跨文化交際課件[1].ppt

1、Lecture 1Culture, Communication,Intercultural Communication,Importance of Intercultural Communication,Why did you choose this course? Chances for IC are caused by globalization Spurring development of transportation and communication systems (shortened touring time, television networks, the internet

2、, international film industry) Cultural migration between nations (multiculturalism) New economic arena (multinational corporations) Ever-increasing world population (finite natural resources, pollution, international conflicts),Warming up,Make a list of images from your home culture and try to expl

3、ain what they express about who the people of your culture are and what their relationship is to people from other cultures. Which image do you prefer? Which do you think are the images that most truly express how people feel about themselves and the world?,Lecture Outline,definition,Intercultural c

4、ommunication,culture,characteristics,communication,functions,definition,elements,mode,characteristics,definition,forms,elements,right attitudes,1. What is culture?,More deeply: what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them,On the surface: customs and behavior,In a word: Cul

5、ture is all about meanings Hall: Culture is everything and everywhere,Sir Edward Tylors definition in 1871 (first use of this term): “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”,Kroeber a

6、nd Kluckhohn (1952) - Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (listing more than 300 definitions),Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their emb

7、odiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other as conditioning elements of further action.,Porter

8、Receiver/Decoder Messages (meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding) Channels Noise (external noise, internal noise, semantic noise) feedback,The relationship between the source and the receiver may include:,- Stimulus- Response - Sender- Receiver - Encoder- Decoder - Source - Destination - Actor- A

9、udience - Communicator- Communicator,Linear Model of Communication,Sender,Receiver,Channel (message),encoding,decoding,noise,Is this an effective model of communication?,Mode of Communication,Interactive Model of Communication,Sender Receiver,Sender Receiver,encoding,decoding,noise,Feedback is essen

10、tial to good communication,decoding,encoding,message / channel,message / channel,Transactional Model of Communication,Sender Receiver,Sender Receiver,encoding,decoding,noise,We continually influence each other through communication,decoding,encoding,message / channel,message / channel,Fields of Expe

11、rience,Relationship Dimensions,Forms of Communication,1. Verbal communication: which includes: a)Oral communication such as talking to oneself, dialogue, discussion between two people, telephone calls. b)Visual communication such as maps, graphic, traffic signals, advertisement etc. c)Written commun

12、ication such as memos, letters reports, papers. d)Electronic which is communication facilitated by an interface with a computer, modem, telephone fax, E-mail etc. 2. Non-verbal communication: Such as body movement facial expression and voice etc.,Non Verbal Communication,The sender has at least four

13、 main sets of physical non verbal cues: face, eyes, body, and voice. a) The face includes frowning, smiling and grimacing/making face. b)The eyes can signal by direction of gaze. c)The body offers posture positions of arms and legs and distancing. d)Voice includes tone and speech rhythm.,Kinds of No

14、n-Verbal Language,1. Language of facial expression 2. Language of eye contact 3. Language of posture 4. Language of voice 5. Language of apparel /attire 6. Language of color 7. Language of odor 8. Language of time 9. Language of space,Mass Communication,The mass media includes the following: A. Prin

15、t media: news papers magazines, books etc. B. Electronic media: radio programs, audio recordings, T.V. programs.,Characteristics of communication,1) Communication is dynamic,Communication is an ongoing activity. It is not fixed. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immed

16、iately replaced with yet another word or action.,Characteristics of communication,2) Communication is interactive A interactive view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations.,Characteristics of communication,3

17、) Communication is irreversible,Communication is an irreversible process. We can never undo what has already been done. Although we may try to qualify, negate, or somehow reduce the effects of our message, once it has been sent and received, the message itself cannot be reversed.,Characteristics of

18、communication,4) Communication is contextual.,All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and

19、interpersonal settings.,6. Intercultural Communication,Samovar it is quite formal and ritualized(儀式化) .,United Nations Conference,b. Interracial communication,Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.,c. Interethnic communication,

20、Ethnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture. These groups share a common origin or heritage that is apt to influence family names, language, religion, values, and the like.,d. Intracultural communication,It is defined as communication between or among members of the same

21、 culture.,Discussion:Discuss the following cases of communication and decide to what extent they are intercultural.,Communication between A Chinese and an American, A Canadian and a South African, A male and a female A father and a son A person from Beijing and one from Tibet, A first-generation Chi

