10個(gè)免疫治療術(shù)語：一種科學(xué)的譯本

1、10個(gè)免疫治療術(shù)語：一種科學(xué)的譯本文章來源：美國癌癥協(xié)會(huì)近來免疫療法看起來是癌癥界最大的事件。在今年早期美國副總統(tǒng)拜登提議把癌癥治 療作為美國的下一個(gè)“登月計(jì)劃”約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)建立了 The Bloomberg-Kimmel癌 癥免疫治療研究所。近期，前 facebook 高管 Sean Parker 承諾 2 億 5 千萬美元用于創(chuàng)建派克 癌癥免疫治療研究所。伴隨這些激動(dòng)的時(shí)刻，你會(huì)認(rèn)為這對(duì)免疫治療來說是一個(gè)全新的突破。但實(shí)際上，進(jìn) 展已經(jīng)有了一個(gè)多世紀(jì)了。并且?guī)资暌詠?，美國癌癥協(xié)會(huì)資助了這一領(lǐng)域的研究人員。雖然研究繼續(xù)推進(jìn)人們科學(xué)理解免疫治療的認(rèn)識(shí)，但可以肯定地說大多數(shù)人還沒有基 本的

2、了解免疫治療是什么或它是如何工作的。這也是為什么我們創(chuàng)建這個(gè)10 個(gè)常見的免疫 治療術(shù)語的“參考表”。我們從所有術(shù)語里面最重要的開始。（1）癌癥免疫治療：用免疫系統(tǒng)與癌癥做斗爭的治療方式。一部分以一般的方式促進(jìn)免疫 系統(tǒng)，而其他的則幫助你的身體攻擊癌細(xì)胞。（2）抗原：一個(gè)細(xì)胞的一部分，比如蛋白，可以向你的免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)出警示。（3）T 細(xì)胞：免疫細(xì)胞（白血細(xì)胞）通過在人體內(nèi)漫游破壞本不屬于人體內(nèi)的其他細(xì)胞。（4）癌癥細(xì)胞：開始脫離控制增長的體內(nèi)原本存在的細(xì)胞。有時(shí)候他們沒有足夠的不同從 而不能被T細(xì)胞識(shí)別為“壞細(xì)胞”，這也是癌細(xì)胞能夠存活的原因之一。（5）免疫檢查點(diǎn)：幫助制動(dòng)器打開T細(xì)胞的攻擊模式

3、。檢查點(diǎn)一般阻止T細(xì)胞偶然破壞健 康的細(xì)胞，但一些癌細(xì)胞能夠利用檢查點(diǎn)來使T細(xì)胞進(jìn)入待機(jī)模式。（6）檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑：當(dāng)癌細(xì)胞利用檢查點(diǎn)使T細(xì)胞進(jìn)入待機(jī)模式，這些藥物告訴T細(xì)胞擺 脫待機(jī)狀態(tài)并攻擊癌細(xì)胞。（7）單克隆抗體：實(shí)驗(yàn)室制造的分子，可以鎖定癌細(xì)胞的特定缺陷。單克隆抗體的作用于 癌癥免疫治療的方式之一就是使癌細(xì)胞對(duì)免疫細(xì)胞更加可視化。（8）嵌合抗體受體T細(xì)胞（CAR-T）療法：一種有前景的治療方式，利用病人自己的免疫 細(xì)胞與癌細(xì)胞做斗爭。T細(xì)胞從病人的血液里移植出來，在實(shí)驗(yàn)室修改使T細(xì)胞表層擁有嵌 合抗原受體（它起著癌細(xì)胞磁體的作用）后再放回體內(nèi)。然后CAR-T細(xì)胞尋找并破壞癌細(xì) 胞。（9）

4、癌癥疫苗：放入體內(nèi)啟動(dòng)免疫應(yīng)答的物質(zhì)。有一種疫苗在美國被批準(zhǔn)用于治療癌癥： Sipuleucel-T （又稱Provenge）用于前列腺癌。它并不是一種治療方法，但它能夠幫助男性活 得更久。其他疫苗能夠幫忙預(yù)防癌癥。（10）細(xì)胞因子：用一些免疫細(xì)胞制造的化學(xué)藥品，以一般方式促進(jìn)免疫系統(tǒng)。人造版本， 例如白細(xì)胞介素-2 （IL-2）和干擾素-a能夠用來治療某些癌癥。10 Immunotherapy Terms: A Science-to-EnglishTranslationImmuno therapy seems like the biggest deal in can cer these da

5、ys. After Vice Preside nt Bide ns call early this year for a moonshot initiative to cure cancer, Johns Hopkins established the Bloomberg-Kimmel In stitute for Can cer Immuno therapy, to which phila nthropist Sid ney Kimmel and former New York mayor Michael Bloomberg each don ated $50 milli on. More

6、rece ntly, former Facebook executive Sean Parker pledged $250 milli on to create the Parker In stitute for Can cer Immuno therapy.With all this exciteme nt youd thi nk immuno therapy is a brand new breakthrough. In fact, progress has bee n evolv ing for more tha n a cen tury. And for decades the Ame

7、rica n Can cer Society has fun ded researchers in this area, in clud ing former Society Faculty Scholar Jeff Bluest one, the new preside nt and CEO of the Parker In stitute, and Stepha n A. Grupp, MD, PhD, director of the Can cer Immuno therapy Program at the Childre ns Hospital of Philadelphia.Whil

8、e research continues to adva nee the scie ntific un dersta nding of immuno therapy, its safe to say most people dont have a basic un dersta nding of what it is or how it works. Thats why we created this cheat sheet of 10 com mon immuno therapy terms. We start with the most importa nt term of all.Can

9、cer immunotherapy: Treatme nts that use the immune system to fight can cer. Some boost the immune system in a gen eral way, while others help your body attack can cer cells.Antigen: A part of a cell, such as a protein, that raises a red flag for your immune system.T cells: Immune cells (white blood

10、cells) that roam the body to find and destroy other cells that dont bel ong.Cancer cells: Your own cells that start to grow out of control. Sometimes they dont look differe nt eno ugh to be recog ni zed as bad guys by T cells, which is one reas on can cer cells survive.Immune checkpoints: Substa nce

11、s that help put the brakes on T cells attack mode. Checkpo ints n ormally preve nt T cells from accide ntally destro ying healthy cells, but some can cer cells can use checkpo ints to keep T cells in sta ndby mode.Checkpoint inhibitors: Whe n can cer cells use checkpo ints to keep T cells in sta ndb

12、y mode, these drugs tell T cells to snap out of it and attack.Monoclonal antibodies: Lab-made molecules that are desig ned lock on to certa in defects in can cer cells. One of the ways they can work in can cer immuno therapy is by help ing make can cer cells more visible to the immune system.Chimeri

13、c antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy: A promisi ng treatme nt that uses a patients own immune cells to fight cancer. T cells are removed from the patients blood, altered in the lab to have chimeric antigen receptors (which act like magnets for cancer cells) on their surface, and put back into the

14、 body. CAR T cells the n seek and destroy can cer cells.Cancer vaccines: Substances put into the body to start an immune response. There is one vacc ine approved in the US to treat can cer: Sipuleucel-T (Prove nge) for prostate c an cer. Its not a cure, but it can often help men live longer. Other vaccines can help