:MySkinDoesn’tDefineMe32ThinkandTalkWinnieHarlowrecentlybecamethefirstmodelwithvitiligotowalkintheVictoria’sSecretFashionShow,bringingsomelongoverdueawarenesstothisskincondition.Yetsomepeoplestilldon’tfullyunderstandvitiligoandareconfusedaboutthewhitepatchesonHarlow’sbody.CanadianmodelWinnieHarlow,bornChantelleBrown-Young,didnothaveaneasychildhood.Attheageoffourshewasdiagnosedwithvitiligo,anincurableskinpigmentationdiseasethatcausescolorlesspatchestodeveloponaperson’sbody.Bulliedforthewayshelooked,herpeersatschooltauntedherwithcruelnicknamessuchas“cow”and“zebra”.“ThebullyingwassobadthatIwasforcedtodropoutandbehomeschooled,”Harlowrecalls.Reference33PartIII-VideoTwoThinkandTalk

“Droppingoutofhighschoolwaspossiblythebestthingthatcouldhavehappened,becauseIfoundarejuvenatedsenseofself.IlearnedtolovewhoIamdespitewhatanyonewouldsayaboutortome.Thisgavemethecouragetoreallystanduptoanyoneoranyobstacleinmylife.”

“Themostliberatingthingisbeingabletojustsimplybemyselfandshowthefashionindustrythatbeautycancomeinmanyforms.”Reference34PartIII-VideoTwoWatchandDoTaskOne:BlankFilling

standfor(2)confidence(3)feellike(4)pressure(5)superhero(6)skincondition(7)ashamed(8)gettingaway

(9)otherthan(10)scared35PartIII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:SummaryPeoplehaveanideaofwhosheisjustbasedoffhowshelooksforwhatthey’veheardabouther.Shethinksshewasbornwithconfidence.Inherchildhood,sheneverthoughtanythingwasdifferentabouther.Herfamilyevertreatedherlikeanythingwasdifferent.Whenshestartedgoingtoschool,shewastoldthatshewasdifferent.Andshewasteasedbecauseshewasdifferent.Butshedidn’treallythinkaboutanyoneelse’sopinion,andfocusingonheropinionofherself.Peoplealwaystrytoputthatpressureofbeingthesuperheroforkidswithskinconditions,butshedoesn’tthinkso.She’snotashamedWatchandDo36PartIII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:Summaryofhavingvitiligo,andthinksitisapartofher,itdoesn’tdefineher.Peoplethinksheissobrave.Andshethinkssheisnotbrave,butconfident.

Hergoalisnevertoproveapointtoanyoneotherthanherself.Hergoalinlifeisnevertoprovesomeonewrong.WatchandDo37PartIII-VideoTwoPartIVMedicalTerminology38PartIVMedicalTerminologyRootsderm/o,derm/a,dermat/o39ThinkandTalkdermatology epidermis dermismelanin keratin dermatitis eczema sebaceous sebumsubcutaneous albinism folliculitishypodermis keratosis angiomaReference40PartIV-RootsTaskOne:Matching1.d2.c3.e4.b5.aPracticeandProduce41PartIV-RootsTaskTwo:Explanation1.rhytidoplasty:plasticsurgerytoremovewrinklesandothersignsofagingfromtheface2.leukoderma:acongenitalskinconditioncharacterizedbyspotsorbandsofunpigmentedskin3.onychomalacia:softeningofthenails4.xeroderma:excessivedrynessoftheskin5.subcutaneous:beneaththel