《狀語及狀語從句》PPT課件.ppt

1、Lesson 2,Adverbials,Contents,2.1 Defining “adverbial” 2.2 The form choices of adverbial 2.3 Adverbial clauses,2.1 Defining “adverbial”,An adverbial is a component/element of a sentence that functions to modify an adjective (or an adjectival phrase), an adverb (or adverb phrase), a verb (or a verb ph

2、rase), or a clause. it can be a word, a phrase, or a clause.e.g.: (1) John is a very shy person. (2) Jack spoke extremely fast. (3) The boys talked about the coming holiday excitedly. (4) Frankly speaking, I dont quite like your proposal. (5) When I have finished homework, I went for a walk.,2.2 The

3、 form choices of adverbial,Word/Phrase Level Clause Level,Word/Phrase Level:,(1) Single adverbs or adverb phrases (phrases with adverbs as their heads) Tom seldom goes to the cinema. The young and the old dont quite often understand each other. (2) Prepositional phrases Nelson graduated with high ho

4、nors from Harvard University. I put the book on the desk. I came back for my umbrella.,(3) Noun phrases Mr. Smith stayed with his parents in the countryside every summer. He weighs 200 pounds.,Clause Level,Group 1 If you dont like the red color, you can take the yellow one. You can sit wherever you

5、like. Group 2 1) infinitives（動詞不定式） To pass the test, you have to work very hard.,2) v-ing participles (現(xiàn)在分詞) Not knowing what to do, the student telephoned the teacher. 3) v-ed participles（過去分詞） Scolded by the teacher in class, Tom felt rather disappointed.,4) Verbless clauses（無動詞分句） The boys watch

6、ed the video attentively, unaware that it was raining heavily outside.,Group 3,(1)Absolute Construction There being nothing else to do, we left. (2) With Complex Construction Jack soon fell asleep with the light still burning. He sat with his arms clasped around his knees.,2.3 Adverbial clauses,Clau

7、se: (a) Nominal clause (b) Relative/Attributive clause (c) Adverbial clause,Adverbial clause,Group 1 Finite clauses 限定型從句 Group 2 (1) Non-finite clauses 非限定型從句 (2) Verbless clauses Group 3 (1) Absolute Construction 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) (2) With Construction With結(jié)構(gòu) What are they? Similarities and differences?,Infi

8、nitive,(1)purpose She stood up to be seen better. Finite clause: She stood up so that she could be seen better. He stood aside for her to enter. Finite clause: He stood aside so that she could enter.,(2)result He got to the station only to be told that the train had left. He hurried home only to fin

9、d that his father was dead. (3)reason I am delighted to know that you have got a job. I trembled to think of the misfortune.,-ing/-ed participle,(1)_(finish) her homework，she went home AFinishedBFinishing CTo finishDHaving finished (2)_(see)from space，the earth looks beautiful ASeeingBSeen CTo seeDH

10、aving seen,(3)_(Wash)well，the cloth is popular with people AWashingBWashed CTo be washedDIs washed (4)If _(give) more time，I can do it better AgiveBgiven CgivingDam given,Verbless clause,The boys watched the video attentively, unaware that it was raining heavily outside. Finite clause: The boys watc

11、hed the video attentively, so they were unaware that it was raining heavily outside.,Group 1 If you dont like the red color, you can take the yellow one. (Finite clause) Group 2 Scolded by the teacher in class, Tom felt rather disappointed.(Non-finite clause) The boys watched the video attentively,

12、unaware that it was raining heavily outside.(Verbless clause) Similarities and differences?,Group 3,Absolute Construction獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成 Non-finite clause and verbless clause with its own subject (different from the subject of the main sentence). 名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞。 名詞（代詞）+形容詞。 名詞（代詞）+副詞。 名詞（代詞）+不定式。 名詞（代詞）

13、+介詞短語構(gòu)成。,1） A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 許多官員尾隨皇帝之后，有的拎著皇帝的衣袍，有的則給他整腰帶等。 some to hold和others to adjust為不定式獨立結(jié)構(gòu) ， 名詞+不定式 2） There being nothing else to do, we left. 由于沒有其它事情可做，我們離開了。 There being為-ing分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，名詞+ -ing分詞,3） She

