大學(xué)英語讀寫綜合教程2.課件Uni.ppt

1、B R _ History of English,History of English,The root of English,The development of Modern English,20th Century English,B R _ The root of English 1,The root of English,English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England by the Saxons around 400 A.D. Old English was the spoken and w

2、ritten language of England between 400 and 1100 A.D. Many words used today come from Old English, including man, woman, king, mother, etc. But Old English was very different from modern English and only a few words can be easily recognized. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England

3、, Old Norse words, e.g. sky, take and get and many place names, entered the language.,From the Norman Conquest (1066) until the late 12th. century English was replaced as the official language by Norman French, though English was still used by the lower classes. English from about 1300 to 1500 is kn

4、own as Middle English. It was influenced by French and also Latin in vocabulary and pronunciation. French brought many words connected with government, e.g. sovereign, royal, court, legal and government itself. Latin was the language of religion and learning and gave to English words such as ministe

5、r, angel, master, school and grammar. Literature began again to be written in English during this period. One of the most famous Middle English works is Chaucers The Canterbury Tales,B R _ The root of English 2,Modern English developed from the Middle English dialect of the East Midlands and was inf

6、luenced by the English used in London, where a printing press was set up by William Caxton in 1476. English changed a great deal from this time until the end of the 18th century. During the Renaissance, many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medi

7、cine and philosophy. They included physics, species, architecture, encyclopedia and hypothesis. In the 16th century several versions of the Bible helped bring written English to ordinary people. The Elizabethan period is also famous for its drama, and Shakespeares plays were seen by many people.,The

8、 development of Modern English,BR_ The development of Modern English 1,The development of printing helped establish standards of spelling and grammar, but there remained a lot of variation. Samuel Johnsons A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) was the first authoritative treatment of English.

9、It defined about 40,000 words and gave examples of their use. By the 18th century American English was established and developing independently from British English. After colonists arrived in the US new words began to be added from Native American languages, and from French and Spanish. In 1783, so

10、on after Johnsons dictionary was published, Noah Websters The Elementary Spelling Book,BR_ The development of Modern English 2,was published in the US. At first it used Johnsons spellings, but later editions contained many of what have come to be known as American spellings, e.g. harbor and favorite

11、.,BR_ The development of Modern English 3,During the 19th and early 20th centuries many dictionaries and books about language were published. New words are still being added to English from other languages, including Chinese (feng shui) and Japanese (karaoke). Existing words gain new senses, and new

12、 expressions spread quickly through television and the Internet. English is now an international language and is used as a means of communication between people from many countries. As a result the influences on the English language are wider than ever and it is possible that World English will move

13、 away from using a British or American standard and establish its own international identity.,20th Century English,BR_ 20th Century English,G R _ main,Part Division of the Text,Further Understanding,G R _ Further Understanding,Pair Discussion,English the Sea of Language,Questions and Answers,Further

14、 Understanding,G R _ Part Division of the Text 1,Part Division of the Text,Parts,Para(s).,Main Ideas,1,13,2,416,Massive borrowing from other languages is a major feature of the English language.,Tells about the history of the English language from the Indo-European parent language to modern English.

15、,G R _ Part Division of the Text 2,Parts,Main Ideas,3,1719,Tolerance, love of freedom, and respect for the rights of others these qualities in the English-speaking people explain the richness of their language.,Para(s).,Pair Discussion,Directions: Look at the picture below. Answer these questions wi

16、th a partner.,What are differences between English and French in borrowing foreign words?,English has a vocabulary of about one million words while French has only about 75,000 words.,English has borrowed a lot of words from other languages while French hasnt. And the French government even tries to

17、 ban words from English.,GR_ Pair Discussion1,2. What can we infer from the invention of a French word “balladeer”?,In borrowing foreign words, English people are open-minded while French people are conservative.,GR_ Pair Discussion 2,We know the reason why English has become the first truly global

18、language.,3. How did the word “Walkman” come into being?,The Japanese put two simple English words together to name their product.,English the Sea of Language,eye,angel,sky,royal,kingly,capsule,water,thermometer,habitual,mahjong,Old English,Vikings,French,Chinese,Latin,Christianity,Greek,GR_ English