22、nese American and a third-generation one, A student form Hong Kong and a teacher from Xian A software technician and a farmer, etc,任何人與人之間的交際都應(yīng)該被視為跨文化交際。 Singer Samovar 火雞. （b） U its flesh as food （食用的）火雞肉: a slice of roast turkey 一片烤火雞肉. 2 C (US sl 俚) failure; flop 失敗; 失敗的人或事物: His last movie was a

23、 real turkey. 他最后的那部影片一塌糊涂.,Turkey,talk turkey (infml 口 esp US) talk frankly and bluntly 說話坦率. cold turkey (sl 俚 esp US) （a） way of treating a drug addict by suddenly stopping all his doses of the drug instead of gradually reducing them 使有毒癮者突然停用毒品而不是逐漸減少劑量的處理方法. （b） frank statement of the truth, of

24、ten about sth unpleasant 直言不諱; 照實(shí)說: talk cold turkey to/with sb 對(duì)與某人直言不諱.,Items with different cultural meanings,Bomb:,The project was a bomb. US context: a massive failure The project went a bomb. British context: A huge success,Items with different cultural meanings,Table:,【1】 (Brit) submit (a mot

25、ion or report in Parliament, etc) for discussion （在國(guó)會(huì)等）提出（動(dòng)議或報(bào)告）供討論: The Opposition have tabled several amendments to the bill. 反對(duì)黨已對(duì)議案提出幾項(xiàng)修正. 【2】 (esp US) leave (a proposal, etc) to be discussed at some future date 將（建議等）擱置, 留待日后討論. Lets table the bill for some time. 這個(gè)議案我們留到以后討論。,Joke appreciation

26、,A British old lady went to an American hotel for her holiday. She called the receptionist to arrange a morning call. “Could you please wake me up at 6:00 tomorrow morning?” “Sure, I will knock you up then.” The woman ran into rage and shouted, “I beg your pardon?”,Why did the woman take such a reac

27、tion?,knock up arouse, awaken (US); make a woman pregnant (BR),Which is British?Which is American?,No dogs allowed. Video controlled. Please keep Hands Off Door. We regret that in the interest of hygiene dogs are not allowed on these premises.,British English is mixed with euphemism that enables the

28、 speaker to avoid expressing strong feelings.,American,American,British,British,Which is British?Which is American?,Notice: In the interest of our regular customers these premises are now equipped with central security closed circuit television. Obstructing the door causes delay and can be dangerous

29、. There is just one thing in all that you have been saying that worries me a little.,British,British,American,Why so?,You Americans do not even know who your grandfather is!,You Frenchmen do not even know who your father is!,Short history,Romantic country,Language and MemoryLook at the following pic

30、tures. Try to find out what they are.,Curtain Hat Two,language is influenced by peoples perception of the world,Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis薩丕爾沃爾夫假說,Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of

31、the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. The real world is to a large extent unconsciously built up on the language habits of the group. No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. (Sapir,1931),薩

32、丕爾沃爾夫, that the linguistic system (in other words, the grammar) of each language is not merely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper of ideas, the program and guide for the individuals mental activity, for his analysis of impression, for his synthesis of his ment

33、al stock in trade (Whorf, 1952),薩丕爾沃爾夫假說,語言反過來對(duì)文化和思維也產(chǎn)生影響。最早提出語言對(duì)思維方式有影響的是薩丕爾和沃爾夫。他們認(rèn)為語言的作用不僅是傳遞信息。而且在實(shí)際生活中塑造了我們對(duì)客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)的感知，即語言結(jié)構(gòu)能舉鼎使用該預(yù)言者的思維方式，各種不同語言的結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致使用這些語言的人以不同的方法去觀察世界。 “語言相對(duì)論” 或 “語言決定論” 至今沒有足夠的依據(jù)可以證實(shí)薩丕爾沃爾夫假說,Basis of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,Sapir and Whorf based their hypothesis on the research

34、on the Indian language Navajo, which emphasizes the nature and direction of movement. 1）English: One dresses. Navajo: One moves into clothing. 2) English: One is young. Navajo: One moves about newly.,Language is a guide to social reality,Not only a means of reporting experience, but also a way of de