14、 gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝視著，雙手叉在胸前。 her hands clasped為-ed分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，名詞+ -ed分詞 4） He went off, gun in hand. ?他手里拿著槍離開了。 gun in hand為無動詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，名詞+ 介詞 5） The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside. 由于地板又濕又滑，我們呆在屋外。 The floor wet為無動詞“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”名詞+ 形容詞,With Complex Construction with+Op(介賓)+Co(賓

15、補) Op-noun/pronoun Co-prepositional phrase; adj; adv; -ing/-ed participle; infinitive;,1）With+賓語+介詞短語 He was asleep with his head on his arms. 2）with+賓語+形容詞/副詞 With John away，weve got more room. Anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.,3）with+賓語+過去分詞（賓語與賓補之間是被動關(guān)系） All the afternoon he

16、worked with the door locked. He lay in bed with his head covered. 4）with+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞（賓語與賓補之間是主動關(guān)系） With winter coming on，its time to buy warm clothes. 5）with+賓語+to do（不定式做賓補有“將來”的含義） I cant go out with all these dishes to wash.,Similarities:,In terms of semantic content, adverbial clauses can be placed

17、into various categories, including time, place, condition, reason/cause, purpose, concession, result, manner, and so on.,(1) Mary left school when she was twelve. (adverbial of time) (2) Wherever you are, you can count on us for help. (adverbial of place) (3) I will not go to France unless the compa

18、ny pays my expenses. (adverbial of condition) (4) She was absent because she was will. (adverbial of reason/cause),(5) The teacher speaks slowly so that all the students can follow him. (adverial of purpose) (6) We lost the game although we tried our best. (adverbial of concession) (7) He walked so

19、fast that I couldnt catch up with him. (adverbial of result) (8) Nobody understood her as I did. (adverbial of manner),Looking around, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus. (When I was looking around.)(表明時間) 2) Having been found guilty, the man was given a severe sen

20、tence by the judge. (表明原因) 3) Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance. (表明條件) 4)Though surrounded, the soldiers were not discouraged. (表明讓步),(5)He came back, utterly exhausted. (補充說明) (6)He sat at the window reading a newspaper. (伴隨情況) (7)The children ran out of

21、the classroom, laughing and talking merrily. (伴隨情況) (8)The ancient Greek Artemidous wrote a five-volume interpretation of more than 3,000 dreams, listing such symbols as right hand (meaning father), left hand (meaning mother), and dolphin (a good omen). (補充說明),1)The two boys gathered their gear and

22、headed for home, stomachs crying for food, backs burning from too much sun, and legs stiff from sitting. (補充說明) 2) There being no taxis, we had to walk home. (原因狀語) 3) Weather permitting, we could do the work much better. (條件狀語) 4) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. (方

23、式、伴隨狀語),Differences:,Group 1 (4) Finite clauses Group 2 (5) Non-finite clauses (6) Verbless clauses Group 3 (7) Absolute Construction (8) With Construction The logical subject of the clause and the subject of the main sentence (same or not),(1)It_(be)Sunday, they all stayed at home AwasBisCbeingDto

24、be (2) The announcement _ (make) last week，we have to obey the new rules AmakesBmade CmakingDto make,(3)With time_(go)，they became very beautiful girls and excellent students Agoes Bgoing Cgone Dwent (4)With the work_(do)，they went to the cinema，so they were criticized by the manager AdoBdone Cundon

25、e Ddoing,Types of adverbial,With regard to the extent of their integration into the structure of the clause, the English adverbials can be divided into three general classes, namely, adjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts. 修飾性狀語(結(jié)合性) 評注性狀語(分離性) 連接性狀語,Structurally speaking, adjuncts are integrated within

26、the structure of the clause or sentence in which they occur. They serve to modify the predicate or part of it . e.g. (1)The police in Britain are usually unarmed. (2)They speak English fairly fluently.,(3)Sam worked deep into the night. (4)Not to disturb his little sister, he tip-toed into the room.