19、 the Sea of Language,Questions and Answers,1. Who is Otto Jespersen?,He is a Danish scholar.,2. According to Otto Jespersen, what is the cause for English to become what it is?,Its the result of the great respecters of the liberties of each individual.,3. What is English language in the authors opin

20、ion?,English is the tongue of common man.,GR_ Questions and Answers,The story of our English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages. That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words, while other major languages have far fewer. French, for ex

21、ample, has only about 75,000 words, and that includes English expressions like snack bar and hit parade. The French, however, do not like borrowing foreign words because they think it corrupts their language. The government tries to ban words from English and declares that Walkman is not desirable;

22、so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead but they dont.,D R _ Text 1,THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH,Walkman is fascinating because it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words togethe

23、r to name their product. That doesnt bother us, but,it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global langua

24、ge.,DR_ Text 2,How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been? The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the

25、body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). These words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language.,Usually short and direct, these are words we still use today for the things that really matter to us.,Great speakers often use Old Engli

26、sh to arouse our emotions.,Virtually every one of those words came from Old English, except the last surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, “We shall never give in,” but it is one of the lovely and powerful opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, dif

27、ferent words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language.,For example, during World War II, Winston Churchill made this speech, stirring the courage of his people against Hitlers armies positioned to cross the Engli

28、sh Channel: “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.”,Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words

29、in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down.,When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today

30、 mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery,but there is a theory.,Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea.

31、 So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe. Some who made the earliest move westward became known as the Celts, whom Caes

32、ars armies found in Britain. New words came with the Germanic tribes the Angles, the Saxons, etc. that slipped across the North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century. Together they formed what we call Anglo-Saxon society.,The Anglo-Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary, including she

33、ep, ox, earth, wood, field and work. They must have also enjoyed themselves because they gave us the word laughter.,The next big influence on English was Christianity. It enriched the Anglo-Saxon vocabulary with some 400 to 500 words from Greek and Latin, including angel, disciple and martyr.,Then i

34、nto this relatively peaceful land came the Vikings from Scandinavia. They also brought to English many words that begin with sk, like sky and skirt. But Old Norse and English both survived, and so you can rear a child (English) or raise a child (Norse). Other such pairs survive: wish and want, craft

35、 and skill, hide and skin. Each such addition gave English more richness, more variety.,Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people.,With thr

36、ee languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries Engli

37、sh gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified, greatly enriched language Middle English with about 10,000 “borrowed” French words.,Around 1476 William Caxton set up a printing press in England and started a communications revolution. Printing bro

38、ught into English the wealth of new thinking that sprang from the European Renaissance. Translations,Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page, and with them thousands of Latin words like capsule and habitual, and Greek words like catastrophe and thermometer. Today w

39、e still borrow from Latin and Greek to name new inventions, like video, television and cyberspace.,As settlers landed in North America and established the United States, English found itself with two sources American and British. Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control, and

40、some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which were not. Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice.,That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom. Danish scholar Otto Jespersen wrote in 1905, “The English language would not have

41、been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of the liberties of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself.” I like that idea. Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great princ

42、iples of freedom and rights of man in the modern world. The first shoots sprang up in England, and they grew stronger in America. The English-speaking peoples have defeated all efforts to build fences around their language.,Indeed, the English language is not the special preserve of grammarians, lan

43、guage police, teachers, writers or the intellectual elite. English is, and always has been, the tongue of the common man.,D R _ Sentence THE GLORIOUS 1,英語中絢麗多彩的雜亂無章現(xiàn)象。,THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH,Translate the title into Chinese.,D R _ Sentence THE GLORIOUS 2,The rhetorical device used here is

44、 called oxymoron (矛盾修飾法). An oxymoron puts two contradictory terms together to puzzle the reader, luring him/her to pause and explore why. Here “Glorious” is a commendatory (褒義的) term, while “Messiness” is derogatory (貶義的). As the reader reads on, he/she will know that English is messy, but the mess

45、iness reflects some commendable qualities of English, such as tolerance, the love of freedom, and the respect for others rights. At this point the reader cannot but admire the authors ingenuity.,What kind of rhetorical device is used in the title?,D R _ Sentence 2 which,Paraphrase the sentence.,Fren