35、fining experience. Our native language shapes all our perceptions of the world. Brother-in-law: my sisters husband, my husbands brother, and my husbands sisters husbands. (I am led by my language to perceive all of these relatives in a similar way.) 姐夫 妹夫 大伯 小叔子 姑爺 （I am led by my language not to pe

36、rceive all of these relatives in a similar way.),More examples,Grandson 孫、 外孫 How did Lin Daiyu（林黛玉） and Jia Baoyu （賈寶玉）relate to Grandma Jia？ Did the old lady equally love both of them? Did she treat them as if they were equally important to her?,loneliness: solitude:,The pain of being alone,The jo

37、y of being alone,Language as reflection of values,Chinese family: big and hierarchical (等級(jí)森嚴(yán)） Chinese kinship terms reflect the importance of our family system, elaborate system of kinship terms. 祖母、外祖母 、哥哥、弟弟、 年長(zhǎng)（哥哥 more authorities than 弟弟） 長(zhǎng)子、長(zhǎng)孫 【inherit the money, the house, etc. the heir（繼承財(cái)產(chǎn) ）

38、】create different associations and images,Writing assignments,Imagine a language that has no such word as jealousy, will we experience this kind of emotion if we are native speakers of that language?,Imagine a language that has 25 words for love in all its subtle variations, will we be able to love

39、more deeply if we are native speakers of that language?,Choose one of the questions to write about.,Summary: language and culture,Language is a reflection of culture, and culture is a reflection of language. Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as

40、our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols). Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.,What is verbal communication,Verbal: connected with words and their use Verbal communication: com

41、munication done both orally and in written language Easier to use words to represent ones experiences within the same culture because people share many similar experiences. More troublesome in verbal communication across cultures because peoples experiences, beliefs, values, customs, traditions and

42、the like are different.,Verbal Communication,-Sometimes we think about this but talk about that.,case,Two Japanese who knew some Chinese were one day at a Beijing subway station. They saw a warning sign which read: Xiaoxin di hua! (小心地滑）They were very much surprised to see that nobody around them wa

43、s skating, though the floor was really very smooth. In a laundry, when a man saw the sign “when light flashes, remove clothes”, he took off all his clothes.,1. Lexical Meaning and Culture,Baby-kisser,statesman,Denotation(指示意義、概念意義) Lexical meaning Connotation(隱含意義、內(nèi)涵意義) 從事政治、關(guān)心政治，特別是以政治為生涯的 人(a pers

44、on whose business is politics) politician 不講原則，當(dāng)面一套，背后一套，能言善辯， 言而無信的人(a person who doesnt usually keep his promises, often cheats for his own selfish purpose),Lexical meaning in different cultures,1)AD=BD, AC=BC (same denotation and connotation in culture A and B) 2) AD = BD, AC BC (same denotation,

45、 different connotation) 3) AD = BD, AC 0, BC = 0 (same denotation, A with connotation, B without connotation),1) AD = BD, AC = BC,Fox and “狐貍” Monkey and “猴” “松” in China and Japan (“歲寒知松柏，逆境見本色”) “蝙蝠” in China, Japan and Korea red-light district In the red,Cunning, sly,naughty, lively,longevity, pe

46、rseverance,Luck, fortune,大家都清楚！,In debt,2) AD = BD, AC BC,龍 dragon,狗 dog * 狗急跳墻、狗仗人勢(shì)、狼心狗肺、雞鳴狗盜、狗頭軍師 * You lucky dog. Every dog has its day. He worked like a dog. You cant teach an old dog new tricks.,雞 chicken,“You chicken!” he shouted at Mary with contempt. And Mary cried bitterly.,coward,Red flag,

47、red flag 【1】 flag used as a symbol of danger, eg on roads, railways, etc （表示危險(xiǎn)的）紅色信號(hào)旗（如用于公路、 鐵路等） . 【2】 symbol of revolution or communism （象征革命或共產(chǎn)主義的）紅旗.,“貓頭鷹”（owl）,/aUl; aJl/ n【1】 bird of prey that flies at night and feeds on small animals, eg mice, and is traditionally regarded as a symbol of wisd