27、 (5)Whenever she cleans the house, she listens to the radio.,Disjuncts and conjuncts, on the other hand, are not integrated within the clause. Semantically, disjuncts function to show the speakers attitude to or evaluation of what is said in the rest of the clause or sentence. e.g. (1)Luckily for Jo

28、hn, the gun was not loaded.,(2)Honestly, I think you are mistaken. (3)Personally, I dont think hell interview you. (4)Unfortunately, we never found out the truth. (5)In my opinion, youd better go with us. (6) Even more important, he is in charge of the project. (7) Whats more important, this project

29、 offered prospects of a great profit.,Conjuncts, like disjuncts, are not part of the basic structure of the clause or sentence. Semantically, conjuncts function to show how what is said in the clause or sentence containing the conjunct connects with what is said in another clause or sentence. e.g.,(

30、1)This project wont work. Firstly, its a bad idea, and secondly, itll cost much. (2)The house is not big enough for us, and furthermore, it is too far from town. (3)It rained heavily for three days on end. Consequently, all the land here was under water.,(4)You must pack plenty of food for the journ

31、y. Likewise, you will need warm clothes, so pack them to. (5)Ive never been to Wales. I, therefore, dont know much about it. Do what you are told to; otherwise, you will be punished. (6)A common saying goes, Knit the brows and you will hit upon a stratagem. In other words, much thinking yields wisdo

32、m. (7)He takes no interest in studies; instead, he playes tennis all day.,(8)I have not looked into her qualifications. She seems very smart, though. It was a very complicated test. He, nevertheless, passed it with distinction. (9)Theyll be here in 10 minutes. Meanwhile well have some coffee. (10)We

33、 shall expect you; by the way, dinner will be at 8:00 oclock. (11)All in all, their financial condition is not bad. In conclusion, Id like to say how much Ive enjoyed staying here.,Position of Adverbial,(1)A typhoon causes great damage to crops in this area very often. (2)A typhoon very often causes

34、 great damage to crops in this area. (3)A typhoon causes very often great damage to crops in this area.,(1)He reads the newspaper methodically in the bus every morning. (2)The children played happily at the seaside from morning till night. Adverbial of manner + adverbial of place + adverbial of time

35、,(1)Every morning he reads his newspaper methodically while sitting in the bus. (2)At the seaside the children played happily from morning till night. Adverbial of manner + adverbial of time,Time (1)My daughter was born at 4 p.m. on the 5th July, 1961. (2)He went to stay in the country for a day or

36、two every month last year. duration-frequency-time point,Place She lives at 117 bower Hill Road, Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania, USA.,Conjunction,when, while, as, before, after, unitl (1)Same Time 同時性 When he goes to town, he always visits his aunt. She always felt ill when she ate oyster. When-whenever,

37、 every time, if,I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano. =I cooked the dinner while he played the piano. The dog barked when it heard a noise. She informed her husband as soon as she arrived home. She knew he wasnt an Englishman the moment he began to speak English.,I broke a glass w

38、hile I was cooking the dinner. I was cooking the dinner when I broke a glass. I read a newspaer while I was waiting/waited. The waiter split soup over me when he was serving/served me. I met Mary as I was going/went home. I was going home when I met mary.,Earlier Time and Later Time 先時性和后時性,Before h

39、e eats, he washes his hands. She looked both ways before she crossed the road. After he painted the windows, he painted the doors. =When he had painted the windows, he painted the doors.,When I reached the station, the train had left. I reached the station after the train had left. The train had lef

40、t before I reached the station. I didnt reach the station until the train had left.,I reached the station after the train left. The train left before I reached the station. When the teacher (had) left the room, the children started talking.,becauase, for, since, as, now that,Differences: 1.position

41、2.answer why-questions 3.not/modifiers/coordinate conjuctions+because 4cleft sentence/emphatic sentence,(1)because, for a. We hurried because/for it was getting dark. b. It must be very late because/for the streets are quite deserted.,a. It is because he has made the same kind of mistakes that he mu

42、st be punished. b. I left college not because I was tired of learning. c. They turned down my application simply because I am a female. d. As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home. e. Since it cant be helped, lets leave it at that.,a. The doctor looks tired and sleepy simply because

43、 he sat up all night with the patient. b. The doctor looks tired and sleepy not because he isnt feeling well, but because he sat up all night with the patient. c. It is because he sat up all night with the patient that the doctor looks tired and sleepy.,a. Just_(as, because) they graduated from Harward University, they thought