46、ch children are expected to say the word “balladeer” instead of “Walkman” but they dont say it., which French kids are supposed to say instead but they dont.,D R _ Sentence 3 Such is,What can we know about the authors attitude towards English from this sentence?,He thinks much of it.,Such is the glo

47、rious messiness of English.,D R _ Sentence 4 The history,Paraphrase this part.,The history of English is revealed in the first words a child learns about ,The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about ,Translate this part into Chinese.,英語的歷史體現(xiàn)在孩子最先學(xué)會(huì)用來表示的詞匯當(dāng)中。,D R _ Sente

48、nce 5 “We,What kind of rhetorical device is used here? And whats the function of it?,The rhetorical device used here is called parallelism (排比法). With this device the sentences become more powerful and will leave a deeper impression on listeners or readers., “We shall fight surrender.”,D R _ Sentenc

49、e 6 French,What kind of rhetorical device is used here?,The rhetorical device used here is called metonymy (轉(zhuǎn)喻). Here the word “churches” stands for religious institutions and those who are involved in religious practices. Another example, in the sentence “The kettle boils.”, the word “kettle” stand

50、s to “the water in the kettle”., French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people.,D R _ Sentence 7 Translations of Greek,What is the Chinese version of this part?,希臘羅馬經(jīng)典著作的譯文紛紛印成書冊。,Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page,What kind o

51、f rhetorical device is used here?,The author used personification (擬人法) in this part.,D R _ Sentence 8 Today we still,Where are the two words “television” and “cyberspace” from?,The word “television” is formed by “tele” (Greek, meaning “far off”) and “vision” (Latin, meaning “to see”. The word “cybe

52、rspace” is formed by “cyber” (Greek, meaning “to steer”) and “space” (Old French, Latin) .,Today we still borrow from Latin cyberspace.,D R _ Sentence 9 Fortunately their,What can we infer from this sentence about the authors attitude towards English?,The author prefers what English is today to what

53、 some British scholars wanted to do.,Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice.,D R _ Sentence 10 I like that idea.,What does “that idea” refer to?,It refers to the fact that the English language today results from the great respecters of the liberties of each individual and his freedo

54、m to strike out new path for himself.,I like that idea.,The rhetorical device used in these sentences is called metaphor. Here the author uses sustained metaphor: the cultural soil, the first shoots sprang up, grew stronger, build fences around their language. In this case the English language is co

55、mpared to plants, and the various cultures influencing it are compared to the soil, while users of English are compared to gardeners. Besides this, the author employs many other metaphors in this text, such as core of English (Para. 4), another flood of new vocabulary (Para. 14), and the special pre

56、serve of grammarians (Para. 19).,What kind of rhetorical device is used in these sentences?,Consider that around their language.,D R _ Sentence 11 Consider that around,D R _ word _ corrupt,corrupt: vt.,The Academy ruled that such foreign expressions were not permitted, as they corrupted the language

57、.,Has Japanese been corrupted by the introduction of foreign words?,cause errors to appear in,cause to act dishonestly in return for personal gains,To our great surprise, the former mayor turned out to have been corrupted by the desire for money and power.,To gain more profits, the businessman tried

58、 every means to corrupt the officials in the local government.,D R _ word _ ban 1,ban: vt. 1. forbid (sth.) officially (used in the pattern: ban sth.; ban sb. from sth./doing sth.,The local government will ban smoking in all offices later this year.,Tom was banned from driving for six months after b

59、eing caught speeding again.,Lady Chatterleys Lover was banned when it was first published.,D R _ word _ ban 2,CF:,The treaty bans all nuclear tests.,該條約禁止一切核試驗(yàn)。,forbid 是普通用詞，可用于較細(xì)小的事物。例如：,He forbade his children sweets because he didnt want their teeth to be ruined.,他不許孩子們吃糖果，因?yàn)樗幌Ｍ麄兊难例X蛀壞。,ban, forbid create (sth.),2. give (a name, reason, etc. that doesnt exist or is not true),All the characters in the novel are invented.,CF:,Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.,亞歷山大格雷厄姆貝爾發(fā)明了電話。,invent he is more of a performer.,Strictly speaking