48、om 鸮, 貓頭鷹（傳統(tǒng)上認(rèn)為是聰明的象征）. 【2】 (idm 習(xí)語) wise as an owl.,Are they the same?,“愛人” （lover) “玩” （play) “知識(shí)分子” (intellectual) “農(nóng)民”（peasant） “小姐” （miss） “同志” （comrade）,2) AD = BD, AC BC,Try to translate the following Chinese phrase into English and English ones into Chinese. 紅糖 紅茶 眼紅 紅白喜事 清白 白眼 黑客 黃色書刊,brown

49、 sugar,black tea,jealous,Weddings in Turkey, Brazil, Greece, and Malta, it has an obscene meaning; and in Tunisia, it is used as a threat.,Number 10 is used in Italy to say “Hello.” For Indonesians, Malaysians, and some speakers of Arabic, it signals “Come here.”,Number 11 means “Oh, I forgot.” or a

50、n expression of surprise.,The gesture in Number 12 means “Slow down, relax or wait a second.”,Number 13 is used to show that someone is a champion or a winner, usually in sports. This gesture caused a serious international misunderstanding in 1959. Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader, was visiting

51、the US and used this gesture, which means friendship in Russia. American newspapers printed it on page one. And the American people understood it to mean the opposite: that the Soviet Union would defeat the US.,Picture 14 is one of the few gestures which seems to be used only in the US, and many peo

52、ple feel it is not as common as it once was. This gesture is made by moving one index finger against the other. It is usually used with children. Or adults do it as a joke. It means “You did something bad; shame on you.”,Finger(1),In the United States, the index finger is used to point to objects an

53、d even at people. Germans point with the little finger Japanese point with the entire hand, palms up In much of Asia, pointing with the index finger is considered rude,Finger(2),英語國(guó)家的人有不少手語，其一就是cross ones fingers或keep ones fingers crossed。Cross ones fingers. 即把中指放在食指上，作有點(diǎn)像十字架的交叉狀。十字架在西方代表上帝，所以cross

54、ones fingers有祝福、祈求好運(yùn)的意思，例如：I am crossing my fingers that nothing untoward will happen to him.（我祈求不幸的事不會(huì)降臨他身上）。Keep your fingers crossed for him. 即為他祝福吧。留意cross your fingers是說的多，確實(shí)做這手勢(shì)的少。,Finger(3),說到手指，不能不談?wù)勆斐鲋兄高@個(gè)下流手勢(shì)，英文叫做give someone the finger，例如：The presidential candidate appeared quite unperturb

55、ed when a few in the audience gave him the finger.（聽眾席上有些人向總統(tǒng)候選人伸出中指，但他若無其事）。要說得幽默一點(diǎn)，把gave him the finger改為gave him one-finger salutes（一只手指的敬禮）也無不可。,Thumb,此外還有thumbs up（拇指向上）、thumbs down（拇指向下）的手勢(shì)。古羅馬斗士戰(zhàn)敗，觀眾做出拇指朝上手勢(shì)，是說可以饒他性命；做出拇指朝下手勢(shì)，則是說殺卻。今天，thumbs up常用來表示嘉許或接受，thumbs down則表示不滿或反對(duì)，例如：The authorities

56、 have given the thumbs up. / thumbs down on our plan.（當(dāng)局接受 / 否決了我們的計(jì)劃）。,What may the O.K. sign mean?,In Brazil a. rudeness In Russia b. money In France c. something vulgar In Japan d. something worthless,(3) Eye contact,Thou tellst me there is murder in mine eye. - Shakespeare Your lips tell me no,

57、no, but theres yes, yes in your eyes. - Musical ballad,General guidelines,The eye contact in an elevator could be very brief. Direct visual contact with anothers eyes: 視線接觸：直接與另一個(gè)人的眼睛進(jìn)行視覺接觸： “He managed to say hello to 12 people in five seconds without making eye contact with a single one” In a crow

58、ded bus, a subway or train, the proper eye contact time could be some 10 seconds. Only a lecturer or a politician addressing an audience can hold eye contact as long as he wishes.,Generally speaking, if you look at your partners eyes from time to time while speaking, youll be regarded as sociable, f

59、riendly, confident and frank. If you avoid eye contact, youll be regarded as cold, distant, unconfident and not involved in the conversation.,Direct eye-to-eye contact is not universal,A teenage Puerto Rican girl in a New York high school was taken with a number of other girls to the principal for suspected smoking. Although there was no proof of any wrongdoing and althoug